Put in must or have / has (got) to.

1. I'm tired. I... go to bed early.

2. John... go to school on Saturdays.

3. We … get another dog soon.

4. This is a great book. – I... read it.

5. A soldier... obey orders.

6. We... go to London for a meeting.

7. I think we... pay in advance.

8. You really... visit us soon.

9. I … try to spend more time at home.

10. You … go through Carlisle on the way to Glasgow.

Complete the sentences, using must not / mustn't or do not / don't have to.

1. Campers... play music after 10 p.m.

2. Students... ask permission to stay out after midnight.

3. Bicycles... be parked in the front courtyard.

4. Residents... hang washing out of the windows.

5. British subjects... get visas to travel in Western Europe.

6. Passengers... lean out of the windows.

7. You... pay for your tickets now.

8. It's rained a lot, so we... water the garden.

9. You... disturb your sister while she's working.

10. You... knock before you come into my room.

Choose the correct answer.

1. Our teacher can / must / may speak three languages.

2. They were allowed to / might / could take every Friday off last year.

3. Your coat is quite new. You mustn't / needn't / can't buy another one.

4. I'd like to have to / to be able to / can play chess.

5. Students cannot / needn't / mustn't interrupt their teachers.

6. He said he might not / couldn't / needn't stay any longer.

7. I think I'll must / have to / can go and explain it to them.

8. Are you sure you'll can / be able to / may get to the bottom of it.

9.The woman got up and Grayson might / was able to / could see her face clearly before she switched off the light.

10. We might / had to / could not get the medicine and returned home without it.

11. Might / Must / May I have your book for a moment.

12. The boy may / will be allowed to / can drive my car if he passes his exam.

 

Keys

1. 1. must; 2. has to; 3. must; 4. must; 5. has to; 6. have (got) to; 7. have (got) to; 8. must; 9. must; 10. have to.

2. 1. must not; 2. do not have to; 3. must not; 4. must not; 5. do not have to;
6. must not; 7. don't have to; 8. don't have to; 9. mustn't; 10. don't have to.

3. 1. can; 2. were allowed to; 3. needn't; 4. to be able to; 5. mustn't; 6. couldn't;
7. have to; 8. be able to; 9. was able to; 10. could; 11. May; 12. will be allowed to.

 

Страдательный залог

В английском языке глаголы могут иметь два залога: действительный (the Active Voice) и страдательный (the Passive Voice). Глагол в действительном залоге показывает, что действие выполняется, совершается лицом или предметом, обозначенным подлежащим. Глагол в страдательном залоге показывает, что лицо или предмет, обозначенный подлежащим, испытывает воздействие или находится в определенном состоянии в результате какого-то воздействия.

Пассивная форма образуется следующим образом: to be + Participle II (для нестандартных глаголов - 3-я колонка таблицы, для стандартных - глагол с окончанием -ed).

Active	Passive
Simple
They build houses.	– Houses are built.
They built houses.	– Houses were built.
They will build houses.	– Houses will be built.
Continuous
They are building houses.	– Houses are being built.
They were building houses.	– Houses were being built.
They will be building houses.	– не образуется.
Perfect
They have built houses.	– Houses have been built.
They had built houses.	– Houses had been built.
They will have built houses.	– Houses will have been built.

В Perfect Continuous страдательный залог не употребляется.

Обратите внимание на образование вопросительного и отрицательного предложений:

The houses are built.

Are the houses built?

The houses are not built.

Дополнение с предлогом by в страдательном залоге часто опускается, если оно выражено личным местоимением.

Не broke the cup. – The cup was broken (by him). – Чашку разбили.

My brother broke the cup. – The cup was broken by my brother. – Чашка была разбита моим братом.

Если сказуемое в страдательной конструкции выражено глаголом с предлогом, то подлежащее переводят дополнением с соответствующим предлогом, а сказуемое – неопределенно-личной формой глагола:

She was waited for. – Ее ждали.

She was listened to. – Ее слушали.

She was looked at. – На нее посмотрели.

She was talked about. – О ней говорили.

She was sent for. – За ней послали.

She was laughed at. – Над ней смеялись.

The house was not lived in. – В доме не жили.

The bed was not slept in. – В кровати не спали.

Если сказуемое действительного залога выражено сочетанием модального глагола с инфинитивом, то в страдательном залоге ему соответствует сочетание того же модального глагола с инфинитивом в страдательном залоге:

Не must do it today. – It must be done today.

She should write the letter today. – The letter should be written today.

We must wash our hands before eating. – Our hands must be washed before eating.