Exercise 5. Put the following sentences into the Passive Voice.

M o d e l: They laughed at him.

He was laughed at.

1. People speak much of him. 2. They will look after the children well. 3. People will laugh at you if say it. 4.They sent for the doctor immediately. 5. Everybody listened to her attentively. 6. They always wait for me after the lessons. 7. Nobody took notice of this little boy. 8. Everybody lost sight of the boat in the fog. 9. I wonder whether they will listen to him. 10. Students often refer to these books. 11. If they send for you don’t refuse to come.

Exercise 6. Insert the following sentences in the Passive Voice, paying attention to the place of the preposition.

E.g. We often speak about her. – She is often spoken about.

1. We thought about our friend all the time. 2. The doctor will operate on him in a week. 3. The teacher sent for the pupil’s parents. 4. They looked for the newspaper everywhere. 5. Nobody slept in the bed. 6. The neighbour asked for the telegram. 7. Everybody listened to the lecturer with great attention. 8. The senior students laughed at the freshman. 9. The group spoke to the headmistress yesterday. 10. The young mothers looked after their babies with great care. 11. Nobody lived in that old house. 12. They sent for Jim and told him to prepare a report on that subject.

Exercise 7. Insert the following sentences in the Passive Voice.

E.g. Mother waters the flowers in the evening. – The flowers are watered in the evening (by Mother).

1.A marble pavilion protects the house. 2. The boys will paint the roof of the house. 3. Tom Sawyer whitewashed the fence. 4. Her daughters gave her three beautiful dishes as a birthday present. 5. Tom gave Nick a book for his birthday. 6. Our mother tells us stories every evening. 7. Lydia will show you a new book of pictures. 8. A boy showed her the way. 9. They will send us a box of fruit. 10. Five or six small children followed them. 11. In summer the boys often drive the horses to the fields. 12. Ivan Susanin led the Poles into the thickest part of the forest. 13. The waves carried the boat away. 14. We shall do the translation in the evening. 15. They water the flowers regularly. 16. You promised me these books long ago. 17. Bessie’s father gave her a complete set of Walter Scott’s works. 18. Irene’s husband brought her some beautiful shells from the south. 19. The explorers gave the newspaper reporters a long interview. 20. Mr.Wilson will teach you English. 21. The doctor ordered me a month’s rest from studying.

Glossary 4.

Presentation “Sport”

Week 14.

Text 14. Ошибка! Ошибка связи.

GRAMMAR: PASSIVE VOICE.

Dialogue 4.

Text 14.

Macroeconomics

The word macroeconomics means economics in the large. The macroeconomist’s concerns are with such global questions as total production, total employment, the rate of change of overall prices, the rate of economic growth, and so on. The questions asked by the macroeconomics are in terms of broad aggregates – what determines the spending of all consumers as opposed to the microeconomic question of how the spending decisions of individual households are made; what determines the capital spending of all firms combined as opposed to the decision to build a new factory by a single firm; what determines total unemployment in the economy as opposed to why there have been layoffs in a specific industry.

Macroeconomists measure overall economic activity; analyze the determinants of such activity by the use of macroeconomic theory; forecast future economic activity; and attempt to formulate policy responses designed to reconcile forecast with target values of production, employment, and prices.

An important task of macroeconomics is to develop ways aggregating the values of the economic activities of individual and firms into meaningful totals. To this end such concepts as gross domestic product (GDP), national income, personal income, and personal disposable income have been developed. Macroeconomic analysis attempts to explain how the magnitudes of the principal macroeconomic variables are determined and how they interact. And through the development of theories of the business cycle and economic growth, macroeconomics helps to explain the dynamics of how these aggregates more over time.

Macroeconomics is concerned with such major policy issues as the attainment and maintenance of full employment and price stability. Considerable effort must first be expended to determine what goals could be achieved. Experience teaches that it would not be possible to eliminate inflation entirely without inducing a major recession combined with high unemployment. Similarly, an overambitious employment target would produce labor shortages and wage inflation.

During the 1960s was believed that unemployment could be reduced to 4 percent of the labor force without causing inflation. More recent experience suggests that reduction of unemployment to 5.5. percent of the labour force is about as well as we can do.

 

Vocabulary

total production – общая производительность

total employment – общая занятость

the rate of change of overall prices – коэффициент изменений предельных цен

rate of economic growth – темпы экономического роста

broad aggregates – масштабные совокупности

individual households – индивидуальныехозяйства

layoff – увольнение

economic activity – экономическая активность

determinants – показатели, определители

values – ценности

meaningful totals – значимые итоги

gross domestic product (GDP) – валовой внутренний продукт (ВВП)

national income – национальный доход

personal income – личный доход

personal disposable income – личный доход после уплаты налогов

business cycle – экономический цикл

economic growth – экономический рост

attainment – достижения

maintenance – поддержание, содержание

price stability – стабильность цен

eliminate – ликвидировать, исключать

labor shortage – нехватка силы

reduction – уменьшение

 

Спряжение глагола to take (брать, отводить) во временах группы Indefiniteв Passive Voice
Present Indefinite Tense
I am taken He is taken She is taken It is taken We are taken You are taken They are taken	I am not taken He is not taken She is not taken It is not taken We are not taken You are not taken They are not taken	AmI taken? Ishe taken? Isshe taken? Isit taken? Arewe taken? Areyou taken? Arethey taken?
Past Indefinite Passive
I was taken He was taken She was taken It was taken We were taken You were taken They were taken	I was not taken He was not taken She was not taken It was not taken We were not taken You were not taken They were not taken	WasI taken? Washe taken? Wasshe taken? Wasit taken? Werewe taken? Wereyou taken? Werethey taken?
Future Indefinite Passive
I shall be taken He will be taken She will be taken It will be taken We shall be taken You will be taken They will be taken	I shall not be taken He will not be taken She will not be taken It will not be taken We shall not be taken You will not be taken They will not be taken	ShallI be taken? Willhe be taken? Willshe be taken? Willit be taken? Shallwe be taken? Willyou be taken? Willthey be taken?

 

Сравните:

I take(я отвожу) – I am taken(меня отводят) I took –I was taken(меня отвели) I shall take –I shall be taken(меня отведут)

Exercise 1. Translate the sentenses into English using Past Indefinite Active or Past Indefinite Passive

 

Я рассказал – Мне рассказали

Я показал - Мне показали

Она привела - Её привели

Мы спросили - Нас спросили

Мы ответили - Нам ответили

Мы послали - Нас послали

Они дали - Им дали

Exercise 2. Translate the sentenses into English using Present, Past or Future Indefinite Passive.

Мне рассказали - Мне рассказывают - Мне расскажут

Мне показали - Мне показывают - Мне покажут

Её привели - Её приводят - Её приведут

Нас спросили - Нас спрашивают - Нас спросят

Нам ответили - Нам отвечают - Нам ответят

Нас послали - Нас посылают - Нас пошлют

Им дали - Им дают - Им дадут

Ему помогли - Ему помогают - Ему помогут

Exercise 3. Translate the sentenses into English using Present, Past or Future Indefinite Passive.

 

1. Bread (to eat) every day. 2. The letter (to receive) yesterday. 3. Nick (to send) to Moscow next week. 4. I (to ask) at the lesson yesterday. 5. I (to give) a very interesting book at the library. 6. Many houses (to build) in our town every year. 7. This work (to do) tomorrow. 8. This text (to translate) at the last lesson. 9. These trees (to plant) last autumn. 10. Many interesting games always 9to play) at out PT lessons. 11. This bone (to give) to my dog tomorrow. 12. We (to invite) to a concert last Saturday. 13. My question (to answer) yesterday. 14. Hockey (to play) in winder. 15. Mushrooms (to gather) in autumn. 16. Many houses (to burn) during the Great Fire of London. 17. His new book (to finish) next year. 18. Flowers (to sell) in shops and in the streets. 19. St.Petersburg (to found) in 1703.

 

Dialogue 4.

Mr Klimenko is making all necessary preparations for the Draft Contact. He wants to talk to different people as to improving managements his company. Mary Elliot is assisting and escorting him.

Week 15.

Text 15. Microeconomics

Intermediate control.

Text 15.

Microeconomics

The world “micro” means small, and microeconomics means economics in the small. The optimizing behavior of individual units such as households and firms provides the foundation for microeconomics.

Microeconomists may investigate individual markets or even the economy as a whole, but their analyses are derived from the aggregation of the behavior of individual units. Microeconomic theory is used extensively in many areas of applied economics. For example, it is used in industrial organization, labor economics, international trade, cost-benefit analysis, and many other economic subfields. The tools and analyses of microeconomics provide a common ground, and even a language, for economists interested in a wide range of problems.

At the time there was a sharp distinction in both methodology and subject matter between microeconomics and macroeconomics.

The methodological distinction became somewhat blurred during the 1970s as more and more macroeconomic analyses were built upon microeconomic foundations. Nonetheless, major distinctions remain between the major branches of economics. For example, the microeconomist is interested in the determination of individual prices and relative prices (i.e., exchange rations between goods), whereas the macroeconomist is interested more in the general price level and its change over time.

Optimization plays a key role in microeconomics. The consumer is assumed to maximize utility or satisfaction subject to the constraints imposed by income or income earning power. The producer is assumed to maximize profit or minimize cost subject to the technological constrains under which the firm operates. Optimization of social welfare sometimes is the criterion for the determination of public policy.

Opportunity cost is an important concept in microeconomics. Many courses of action are valued in terms of what is sacrificed so that they might be undertaken. For example, the opportunity cost of a public project is the value of the additional goods that the private sector would have produced with the resources used for the public project.