Use the adjectives (adverbs) in brackets in the suitable degrees of comparison.

1. The text of lesson 5 is (interesting) than this one. 2. I live far from the studio but my friend lives (far). 3. This sculpture group is the (beautiful) in the collection. 4. I get up early, but my grandma gets up (early). 5. I have (much) work therefore I have (little) free time than you. 6. Which is the (famous) Russian Picture Gallery? 7. This book on contemporary Art is (good) than the one you gave me last time. 8. I like summer (well) of all because it is the (warm) season. 9. In our group Oleg draws (bad) of all. 10. The Moscow State University building is the (high) in the city.

Exercise 5.

Open the brackets using the adjectives in the suitable form.

1. Which is (large): the United States or Canada? 2. What is the name of the (big) port in the United States? 3. Moscow is the (large) city in Russia. 4. The London underground is the (old) in the world. 5. There is a (great) number of cars and buses in the streets of Moscow than in any other city of Russia. 6. St.Petersburg is one of the (beautiful) cities in the world. 7. The rivers in America are much (big) than those in England. 8. The island of Great Britain is (small) than Greenland. 9. What is the name of the (high) mountain in Asia? 10. The English Channel is (wide) than the Straits of Gibraltar. 11. Russia is a very (large) country.

Exercise 6.

Open the brackets using the adjectives in the suitable form.

1. This man is (tall) than that one. 2. Asia is (large) than Australia. 3. The Volga is (short) than the Mississippi. 4. Which building is the (high) in Moscow? 5. Mary is a (good) student than Lucy. 6. The Alps are (high) than the Urals. 7. This garden is the (beautiful) in our town. 8. She speaks Italian (good) than English. 9. Is the world “newspaper” (long) than the word “book”? 10. The Thames is (short) than the Volga. 11. The Arctic Ocean is (cold) than the Indian Ocean. 12. Chinese is (difficult) than English. 13. Spanish is (easy) than German. 14. She is not so (busy) as I am. 15. It is as (cold) today as it was yesterday. 16. She is not so (fond) of sports as my brother is. 17. Today the weather is (cold) than it was yesterday. 18. This book is (interesting) of all I have read this year. 19. January is the (cold) month of the year. 20. My sister speaks English (bad) than I do. 21. Which is the (hot) month of the year? 22. Which is the (beautiful) place in this part of the country? 23. This nice-looking girl is the (good) student in our group.

Exercise 7.

Open the brackets using the adjectives in the suitable form.

1.Oil is (light) than water. 2. We shall wait for a (dry) day to go on the excursion. 3. A bus is (fast) than a tram. 4. Take some of these sweets: they are very (nice). They are (nice) than the sweets in that box. 5. He clearly did not like the explanation, and as he listened to it, he became (angry) and (angry). 6. He worked (hard) and (hard) as the end of the term came nearer. 7. The (tall) trees in the world grow in California. 8. Please be (careful) next time and don’t spill the milk again. 9. Bobby was a (quiet) child. He was (quiet) than his sister. 10. Her eyes are (grey) than mine. 11. He was the (fat) man in the village. 12. As he went on, the box became (heavy) and (heavy). 13. My sister is the (tall) girl in the class. 14. Who is the (attentive) student in your group? 15. It is autumn. Every day the air becomes (cold), the leaves (yellow). 16. This is the (beautiful) view I have ever seen in my life. 17. Your handwriting is now (good) than it was last year; but still it is not so (good) as Nick’s handwriting. Nick has a (good) handwriting than you. And of course Nellie has the (good) handwriting of all.

 

Exercise 8. Give the comparatives & the superlatives.

Cheap, fine, late, full, good, funny, hard, handsome, honest, interesting, lazy, light, old, nervous, sad, soft, far, violent, wet, silly, stupid, uncomfortable, useful, little, young, bad, fresh, important, many/much, pretty.

 

Week 8.

Text 8.Economic systems.

Grammar: Numerals.

Glossary 3.

Text 8.

ECONOMIC SYSTEMS

Market economies

In a true market economy the government plays no role in the management of the economy, the government does not intervene in it. The system is based on private enterprise with private ownership of the means of production and private supplies of capital, which can be defined as surplus income available for investment in new business activities. Workers are paid wages by employers according to how skilled they are and how many firms wish to employ them. They spend their wages on the products and services they need. Consumers are willing to spend more on products and services, which are favoured. Firms producing these goods will make more profits and this will persuade more firms to produce these particular goods rather than less favoured ones.

Thus, we can see that in a market economy consumers decide what is to be produced. Consumers will be willing to pay high prices for products they particularly desire. Firms, which are privately owned, see the opportunity of increased profits and produce the new fashionable and favoured products.

Such a system is, at first view, very attractive. The economy adjusts automatically to meet changing demands. No planners have to be employed, which allows more resources to be available for production. Firms tend to be highly competitive in such an environment. New advanced products and low prices are good ways to increase sales and profits. Since all firms are privately owned they try to make the largest profits possible. In a free market individual people are free to pursue their own interests. They can become millionaires, for example. Suppose you invent a new kind of car. You want to make money out of it in your own interests. But when you have that car produced, you are in fact moving the production possibility frontier outwards. You actually make the society better-off by creating new jobs and opportunities, even though you become a millionaire in the process, and you do it without any government help or intervention.

Not surprisingly there are also problems.

Some goods would be underpurchased if the overnment did not provide free or subsidized supplies. Examples of this type of good and service are health and education. There are other goods and services, such as idefence and policing, that are impossible to supply individually in response to consumer spending. Once idefence or a police force is supplied to a country then everyone in this country benefits.

A cornerstone of the market system is that production alters swiftly to meet changing demands. These swift changes can, however, have serious consequences. Imagine a firm, which switches from labour-intensive production to the one where new technology is employed in the factory. The resulting unemployment could lead to many social as well as economic problems.

In a market economy there might be minimal control on working conditions and safety standards concerning products and services. It is necessary to have large-scale government intervention to pass laws to protect consumers and workers.

Some firms produce goods and then advertise heavily to gain sufficient sales. Besides wasting resources on advertising, firms may also duplicate one another's services. Rival firms, providing rail services, for example, could mean that two or more systems of rail are laid.

Finally, firms have to have confidence in future sales if they are to produce new goods and services. At certain times they tend to lack confidence and cut back on production and the development of new ideas. This decision, when taken by many firms, can lead to a recession. A recession means less spending, fewer jobs and a decline in the prosperity of the nation.

Vocabulary

to own and run (to manage, to operate) businesses – владеть и управлять бизнесом

to intervene – вмешиваться

private enterprise (entrepreneurship) – частное предпринимательство

private ownership (property) of the means of production – частная собственность на средства производства

public property, common ownership – общественная собственность

personal property – личная собственность

state-owned property, state ownership – государственная собственность

private supplies of capital – частный капитал

surplus income available for investment in new business activities – дополнительный доход (излишек дохода), который можно вложить (инвестировать) в новое дело (бизнес)

to employ – использовать; предоставлять работу, нанимать

employer – работодатель

employee – служащий

employment – занятость

unemployment – безработица

to persuade - убеждать

at first view (at first sight) – на первый взгляд

to adjust automatically – автоматически приспосабливаться; приводить в соответствие

competitive – конкурентноспособный

to make the largest profits possible – получить наибольшую возможную прибыль

to pursue one's own interests – преследовать свои интересы

to make money out of it – заработать деньги на этом

to move the production possibility frontier outwards – продвинуть вперед предел производственных возможностей

to make the society better-off – сделать общество более состоятельным

to create new jobs and opportunities – создать новые рабочие места, новые возможности

to underpurchase – недостаточно раскупать

to provide free or subsidized supplies – обеспечить бесплатное или субсидированное (дотированное) предоставление (товаров, услуг)

 

Числительное (The Numeral)

Числительным называется часть речи, которая обозначает количество или порядок предметов при счёте.

Имена числительные делятся на количественные, которые отвечают на вопрос how many? сколько? ( one один, two два, three три и т.д.) и порядковые, которые отвечают на вопрос which? который (the first первый, the second второй, the third третий и т.д.).

По своей структуре имена числительные бывают простые (one, two, three и т.д.), производные (sixteen, fifty, tenth и т.д.) и составные (two hundred, six hundred and forty five, three thousand five hundred and fifty two и т.д.).