Future Progressive Tense/ Future Continuous.

Будущее длительное время (Future Progressive) образуется при помощи вспомогательного глагола to be в форме будущего времени (shall be, will be) и причастия настоящего времени (Present Participle) смыслового глагола:

I shall be working. Я буду работать.

She will be working. Она будет работать.

 

Таблица форм Future Progressive

на примере глагола to work «работать»

Утверждение	Вопрос	Отрицание
I shall beworking. Я буду работать.	ShallI beworking? Я буду работать?	I shall not beworking. Я не буду работать.
He (she, it) will beworking. Он (она, оно) будет работать.	Willhe (she, it)beworking? Он (она, оно) будет работать?	He (she, it) will not be working. Он (она, оно) не будет работать.
We shall beworking. Они будут работать.	Shallwe beworking? Мы будем работать?	We shall not beworking. Мы не будем работать.
You will be working. Ты будешь работать.	Willyou beworking? Ты будешь работать?	You will not beworking. Ты не будешь работать.
They will be working. Они будут работать.	Willthey beworking? Они будут работать?	They will not beworking. Они не будут работать.

Exercise 1. Put the verbs in brackets into the Future Continuous. Comment on the use of the Future Continuous.

1. Don’t ring her up at 12 o’clock. She (to write) her composition then. 2. At this time tomorrow the boys of our group (to play) football. 3. When we arrive in Leningrad, it probably (to rain). 4. It is nearly autumn, soon the leaves (to change) colour. 5. Let’s wait here; Tower Bridge (to open) in a minute to let that ship through. 6. Don’t ask her anything. Next thing she (to tell) you she is right.

 

Week 7

Text 7. Irving Fisher (1867-1947). Pioneer In Monetary Theory

Grammar: Present Perfect.

Dialogue 2.

Presentation “World Cities”

Text 7.

Irving Fisher (1867-1947).

Pioneer In Monetary Theory

Irving Fisher spent most of his adult life as a professor of economics at Yale University. An accomplished mathematician, he used those skills to explain many of his theories. In his best known formulation, the equation of exchange, Professor Fisher showed the relationship between the quantity of money in circulation and the level of prices.

The equation of exchange is stayed as follows:

MV = PQ, where:

M = money supply

V = velocity of circulation

P = average price of goods and services

Q = quantity of units sold

Simply stated, the equation of exchange tells us that total spending is equal to the total value of the goods and services produced by the economy. Let’s see why M is the total amount of money in circulation, and V is its velocity. Velocity is simply the number of times that money turns over in a year. In other words, the amount of money in circulation, multiplied by the number of times it is spent (MV) is equal to the total amount of money spent by the economy in the course of the year. To illustrate, let’s suppose that each student in your class produced a product for sale, and that the selling price of each items is $1. Your teacher buys the product from the student sitting in the first row, first seat. That student uses the dollar to buy the product from the student in the second seat.

The process continues around the room as each student uses the dollar from the preceding student to buy the product of the next student. Assuming that there are 30 class members (including the teacher), 30 items will be sold. One dollar bill will be exchanged 30 times. Applying the equation of exchange, the total amount of money in circulation will be $30 because:

M = $1; V = 30; and MV = $1 x 30 = $30.

The equation of exchange help to explain why prices (and therefore the value of money) fluctuate. Since MV = PQ, it follows that when V and Q are constant, any change in the money supply will directly affect prices. In otherwords, when the money supply increases, so will prices, and vice versa. We can also see that increases in the money supply will not result in price increases in the money supply will not result in price increases if the output of goods and services is increased at the same or a faster rate.

Настоящее совершенное время

(Present Perfect Tense)

Настоящее совершенное время (Present Perfect Tense) образуется при помощи вспомогательного глагола to have в форме настоящего времени и причастия прошедшего времени (Past Participle) смыслового глагола:

Утверждение	Вопрос	Отрицание
I have worked.	HaveI worked?	I have notworked.
He (she, it) has worked.	Hashe (she, it) worked?	He (she, it) has notworked.
We have worked.	Havewe worked?	We have notworked.
You have worked.	Haveyou worked?	You have notworked.
They have worked.	Havethey worked?	They have notworked.

 

Настоящее совершенное время употребляется обычно с такими обстоятельствами времени, как today «сегодня», this week «на этой неделе», this month «в этом месяце», а также с наречиями неопределённого времени: already «уже», never «никогда», ever «когда-либо», just «только что», since «с тех пор (как):

He has come today. Он пришёл сегодня.

I have never been abroad. Я никогда не был за границей.

She has already translated Она уже перевела статью

the article.

They have lived in Moscow Они живут в Москве с 1989 года.

since 1989.

Спряжение глагола to write (писать) в в Present Perfect Tense (действие, совершавшееся в прошлом, связано с настоящим)
I have written He has written She has written It has written We have written You have written They have written	I have not written He has not written She has not written It has not written We have not written You have not written They have not written	HaveI written? Hashe written? Hasshe written? Hasit written?   Havewe written? Haveyou written? Havethey written?

 

Запомните типичные для Present Perfectобстоятельства: already, not yet, just, ever, never Сравните также: I have bought a book today, this week, this month – неистёкший отрезок времени – Present Perfect; I bought a book yesterday, last week, last month - неистёкший отрезок времени – Past Indefinite. Запомните также следующие предложения: I have never been to France. Have you ever been to London? I haven’t seen you for ages.

Exercise 1. Open the brackets using the verbs in Past Indefinite or Present Perfect.

1. I already (to do) my homework. Now I can go for a walk. 2. I (to do) my homework yesterday. 3. He just (to come) home. 4. He (to come) home a minute ago. 5. Nick (to play) football yesterday. 6. She already (to come) from school. Now she is doing her homework. 7. I (to read) this book last year. 8. I (to read) this book this year. 9. I never (to be) to Washington. 10. You ever (to be) to New York? 11. You ever (to see) the eruption of a volcano? 12. I (not yet to eat) today. 13. He (not to eat) yesterday. 14. You (to play) the piano yesterday? 15. You (to play) the piano today? 16. What you (to prepare) for today? 17. Look at this bird-house! Mike (to make) it himself. He (to make) it last Sunday. 18. Where you (to put) my pen? I cannot find it. 19. You (to see) Mary today? 20 When you (to see) Mary? 21. I (to see) her last week. 22. Your mother (to promise) to take you to the theatre? 23. Look at my new dress! I (to make) it myself. 24. He is not as school today, he (to fall) ill. When he (to fall) ill? – He (to fall) ill yesterday?

Exercise 2. Open the brackets using the verbs in Past Indefinite or Present Perfect.

1. At last I (to do) all my homework: now I shall go out. 2. The building of the house 9to begin) early in April. 3. The rain (to stop) but a cold wind is still blowing. 4. We already (to solve) the problem. 5. He (to come) a moment ago. 6. I never (to speak) to him. 7. He just (to finish) his homework. 8. You (to make) any spelling mistakes in your dictation? 9. It (to be) very cold yesterday. 10. When you (to meet) him? 11. I (not to see) him since 1987. 12. How many mushrooms you (to gather)? 13. Where you (to put) the newspaper? I want to read it, but cannot find it anywhere. 14. The new school (to begin) working last year. 15. You (to read) all the books on this shelf? 16. I (not to see) my cousin since last year. 17. Why you (to put) these things in the wrong place? 18. Why you (to leave) the door open? You will catch cold sitting in the draught. 19. “We (not to meet) for such a long time!” said my friend. “Yes, indeed,” I answered, “and we both (to grow).” 20. What books you (to read) when you (to live) in the country? 21. They (not yet to come) from the south. 22. He (to be) ill last week, but now he (to recover).

 

Exercise 3. Open the brackets using the verbs in Past Indefinite or Present Perfect.

1. The sun (not to rise) yet, but the sky in the east is getting lighter every minute. 2. I (to see) you walking along the street the other day with a heavy bag. 3. I (not to read) the newspaper today. 4. It is very late, and trams (to stop) running: we must find a taxi to get home. 5. How many times you (to be) to St.Petersburg? 6. At last (to translate) this article: now I shall have a little rest. 7. We (to go) to the country yesterday, but the rain (to spoil) all the pleasure. 8. My watch was going in the morning, but now it (to stop). 9. The lecture (not yet to begin) and the students are talking in the classroom. 10. She just (to go) out. 11. She (to leave) the room a moment ago. 12. We (not yet to solve) the problem. 13. When it all (to happen)? 14. The morning was cold and rainy, but since 10 o’clock the weather (to change) and now the sun is shining brightly. 15. Show me the dress which you (to make). 16. Oh, how dark it is! A large black cloud (to cover) the sky. 17. Oh, close the window! Look, all my papers (to fall) on the floor because of the wind. 18. When you (to open) the window? – I (to open) it ten minutes ago

 

Dialogue 2.

AT THE COMPANY.

Mr Klimenko is at Continental Equipment office. He is having an appointment with the managers of this company.

Presentation “World Cities”

Week 8.