Text 6. “The Concept of Business”.

Grammar: Definite Article.

Dialogue 2.

Presentation “English Speaking Countries”

TEXT 6.

The Concept of Business.

Business is a word that is commonly used in many languages. Traditionally, business simply means exchange or trade for things people wanted or needed. Nowadays, the concept and activities of business have increased. One definition of business is production, distribution, and sale of goods or services for a profit.To examine this definition, let us look at its different parts.First, production is the creation of services or processing of materials into products. Example is the conversion of iron ore into metal car parts. Next, these products need to be moved from the plant to the marketplace. This is known as distribution. A car might be moved from a plant in Germany to a car dealership in Poland. Third is the sale of goods and services. Sale is the exchange of a product or service for money. A car is sold to someone in exchange for money. Goods are products that people either need or want; for example, cars can be classified as goods. Services, on the other hand, are activities that a person or group perform for another person or organization. For example, an auto mechanic performs a service when he repairs a car. A barber renders a service when he cuts your hair. Business, then, is a combination of all these activities: production, distribution, and sale. However, there is another important factor, i.e., creation of profit or economic surplus. A major goal in the functioning of any business company is making a profit. Profit is the money remains after all the expenses are paid. Creating an economic surplus or profit is, therefore, a primary goal of business activity. The three traditional forms of business are the sole proprietorship, the partnership, and the corporation. The sole proprietorship means going into business for oneself. All one needs is some knowledge about the business, start-up capital and knowledge of regulations. The partnership is an association of two or more people involved in business under a written partnership agreement. The corporation is the legal entity having a right to issue stock certificates. The people who own such stock certificates (or shares) are called stockholders/ shareholders. They in fact own the corporation.

 

2. Ответьте на вопросы.

1. What is one modern definition of business?

2. What does distribution involve?

3. What differ goods from services?

4. What are the constituents of business?

5. What is profit?

6. Give the three forms of business.

 

Запомните следующие правила. Перед каждым нарицательным существительным должен стоять артикль.

Если вы не употребляете перед существительным артикль, вы должны уметь объяснить, почему.

Артикль не употребляется, если перед существительным стоит притяжательное или указательное местоимение, другое существительное в притяжательном падеже, количественное числительное или отрицание no” (не “not”)

Exercise 1.

1. This is... book. It is my … book. 2. Is this your … pencil? No, it isn’t my … pencil, it is my sister’s … pencil. 3. I have … sister. My … sister is … engineer. My sister’s … husband is … doctor. 4. I have no … handbag. 5. Is this … watch? No, it isn’t … watch, it’s … pen. 6. This … pen is good, and that … pen is bad. 7. I can see … pencil on your … table, but I can see no … paper. 8. Give me … chair please. 9. They have … dog and two … cats. 10. I have … spoon in my …plate, but I have no … soup in it.

Exercise 2.

1. This is … tree. … tree is green. 2. I can see thee … boys. … boys are playing. 3. My friend has no … bicycle. 4. Our … room is large. 5. We wrote … dictation yesterday. … dictation was long. 6. She has two … daughters and one … son. Her … son is … pupil. 7. My … brother’s … friend has no … dog. 8. This … pencil is broken. Give me that … pencil, please.

 

Неопределённый артикль a (an) может употребляться только с исчисляемыми существительными, стоящими в единственном числе. Перед неисчисляемыми существительными или существительными во множественном числе неопределённый артикль опускается.

E.g. This is a book. – The book is interesting.

исчисляемое в единств.ч.

This ismeat. – The meat is fresh.

неисчисляемое

These arebooks. – The books are good.

множеств.число

Запомните следующие словосочетания, в которых артикль не употребляется:

atschool

athome

atwork

 

Exercise 3.

1. I have two … sisters. My … sisters are … students. 2. We are at … home. 3. My … brother is not at … home, he is at … school. 4. My … mother is at … work. She is … doctor. 5. I am not … doctor. 6. I have no … sister. 7. He is not … pilot. 8. I have 32 … teeth. 9. He has … child. 10. She has two … children.

Если перед существительным употребляется прилагательное, оно стоит между артиклем и существительным.

E.g. This is a book. This is a good book.

Exercise 4.

I am … engineer. 2. My … son is … pupil. 3. He is … good … pupil. 4. This is … house. 5. This is my … pencil. 6. You have some … pencils, but I have no … pencils. Give me … pencil, please. 7. I like your … beautiful … flower. Give me … flower, please. 8. My … mother is at … home. She is reading … interesting … book. 9. My … father is not at … home. He is at … work. He is … doctor. He is … good doctor. He works at … hospital. … hospital is large.

Часто, даже упоминая предмет впервые, мы тем не менее употребляем перед ним определённый артикль:

а) если упоминаемый предмет является единственным в мире

E.g. The sun is shining brightly.

b) если этот предмет является определённым по ситуации

Put the book on the table.

@ Exercise 5.

1. This is … good … book. Take … book from … table. Put this … book into … bookcase. 2. weather is fine today. … sky is blue. … sun is shining brightly in blue … sky. 3. This is … boy. … boy is at … school. He is … pupil. This … boy is my … brother’s … friend. He has … cat, but he has no … dog. He likes his … cat. He gives … cat … milk every day.

Кроме того существует огромное количество так называемых «застывших словосочетаний», в которых артикль употребляется или отсутствует традиционно. Эти словосочетания приходится заучивать наизусть.

Запомните следующие конструкции

There is a …

Where is the …?

Запомните также следующие предложения:

The book is on the table.

Но: The book is on a little table.

Exercise 4.

1. Where is … cat? - … cat is on … sofa. 2. Where is … book? - … book is on … shelf. 3. Where are … flowers? - … flowers are in … beautiful vase. 4. Where is … vase? - … vase is on … little table near … window. 5. Open … window, please. … weather is fine today. I can see … sun in sky. I can see … nice little bird. … bird is sitting in big tree. … tree is green. 6. There is … little white cloud in … sky. 7. We have … large room. There is … big sofa in … room and … little lamp on … wall over … sofa. I like to sit on … sofa and read … good book

Запомните следующие конструкции, требующие неопределённого артикля.

I have a … There is a …

He has a … I am a …

I see a … He is a …

This is a … She is a …

That is a …

It is a …

Запомните следующие застывшие словосочетания:

infront

in the middle

in the corner

to the right

to the left

 

Exercise 7.

There is … thick red … carpet in my … room. … carpet is on … floor in … front of … sofa. 2. Where is … table in your brother’s room? – His table is near … window. 3. I can see … fine … vase on … shelf. Is it your … vase? 4. We have no … piano in our … living-room. 5. My … uncle is … married. He has … beautiful wife. They have … son, but they have no … daughter. 6. I can see … nice … coffee-table in … middle of … room to … right of … door. It is … black and … red. I like … coffee-table. 7. Our … TV-set is on … little … table in … corner of … room.

Запомните следующие застывшие словосочетания:

in the morning

in the evening

in the afternoon

atnight

А также:

to go tobed

to leave home forwork (for school)

athalf past five

at a quarter past five

Запомните следующие застывшие словосочетания:

after __breakfast before __breakfast

after __lunch before __lunch

after __ tea before __tea

after __dinner before __dinner

after __supper before __supper

at __breakfast for __breakfast

at __lunch for __lunch

at __tea for__tea

at __dinner for__dinner

at__ supper for __supper

to have (cook, make, prepare) __breakfast

__lunch

__tea

__dinner

__ supper

Exercise 8.

1. My … aunt and my … uncle are … doctors. They work at … hospital. They get up at 7 o’clock in … morning. They go to … bed at 11 o’clock. 2. I work in … morning and in … afternoon. I don’t work in … evening. I sleep at … night. 3. When do you leave … home for … school? – I leave … home at … quarter past eight in … morning. 4. What does your mother do after … breakfast? – She goes to … work. 5. Is there … sofa in your … living-room? – Yes, there is … cosy little … sofa … living-room. – Where is … sofa? – It is in … corner of … room to … left of … door. I like to sit on this … sofa in … front of … TV-set in … evening. 6. There is … nice coffee-table near … window. There are … newspapers on … coffee-table. 7. There is … tea … in glass. 8. When do you watch … TV? – I watch … TV in … evening. We have … large colour TV-set in our … room. There is … beautiful vase on … TV-set. There are … flowers in … vase. 9. I have … large writing-desk in … study. There is … paper on … writing-desk. My … books and exercise-books are on … writing-desk, too.

Если перед существительным стоит вопросительное или относительное местоимение, артикль опускается.

E.g. What v colour is your cat?

 

Запомните следующее застывшее словосочетание:

the same

Exercise 9.

1. What … colour is your new … hat? – It’s … same colour. 2. Is there … refrigerator in your … kitchen? 3. Where is … refrigerator in your … kitchen? – It is in … corner of … kitchen. 4. There are … flowers in our … living-room. … flowers are in … beautiful vase. 5. I have … tea in my … cup. 6. He has no … coffee in his … cup. 7. I have … books, … exercise-books and … pens in my … bag. 8. I am … engineer. I work at … office. I go to … office in … morning. As … office is far from … house I live in, I take … bus to get there.

Перед названиями наук, учебных предметов и языков артикль не употребляется.

E.g. He studies __chemistry

I speak __English

Exercise 10.

1. I study … English. I attend … English classes in … evening. On … days when I have no … classes, I stay at … home and do some work about … house. I have … diner with my … family. After … dinner I talk to … members of my family, watch … TV and read … books, … newspapers and … magazines. I go to … bed late at … night. 2. I am thirsty. Give me … water, please. 3. There is … book on shelf. Give me … book, please.

 

Presentation “English Speaking Countries”

Week 7.