Modal Verbs with Perfect Infinitive

 

1) Can

1) Could + perfect infinitive выражает возможность совершения действия в прошлом:

а) когда действие могло иметь место, но не совершилось.

Не could have given an answer yesterday but he didn't. Он мог бы дать ответ вчера, но он не дал его.

б) когда неизвестно, совершилось ли действие.

They could have helped him. Они, возможно, помогли ему. (Они могли бы помочь ему.)

в) в вопросительных предложениях выражает удивление или сомнение в отношении возможности совершения действия в прошлом.

Could they have completed the work? They had so little time. Неужели они закончили работу? У них было так мало времени.

ПРИМЕЧАНИЕ: В вопросительных предложениях может также употребляться глагол сап.

Can he have failed us? Неужели он подвал нас?

2) Can't (couldn't) + perfect infinitive выражает мнение говорящего о возможности (невозможности) совершения действия в прошлом.

Peter can't have translated this article, he does cot know Spanish. Петр не мог перевести эту статью (не может быть, чтобы Петр перевел эту статью), он не знает испанского языка.

This couldn't have been done yesterday. He может быть, чтобы это было сделано вчера.

2) May

1) May (might) + perfect infinitive выражает предположение о возможности совершения действия в прошлом.

He might have already made an appointment with Mr Smith. He said he would. Он, возможно, договорился о встрече с г-ном Смитом. Он сказал, что он это сделает.

2) Might + perfect infinitive выражает упрек по поводу того, что действие не было совершено.

You might have advised him to join them. Вы могли бы посоветовать ему присоединиться к ним.

3} Must

Must + perfect infinitive выражает предположение, граничащее с уверенностью, о том, что действие совершилось в прошлом.

There must have been a misunderstanding. Должно быть (очевидно, вероятно), произошло недоразумение.

They must have left yesterday. Они, должно быть (вероятно), уехали вчера.

ПРИМЕЧАНИЕ: Глаголы must и may в отрицательной форме не употребляются с перфектным инфинитивом.

4) Be to

Be to + perfect infinitive выражает действие, которое должно было произойти в прошлом, но не произошло.

Не was to have checked out before 12.00 but unfortunately he failed to. Он должен был расплатиться в гостинице до 12 часов дня, но, к сожалению, не смог.

5) Needn't

Needn't + perfect infinitive выражает действие, в совершении которого не было необходимости.

You needn't have brought the textbook for him. He has got one. He нужно было (не было необходимости) приносить ему учебник. У него есть.

6) Would

Would + perfect infinitive выражает сильную степень уверенности говорящего в отношении действия (состояния) в прошлом.

That would have been the right way. По-видимому (должно быть), это был правильный путь. Не would have been about forty then. Ему, по-видимому, тогда было около сорока лет.

7) Should, ought to*

* См. урок 5

 

Exercise 1. Read the following. Translate the sentences containing modal verbs into Russian.

1 A: I Hope has reserve a hotel room.

B: He can't have done that. No one has asked him to.

2 A: Why didn't Peter come to see us yesterday?

B: I don't know. He may have been too busy.

A: No he can’t have been to busy.

В: Оh! Уou can’t he sure about that.

3 A: I didn’t now John had business. You might have told me.

B- I’m sorry. I thought you knew that.

4 A- I’m looks very tired today

5 A- Why are they so аngry with George?

B- He must have failed them. He was to have dealt ' with the matter I don't think he did.

6 "I ought to have thought about that before, but I didn't ' know as so worried about his sister," said Jane.

7 Could Be have to them was Mr Bailey's fault?

8. "You should have fought, Jim," Dr Nicholas's friend said to him.

9. You needn' t have helped Mm. He was able to manage it alone.

Exercise 2 Respond to these statements according to the models. Translate the response.

a) His visit upset their plans.

Can (collide his visit have upset their plans? His visit can't (couldn't) have upset their plans.

1 The centre forward missed the bail. 2. His letter disappeared 3. Gravot managed to get Johnny out of the game. 4. Guff hit Johnny.

b) It is possible at he attended the lecture. He could have attended the lecture.

1. It is possible that he's made a hotel reservation. 2. It is possible that he asked Peter's advice. 3. It is possible that she answered the call. 4. It is possible that he broke the appointment-

c) I hope (maybe) he found the book yesterday. He might have found the book yesterday.

1. I hope he told them about the meeting yesterday. 2. I hope he checked out before lunch. 3. I hope John handed the papers to Mr Brown. 4. I hope he has passed through the customs.

d) I’m in sure he went (has gone) sight-seeing. He must have gone sight-seeing.

1. I'm sure he has left his suitcases in the luggage room. 2. I'm sure he went to the dentist's. He had an awful toothache in the morning. 3. I'm sure there was a misunderstanding between them. 4. I'm sure it was Mr Smith's fault.

e) She went by the seven o'clock train. (The lecture didn't begin till ten.)

She needn't have gone by the seven o'clock train as the lecture didn't begin till ten.

1. She did everything herself. (Everyone was ready to help her.) 2. They worried about Johnny. (He came back in time.) 3. Bill dealt with the matter. (Tom was going to deal with it.) 4. Bill reserved a hotel room for him for ten days. (He was going to stay only for a week.)

f) I believe he was about thirty then.

He would have been about thirty then.

1. I believe he was at college then. 2. I believe he helped them. 3. I believe he left the cinema before the end of the film. 4. I believe Jim brought him the book.

Exercise 3. Make up sentences saying what a person should (shouldn't) have dorse or ought (oughtn't) to have done. Use these words and word combinations. to upset stab., to worry about smth., to miss an opportunity, to take to hospital, to apologize to smb., to hurry

Exercise 4. Translate into English.

1. Интересно, почему Билл не позвонил мне еще раз вчера вечером? — Возможно, он был очень занят. 2. Не может быть, чтобы он оставил университет. 3. Вероятно, произошло недоразумение. Давайте снова обсудим этот вопрос. 4. Он мог бы заполнить бланки до ленча. У него было время. 5. Она, вероятно, рассердилась на Джона. 6. Вам не следовало упускать возможность посмотреть этот спектакль. 7. Конференция должна была открыться вчера. 8. Вам не нужно было делать этот перевод вчера. 9. По-видимому, это та статья, о которой Петров говорил вчера.

2. Correlative conjunctions "both... and", "either... or", "neither... nor" (Сочинительные союзы как... так и (и... и), либо... либо I или... или, ни... ни)

Сочинительные союзы могут соединять любые члены предложения.

It was both cold and windy. Было и холодно, и ветрено. Не can speak neither French nor English. Он не говорит по-французски, ни по-английски. You may take either Peter's textbook or mine. Вы можете взять либо учебник Петра, либо мой.

Если both... and соединяет два подлежащих, то глагол-сказуемое употребляется в форме множественного числа.

Both the captain and the goalkeeper were badly hurt during yesterday's game. Как капитан (команды), так и вратарь получили тяжелые травмы во время вчерашней игры.

Если союзы either... or и neither... nor соединяют два или более подлежащих, глагол-сказуемое обычно согласуется в лице и числе с подлежащим, стоящим непосредственно перед последним союзом.

Neither we nor he was tired. Ни мы, ни он не чувствовали усталости.

Не knows that either the Browns or Mr Smith has reserved a hotel room for him. Он знает, что либо Брауны, либо г-н Смит зарезервировали для него номер в гостинице.

ПРИМЕЧАНИЯ: 1. Обратите внимание на то, что в английском предложении, в отличие от русского, глагол не употребляется в отрицательной форме, если однородные члены соединяются союзом neither... nor.

Neither John nor I have anything to do with it. Ни Джон, ни я не имеем никакого отношения к этому.

2. Если союзы either... or, neither... nor соединяют более двух однородных членов предложения, то перед последующими однородными членами предложения ставятся союзы or или nor.

Either John or Peter or Bill has to stay at home today.

He said that neither you nor Miss Vickers nor Ann was to be left alone.

Exercise 5. Join these sentences using either... or or neither... nor.

a) Peter (Max) knows Mr Brown's phone number. Either Peter or Max knows Mr Brown's phone number. 1. John (Bill) told them about the convention. 2. They will confirm the reservation today, (tomorrow) 3. You may check out now. (after lunch) 4. He says it will be rainy (sunny) tomorrow morning. The weather is so unpredictable.

b) Mary hasn't been to Bukhara yet. Peter hasn't either. Neither Mary nor Peter has been to Bukhara yet.

1. John hasn't attended the final match. My brother hasn't either. 2. George wouldn't like to have his tooth pulled out. Bill wouldn't either. 3. Abe didn't expect to see Johnny so soon. The Eskimo players didn't either. 4. He didn't take them round the city the day before yesterday. He didn't do it yesterday either.

Exercise 6. Join these sentences using both... and.

It was cold yesterday. It was rainy, too.

It was both cold and rainy yesterday.

1. It was hot yesterday. It was sunny, too. 2. The country is rich in coal. The country is rich in oil, too. 3. John is doing well at school. Mary is doing well at school, too. 4. The doctor advised Peter to come for a checkup. The doctor advised Martin to come for a checkup, too. 5. Jane is sneezing. Jane is coughing, too.

Exercise 7. Translate into English.

1. Как тренер, так и хоккеисты беспокоились о Джонни. 2. Мог бы я попросить вас посмотреть как доклад д-ра Брауна, так и доклад д-ра Смита? 3. Они собираются пойти завтра либо в Галерею Тейта, либо в Национальную галерею. 4. Не могу понять, почему ни Джон, ни Генри не позвонили мне вчера вечером. 5. Ни Анне, ни Джейн не удалось установить новый рекорд. 6. Вы уверены, что Майкл не вернется ни завтра, ни послезавтра?

Exercise 8. Make up six sentences using both... and, either... or, neither... nor.

 

TEXT

 

Learn these speech patterns

1. He is good (had) at it. (at drawing). У него есть способности (нет способностей) к этому, (к рисованию).

Exercise I. Make up sentences using the table and translate them.

 

 

Exercise 2. Paraphrase these sentences using pattern 1.

1. My daughter can ski very well. 2. His friend is an excellent skater. 3. I could never play hockey. 4. They know history very well. 5. She does not know literature well. 6. She is a good singer.

2. What if your son refuses to change his mind? Что, если ваш сын откажется изменить свое решение?

Exercise 3. Make up sentences using the table and translate them.

 

 

Exercise 4. Translate into English.

1. Что, если они опоздают на поезд? 2.Что, если он не заказал номер? 3. Что, если он не оставил ключи дома? 4. Что, если она упустит эту возможность? 5. Что, если он не вернется к 5 часам?

Learn these words and word combinations

 

Exercise 5. Read and translate these sentences. Pay attention to active words and word combinations.

1. He must have borrowed the magazine from Peter. 2. I regret to say that he has changed his mind. 3. Dr Ingram was determined" to clear up the matter. 4. You should net discourage him. He has made up his mind to become a painter and he will be as he has a talent. 5. I think very much of this young man. He is a promising painter. 6. Can you lend me this book? I need it badly. 7. They listened to the painter in silence. 8. She was very angry with her son but she managed to check herself. 9. Many of the Kennedy men went into politics. 10. Pushkin was married to Natalie Goncharova. They got married in 1831. 11. Charles refused to give up painting as he was really good at it. 12. Mendoza's voice was firm when he told Charles that he (Charles) was hopeless. 13. "What do you mean by this?" asked the painter. 14. The country became independent in 1971. 15. Some people say that "SOS" means "Save our souls"*, which is quite wrong.

* soul [soul] душа

 

MENDOZA SELLS HIMSELF

The clock had just struck ten in the morning when Mendoza's servant came into the studio with a card. The painter took the card and read: "Mrs Catacre-Burtenshaw." The name meant nothing to him.

The servant said, "The lady looks rich. I do not get the impression that she has come to borrow." "All right," said Mendoza. "Ask her in."

Mendoza disliked her at once though she was obviously determined to please him.

"I hope you will forgive my early visit," she began. "I want to speak to you about my son Charlie. I want your advice, and I want your help. He is my only child, all I have in the world. He grew up a good boy until he made up his mind to go in for Art." The woman stopped for a moment.

"Do you want me to give him lessons? If so I regret to say I shan't be able to..."

"Oh, no, my dear Mr Mendoza," she exclaimed, "on the contrary, I want you to let him come and show you his drawings, and then I want you to tell him that he has no talent; in short, to discourage him. You are the only man who can do me this favour. Charlie thinks a lot of you, he has collected hundreds of your drawings. Just tell him that he is no good. He should go into politics and marry well."

"Perhaps he should," Mendoza agreed. "But what if your son refuses to change his mind? What will you do then?"

The woman's voice became firm. "In that case he will never get a penny from me as long as I live."¹

Mendoza realized that she would be as good as her word.² He had an impulse to put her out of the studio by the shoulders,³ but he checked himself and went on politely. "I sympathize with you, Mrs Catacre-Burtenshaw," he said, "in your wish to see your son saved from the miserable life of an artist. But I can't promise anything definite until I see his work. He may be really gifted."

She produced a sheet of paper which she handed to Mendoza.

Mendoza looked at the drawing in silence. The drawing was not a masterpiece but it certainly was promising.

"But my dear madam," he said, "I must say the drawing shov/s both humour and inspiration. Now you must know that neither humour nor inspiration can be taught. A painter either has got it or he hasn't. Don't you understand that I find that drawing of your son most promising? Why should I tell him that he is hopeless?"

She looked at him. "You don't think that I am asking you to criticize my son's work for nothing? I am prepared to pay a large sum of money."

"May I ask you what figure you have in mind?" Mendoza asked sweetly. "Well," she said, "it will be one hundred pounds."

Mendoza shook his head. "You don't understand you are dealing with Mendoza. I will not do this for less than a thousand pounds."

"A thousand pounds!" she gasped. "You must be joking." "Not at all," Mendoza was firm. "A thousand pounds and not a penny less."

To his great surprise she agreed.

When Mendoza was alone he went to the telephone and dialled a number. "Freddie," he said to his friend, a solicitor. "Will you dine with me tonight? I have something to arrange with you."⁴

The cheque for f 1,000 from Mrs Catacre-Burtenshaw came the next day. And two days later Mrs Catacre-Burtenshaw with her son appeared in the studio. Charles, very nervous and excited, brought some more of his drawings which he showed to Mendoza. No word said Mendoza⁵ while he looked through them. No word said Charles.⁵

Then Mendoza put down the drawings and said: "Mr Catacre-Burtenshaw, I regret to say that your drawings are worthless. I think you should give up Art and go into politics as your mother wants. Goodbye to you both, goodbye."

He opened the door. Charles ran out of the room in despair.

Four years had passed. The same servant showed Mr Charles Catacre-Burtenshaw into Mendoza's studio. "You may have forgotten me," he said, "I was here four years ago with my mother and you said I was hopeless. Could you look at my work now?'

"You haven't given up drawing then?"

"No, I haven't. When I left your studio I was in despair. In the street a young man came up to me and handed me a note from a firm of solicitors. It turned out a client of theirs had placed with them a sum of one thousand pounds for my benefit.⁶ Well, it made me independent of my mother. I left her house for Paris where I lived hard and worked hard. Now I'm back. This is my first published drawing."

Mendoza examined the drawing carefully. It was really good.

"I think," he said, "it's a fine piece of work. I congratulate you on it sincerely. The thing is as good as gold."

Charles flushed with pleasure.⁷ "Thank you very much," he said. "If I could only thank my benefactor... But the solicitor didn't give me his name."

"In your place I wouldn't worry! lust go ahead and make a big success of yourself.⁸ I think your unknown benefactor will be quite happy."

(After "Mendoza Sel!s Himself by William Caiae)

Names

Mendoza [man'douzs] Мендоса

Catacre-Burtenshaw ['ksetakra 'Ьэ:иэ)п|э:] Катакре-Бертеншау

Charlie ['tfa:li ] Чарли

Freddie ['fredi] Фредди

Notes

1. as long as I live пока я жива

2. she would be as good as her word она будет верна своему слову

3. to put her out of the studio by the shoulders ['Jouldaz ] и, взяв ее за плечи, вытолкать из студии

4. I have something to arrange with you. Мне нужно кое о чем договориться с вами.

5. No word said Mendoza... No word said Charles. Используется инвертированный порядок слов (сказуемое стоит перед подлежащим) с целью выделения подлежащего.

6. It turned out a client ['klaisnt] of theirs had placed with them a sum of one thousand pounds for my benefit

['benifit]. Оказалось, что один из их клиентов передал им для меня тысячу фунтов.

7. Charles flushed with pleasure. Чарльз покраснел от удовольствия.

8. Just go ahead [s'hed] and make a big success of yourself. Продолжайте работать и добейтесь большого успеха.

Exercise 6. Read and translate the text.

Exercise 7. Find in the text English equivalents for these word combinations and sentences.

1. Я не думаю, что она пришла за тем, чтобы одолжить денег. 2. если это так, я, к сожалению, должен сказать... 3. короче говоря, отбить', у него охоту (к занятию живописью). 4. Чарли о вас высокого мнения. 5. А что, если ваш сын откажется изменить свое решение? 6. Он сдержался и вежливо продолжал. 7. Почему я должен сказать ему, что он безнадежен? 8. Я готова заплатить. 9. Мендоса отрицательно покачал голевой. 10. Благодаря этому я стал независимым от своей матери. 11. Я искренне поздравляю вас.

Exercise 8. Give Russian equivalents for these sentences.

1. The name meant nothing to him. 2. You will forgive my early visit. 3. He grew up a good boy until he made up his mind to go in for Art. 4. On the contrary, tell him he has no talent. 5. He should go into politics. 6. The woman's voice became firm. 7. Mendoza looked at the drawing in silence. 8. The drawing was not a masterpiece. 9. I am asking you to criticize my sen's work. 10. Mendoza examined the drawing carefully. 11. I congratulate you on it.

Exercise 9. Answer these questions.

1. What do you think of the servant's remark: "The lady looks rich. I do not think she has come to borrow"? Does it mean that there were visitors who came to borrow money from Mendoza? 2. Why did Mrs Catacre-Burtenshaw want to see Mendoza? 3. Did Mendoza like the drawings of her son? Why? 4. Under what conditions did Mendoza agree to help Mrs Catacre-Burtenshaw? 5. Why did Charles come to Mendoza again four years later? 6. Who do you think gave Charles one thousand dollars? 7. What do you think of Mendoza? Exercise 10. Explain or comment on these statements.

1. The name meant nothing to him. 2. He grew up a good boy until he made up his mind to become a painter. 3. I sympathize with you in your wish to save your son from the miserable life of an artist. 4. It was not a masterpiece but it was promising. 5. The drawing shows both humour and

inspiration. 6. You don't understand you are dealing with Mendoza. 7. In your place I wouldn't worry. Just go ahead and make a big success of yourself. I think your benefactor will be happy.

Exercise 11. Make up sentences using the tables and translate them.

 

 

Exercise 12. Change these sentences into the negatives.

1. Both Peter and Ann managed to get this book. 2. He has talent for both painting and literature. 3. Though he is only five he can both read and write well. 4. He can both paint and draw. 5. He was good at both music and mathematics. Exercise 13. Make the necessary substitutions and reproduce the dialogues.

1. A: Would you like me to take her to hospital.

B: Oh, thanks, that would be very nice of you.

{A: to lend you the book you need, to examine these documents)

2. A: Your friend is very good at drawing.

B: He must be. He has a talent for it.

(A: painting, playing the piano, singing)

3. A: He is determined to go into politics.

B: I'm very glad to hear that.

(A: to marry the girl, to criticize the book, to check himself)

Exercise 14. Insert the words given below.

1. Michelangelo......to become a sculptor* when he was about ten years old. 2. What do you... by saying that he is not... to go into...? 3. He could not have... this painter. Everybody thinks he is very.... 4. My son is already.... He is 18. 5. I wonder why he... to take part in the exhibition. 6. Mendoza was sure that Mrs Catacre-Burtenshaw would never... her son and help him with money if he did not give up painting. 7. Johnny understood at once what the Eskimos were going to do and this... his life. 8. "1 hope he......of this picture." "......he did not like it at all." 9. We... to see the new film this evening. 10. She promised not to tell anybody about the misunderstanding, that is.... to forgive, to mean, to agree, to save, to make up one's mind, on the contrary, grown up, politics, to refuse, prepared, to keep silence, talented, to criticize, to think much

* sculptor T'skAlpta] скульптор

 

Exercise 15. Use the appropriate form of the infinitive given in brackets.

1. He should (to borrow) the book from the library yesterday when he was there. 2. He couldn't (to change) his mind. He promised me long ago to do this job. 3. He might (to go) into politics. He was always interested in history and foreign languages. 4. He may (to be) a promising boy who was good at drawing at school. But he never became a painter. 5. He must (to tell) the young artist that he did not like his paintings. 6. You needn't (to examine) those facts so carefully. We have already done that. 7. He shouldn't (to feel) so independent of his parents. He is still a student.

Exercise 16. Make up twelve questions based on the text "Mendoza Sells Himself" and answer them.

Exercise 17. Insert prepositions or adverbs.

I called on Dirk Stroeve as soon as I arrived... Paris. His wife was a nice woman, she did not see that her husband had no talent... painting.... the contrary she thought highly... his works. I looked... his pictures. They were the same false* sweet things he did years ago... Rome. I did not want to discourage him... art but I was sure he should not have become a painter.

* false [fa:ls] ложный

 

Yet nobody was more honest* and sincere** than Dirk Stroeve. He had an excellent understanding... art. He was always quick to discover a talent. To go... him... a picture gallery was a real pleasure. He understood both old masters and modern ones. He never failed to congratulate a painter... a talented picture. For me his advice was always important.

* honest f'Dnist] честный, правдивый

** sincere ism'sis] искренний

 

It turned out that Dirk had met Strickland who like many others саше... his studio to borrow... him. To my great surprise he thought Strickland was a good artist. "It can't be the same man," I exclaimed. "An Englishman, who gave... his family to paint... Paris?" "That's it," Dirk answered, "I tell you he is a great artist.... a hundred years if you and I are remembered at all it will be because we knew Charles Strickland."

"Is he having any success?" I asked. "Can I see his works? No, he is no success at all and he won't show his pictures... anybody. But I've seen them₄1 know he is a great artist. People laughed at Manet.* Corot** never sold a picture... his life. Fame *** came to them only after death.

* Manet [ma'nei] Мане, французский художник XIX века, творчество которого оказало большое влияние на развитие импрессионизма

** Corot [ka'rou] Коро, французский художник XIX века, представитель Барбизонской группы

*** fame слава, известность

 

... the conversation I made... my mind to go... Strickland's studio to gee for myself.

(After "The Moon and Sixpence." by S. Maugham)

Exercise 18. Give Russian equivalents for these word combinations.

1) to think much (a lot, highly) of smb., not to think much of smth., smb.;

2) to check in, to check out, to check oneself;

3) to go on doing smth., to go on to say;

4) to congratulate smb. on smth. Many happy returns of the day! Happy birthday! A Happy New Year!

5) to examine facts (documents, a question, a situation).

Exercise 19. Translate into English using the word combinations given in exercise 18.

1) 1. Я высокого мнения о картинах этого художника. 2. Мендоса сказал Чарльзу, что он невысокого мнения о его рисунках.

2). 1. Хотя д-р Николас очень рассердился, он сдержался и продолжал спокойно (вежливо) говорить. 2. Вы уже расплатились за гостиницу?

3) 1. Далее он сказал, что готов принять участие в выставке. 2. Он продолжал говорить еще час.

4) 1. Они поздравили нас с поступлением в институт. 2. С днем рождения! 3. С Новым годом!

5) 1. Я надеюсь, что вы изучили все данные (факты).

2. Он, наверное, внимательно изучил все документы. 3. Вам следовало бы изучить этот вопрос.

Exercise 20. Make up eighteen sentences using these word combinations.

to be good (bad) at smth., to borrow smth. from smb., to lend smth. to smb., to forgive smb. for smth., to make up one's mind, on the contrary, to have a talent for smth., in short, to discourage smb. from doing smth., to think much of smb., to go into politics, to be married to smb., to agree with smb., to go on doing smth., to saye smb. from smth., in silence, to be independent of smb., to congratulate smb. en smth.

Exercise 21. Give your responses according to the model. Use modal verbs.

Peter finally made up his mind to become a diplomat, a) Well, he may have done so. I know he was always good at history and languages, b) No, he can't have done that. At school he was not interested either in history or in languages, c) That's good. He should have done that long ago. He has always been good at history, d) He must have done so. I know he attended lectures on history last year.

1. He was discouraged from going into politics. 2. He refused to speak on the subject. 3. I lent my dictionary to the student whom I do not know very well. 4. John borrowed my textbook for a few days. 5. The painter told Michael that he (Michael) was hopeless.

Exercise 22. Say if these statements are true or false. Give your reasons.

1. Mrs Catacre-Burtenshaw came to Mendoza's studio to borrow money from him. 2. Mrs Catacre-Burtenshaw wanted Mendoza to encourage her son to become a painter. 3. Mendoza thought that Charles's drawings were not bad. 4. Mendoza promised. Mrs Catacre-Burtenshaw that he would discourage her son. 5. Mendoza never saw Charles again. 6. Mendoza did not know who Charles's unknown benefactor was.

Exercise 23. Give a summary of the text "Mendoza Sells Himself".

Exercise 24. Think of situations in which these sentences can be used. Dramatize them.

1. And now he has changed his mind. 2. May I borrow your notebook? 3. They shouldn't have been hurt by that. It was a misunderstanding. 4. You needn't have discouraged him. He himself decided to give it up. 5. On the contrary I'm happy about it. 6. He can't have been prepared to join them. 7. I quite agree with you, this painter has a talent. 8. In short you shouldn't be so determined to do it.

Exercise 25. Give extensive answers to the questions.

1. What will you say if a foreign colleague asks you in what galleries he can see Russian paintings? 2. What Moscow museums and galleries would you advise a foreign colleague to see? 3. What museums and galleries of your native town (city) do you think are worth seeing?

Exercise 26. Translate into English.

1. Как вы думаете, почему госпожа Катакре-Бертен-шау сдержалась и говорила с Мендосой вежливо, хотя Мендоса ей не нравился? 2. Должно быть, госпожа Катак-ре-Бертеншау была уверена, что она сумеет отговорить сына от занятий живописью, и думала, что он займется политикой. 3. Не может быть, чтобы он передумал! Ведь он твердо решил стать врачом. 4. Не нужно было (вам не было необходимости) давать ему книги. Он мог взять их в библиотеке. 5. Джонни действовал быстро, и это спасло его. б. Что если вы сейчас позвоните ему и поздравите его с окончанием института (graduating ['grsdjueitig ] from the institute)? 7. Далее он сказал, что в картине, которую он собирается написать, он изобразит новый город в Сибири. 8. Я и не знал, что вы женились. Поздравляю! 9. Возможно, у него были способности к рисованию, но он никогда не собирался стать художником. 10. Я слышал, что его доклад был подвергнут критике (его критиковали).-11. Я согласен с вами, ему не нужно было отказываться от вашей помощи. 12. Джонни молча выслушал все, что сказал ему тренер. 13. Мы договорились пойти не выставку Шилова. Я очень высокого мнения об этом художнике. 14. Эта страна совсем недавно стала независимой.

Exercise 27. Read the text, give a summary and discuss it.

From the History of English Painting

Some of the greatest foreign masters were attracted to England where honours and titles of nobility were conferred upon them. Holbein, Antonio Мог, Rubens, Van Dyck were almost English painters during a longer or shorter period of their lives. Van Dyck lived the most part of his life and died in London. He is really the father of the English portrait school.

Not until William Hogarth (1697 — 1764) can we find a painter truly English. Hogarth was a curious observer of men and manners. His first works date from 1730. For more than a century England was to see a brilliant succession of geniuses: Reynolds, Gainsborough, Lawrence, Constable and Turner. No country has had so strongly marked a love of the portrait.

J. Reynolds (1723 — 1792) is one of the outstanding British portraitists and an important influence on his contemporaries. By the age of twenty he had set himself up as a portraitist in his native town. In 1749 he went to Rome and stayed there three years. He returned to London and within a short time had achieved a considerable success. In 1755 for example, lie did 120 portraits. His sitters included the socially prominent people of the time and when the Royal Academy was founded in 1768, he naturally became its first president. His portraits are effective because their expression is related to the type of sitter. His colours are difficult to judge today because they were not scientifically applied, so many paintings have cracked and faded.

Thomas Gainsborough (1727 — 1788) also succeeded and succeeded brilliantly, as a portrait painter. Society went to him for portraits, and his insight into the phases of woman-hood made him essentially the woman's painter. Gainsborough was an artistic person. One of his greatest friends was Sheridan, the dramatist; and his portraits of actors and actresses are among his most famous. Yet it was landscape which had his heart.

In the evolution of the art of painting Gainsborough's method of putting on paint is an important step. His method consisted of putting tiny touches of pure colour on to the canvas so that the colour-mixing takes place not on the palette. The result is pure colour, which seems made of light itself. Nearly a century later this method of painting became a formula in the hands of the great impressionists.

If portrait painting is one of the glories of English art, landscape is another.

John Constable (1776 — 1837) was the first British painter to paint landscape. He considered it a primary and essential task to make sketches direct from nature at a single sitting. He discovered the exuberant abundance of life in the simplest country places.

The name of Joseph Mallord Turner (1775 — 1851) is famous above all other landscape painters. His first exhibited oil painting was "The Fishermen at Sea, off the Needles" in 1796. It is typical of Turner to have begun by attacking the difficult problem of moonlight.

Turner's love of the sea was fundamental. He had been concentrating on waves and storms upon clouds. Turner alone by constant observation and by a thorough knowledge of wave forms has given to his seas mass and weight as well as movement.

Exercise 28. Speak on these topics.

1. Outstanding Russian painters. 2. Most famous British painters.

 

LESSON TEN

 

Conversation: Exchange of Impressions

Learn these words and word combinations

 

Exchange of Impressions

1

Mr Reston: I think Moscow is becoming an international art centre. Most world famous art galleries had their masterpieces displayed¹ in the Pushkin Art Museum.

Alexeev: I suppose it's only natural. Muscovites have always been great admirers of art. By the way there were thousands of people queueing to get in when 18th and 19^th century English paintings were displayed there.

R: That's very pleasant to hear. Unluckily, Britain cannot boast of great artists such as Rembrandt and Goya.

A: Oh, you're too modest, I should say. Your Turner is wonderful. I believe he's the most brilliant seascape artist. I couldn't tear myself away from his pictures.

R: Turner is my favourite artist, too. I especially like his seascapes depicting the stormy sea.

A: So do I. I quite agree with the critic who said that Turner wonderfully portrayed the conflict of the man, the sea and the wind.

R: In my opinion he's the most imaginative artist England ever produced. You also had a famous seascape artist in the 19th century. I can't recall his name.

A: You mean Aivazovsky. Yes, the sea was his favourite subject. He's very popular in this country.

2

John Lobb, an exchange English student, and George Komov, a Moscow University postgraduate, are having a talk.

John Lobb: George, where can I see old Russian painting? I saw a few reproductions in a magazine and was greatly impressed by them.

George Komov: The Tretyakov Gallery has the richest collection, I believe if you have time tomorrow I can take you there.

John: Thank you very much. It's very kind of you.

George: Let's meet in the lounge at 9.30 if it suits you.

John: It suits me all right. See you tomorrow morning.

(In the Tretyakov Gallery)

John: These icons are marvellous. It's a great pity that the painters' names are unknown.

George: Unfortunately we know only a few names. One of the greatest old Russian painters was Andrew Rublev.

John: Do you mean the painter about whom a film was made?

George: Yes. The film is called "Andrew Rublev". Did you see it?

John: Yes, I saw it a few years ago in London. It impressed me greatly. Where can I see his pictures?

George: As to Moscow you can find some of his pictures in the Cathedral of the Annunciation in the Kremlin and in the Spassky Cathedral in the Andronikov monastery.

John: By the way I'm going to the Kremlin next Saturday.

George: Then you'll be able to see Rublev's picture there.

(After the visit)

John: Thank you very much. I think I'll have to come back to the Gallery again. There's a lot to see and enjoy here.

George: Yes. The Gallery has the richest collection of Russian painting.

3

A: How do you like Gainsborough's portrait of "Mrs Siddons"?

B: I think this is his masterpiece. His blues are exquisite.

A: Yes, he was a brilliant portrait painter. It's hard to believe that he painted portraits only for a living. He said it was the landscape that had his heart.

B: I didn't know that.

4

A: I've just seen Repin's pictures. They're marvellous.I believe he's one of the most talented Russian realists.

B: Yes. His paintings reflect the life of the people. His is the kind of art that serves the people.

5

A: Have you been to Shilov's exhibition?

B: No, I haven't. Is he a modern painter?

A: Yes. His portraits are wonderful. The portrait of his "Grandmother" made a great impression on me. I think he likes people whom he paints.

6

A: What's the name of the sculptor who made the "War Memorial" in Volgograd?

B: Vuchetich. He's one of our most talented sculptors.

A: Now I remember the name. I saw his sculpture near the UN building in New York. If I'm not mistaken it's called "Man Beating Sword into Ploughshare".²

B: Yes. I also like the "Memorial to Soviet Soldiers" he made for Treptev Park in Berlin. I wonder whether Henry Moore is still considered the most prominent English sculptor.

A: I think so.

B: Do you consider him an abstractionist?

A: Our critics call him surrealist.

Names

Muscovites ['mosksvaits ] москвичи

Rembrandt ['rembrsndj Рембрандт

Goya [дою] Гойя

Turner [Чэ:пэ] Тернер

Aivazovsky [.arra'zDvski ] Айвазовский

the Tretyakov Gallery-['tretjakav 'gxtari] Третьяковская галерея

Andrew Rublev ['sndru: rub'lev] Андрей Рублев

the Cathedral of the Annunciation [3,nAnsi'eiJn] Благовещенский собор

Spassky ['spa:ski ] Cathedral Спасский собор

Andronikov monastery [sn'draniksv 'nnnsstn ] Андроников монастырь

Gainsborough ['дешгЬэгэ] Гейнсборо

Mrs Siddons ['sidsnz] г-жа Сиддонс

Repin ['герт] Репин

Vuchetich [vu'tfetiif] Вучетич

Treptov ['treptsv] Park Трептов-Парк

Henry Moore ['henri 'шиэ ] Генри Мур

Notes

1. Most world famous art galleries had their masterpieces displayed... Большинство всемирно известных художественных галерей выставляли свои шедевры...

2. "Man Beating Sword [sa:d] into Ploughshare ['plaujea]" «Перекуем мечи на орала»

Exercise 1. Read and translate the dialogues.

Exercise 2. Find in the dialogues English equivalents for these word combinations and sentences.

1. многие всемирно известные галереи. 2. всегда были большими любителями искусства. 3. самый блестящий маринист. 4. Я не мог оторваться от его картин. 5. по-моему. 6. Где я могу увидеть старинную русскую живопись? 7. Имена художников неизвестны. 8. Это его шедевр. 9. Он писал портреты. 10. отражают жизнь. 11. памятник погибшим в войну. 12. если я ке ошибаюсь. 13. наиболее выдающийся английский скульптор.

Exercise 3. Quote the sentences in which these words and word combinations are used in the dialogues and translate them.

exchange, natural, to get in, unluckily, suppose, especially, to depict, to agree, as to, conflict, to serve, talented, to remember, to consider

Exercise 4. Make the necessary substitutions and reproduce the dialogues.

1. A: There were thousands of people queueing to get in when French paintings were displayed there.

B: That's very pleasant to hear.

(A: Spanish, old Russian)

2. A: You also had a famous landscape painter in the 19th century. I can't recall his name.

B: You mean Levitan, I suppose.

(A: portrait, seascape; B: Kraniskoi, Turner)

3. A: Do you mean the painter about whom a film was made?

B: Yes. I don't remember the name of the film but the painter's name is Andrew Rublev.

(B: Rembrandt, Van Gogh, Goya)

4. A: I believe Repin is one of the most talented Russian realists.

B: Yes. His paintings reflect the life of the people. His is the kiad of art that serves the people.

(A- Fedotov, Kramskoi, Perov)

5. A- I think Konenkov is one of our most outstanding sculptors.

B: I quite agree with you.

(A: Mukhina, Vuchetich, Kerbel)

Exercise 5. What would you say if you took part in these dialogues? Dramatize them.

1. A: Do you know how many galleries displayed their paintings in Moscow last year?

B:...

A: Which of the paintings impressed you most?

B:...

2. A: Which of the modern Russian painters do you like most?

B:...

A: What do you think of Shilov's paintings?

B:...

3. A: Who is your favourite 18th century English artist?

B:...

A: Which of his paintings impressed you most?

B:...

A: Is he considered one of the most talented painters of his time?

B:...

4. A: Do you like Turner's seascape pictures?

B:...

A: What do they portray?

B:...

5. A: What's Gainsborough famous for?

B:...

A: I read once that he preferred landscapes to portraits.

B:...

A: Do you know why he had to paint portraits?

B:...

6. A: Where could I see old Russian painting?

B:...

A: What are the names of the most talented old Russian painters?

B:... A: It's a great pity we don't know whom we should be grateful to for the beautiful paintings.

B:...

7. A: Have you seen any of Rodin's* sculptures?

B:...

A: How do you like his "Thinker"**?

B:...

* Rodin ['roudn] Роден

** "Thinker" «Мыслитель»

 

A: If I'm not mistaken there are some of his sculptures in the Hermitage*. Have you seen them?

B:...

* the Hermitage [temiticb] Эрмитаж

 

Exercise 6. Think of situations in which these sentences can be used. Dramatize them.

1. I suppose it's only natural. Muscovites have always been great admirers of art. 2. I couldn't tear myself away from his pictures. 3. I especially like his portraits depicting famous writers. 4. I'm sorry to say I can't recall the painter's name. 5. Do you mean the painter about whom a film was made? 6. It's hard to believe that the painter was not popular in his time. 7. His is the kind of art that serves the people. 8. He's one of our most talented sculptors (painters).

Exercise 7. Reproduce the dialogues in pairs.

Exercise 8. Act as interpreter.

1. Barbara Jones: Tomorrow we're leaving for St. Petersburg. I'm looking forward to seeing the Hermitage. Could I ask you a few questions about it?

Анна Фролова: Пожалуйста.

Barbara: I've read the Hermitage has quite a few masterpieces by Michelangelo, Leonardo da Vinci, Veronese, Raphael* and other Renaissance** artists. I wonder if French impressionists are displayed there too.

* Michelangelo [.maikal'aendsiiou] Микельанджело, Leonardo da Vinci [-lis'na:dou da: 'vmiji] Леонардо да Винчи, Veronese [veirou'neizei] Вероне-зе, Raphael ['rasfeil] Рафаэль

** the Renaissance [n'neisns] Возрождение

 

Анна: О да. Эрмитаж обладает одной из богатейших коллекций полотен французских импрессионистов. Вы получите огромное удовольствие от коллекций Эрмитажа.

Barbara: Could you call the Hermitage a picture gallery?

Анна: Нет, конечно. В Эрмитаже имеется очень богатая коллекция скульптур, включая Микельанджело, Фаль-коне (Falconet ['faelkana ]), Родена и других выдающихся скульпторов. В Эрмитаже также находится богатейшая коллекция древнего искусства Индии, Китая, Рима, Греции и других стран.

Barbara: Do you mean to say that painting is only part of the Hermitage riches?

Анна: Да, именно это я и хотела сказать.

2. A: By the way I spoke to your friend, the young artist the other day.

В: Какое впечатление он произвел на вас?

A: In my opinion he's a very deep and talented artist. We exchanged views on a number of problems and what he said about the responsibilities* of the artist impressed me greatly.

* responsibility [n'sponss'biliti] обязанность

 

В: Что же он сказал об обязанностях художника?

А: Не said that the artist should be responsible* for the education of the people. He should teach people to love nature and life.

* responsible iri'spsnssbl] ответственный

 

В: С этим я полностью согласен. Я считаю, что художник должен воспитывать морально-эстетические чувства (moral ['тэг! ] and aesthetic [is'Getik] standards) в человеке.

Exercise 9. Think of a situation for interpreting and dramatize it. Exercise 10. Translate into English.

1. — Посетили ли вы выставку «Москва — Париж» в музее имени Пушкина?

— Да, я был на этой выставке.

— Какое у вас впечатление от нее?

— Это очень интересная выставка, на которой были представлены картины русских и французских художников. С картинами некоторых французских художников я познакомился впервые. А вы были на этой выставке?

— К сожалению, я не была в Москве в это время.

2. — Я знаю, что у вас есть репродукции картин английских художников. Не могли бы вы показать их мне?

— С удовольствием. У меня с собой репродукции картин Тернера и Гейнсборо.

— Мне хотелось бы взглянуть на портреты г-жи Сиддонс и «голубого мальчика» (The Blue Boy).

— Вот портрет г-жи Сиддонс.

— Замечательно. Какой изящный портрет. Голубые тона великолепны.

— А это портрет «голубого мальчика».

— Великолепный портрет.

— Да, это лучшие портреты Гейнсборо, я бы сказал, его шедевры.

3. — Я предпочитаю пейзажную живопись и очень люблю Левитана.

— Мне он тоже очень нравится. Он великолепно изображает русскую природу: лес, пруды и реки.

— Я бы назвала его пейзажи поэтическими (poetic [pou'etik]). Я всегда вспоминаю стихи Пушкина, Тютчева, Есенина, когда смотрю на его пейзажи.

— А я музыку Чайковского.

4. — Я слышал, вы только что вернулись из Берлина.

— Да, я ездил в туристическую поездку в Германию.

— Надеюсь, вы побывали в Дрездене.

— Да, и получил огромное удовольствие от посещения Дрезденской галереи. Это, конечно, одна из богатейших коллекций произведений искусства в мире.

— Понравился ли вам памятник Советскому солдату в Трептов-Парке?

— Очень. Это великолепный памятник. Вучетич, конечно, выдающийся скульптор.

Exercise 11. Make up dialogues based on this picture.

 

 

She (foreigner): Are people interested in abstract art here?

He (Englishman): Only a few. Most English people are still living in the middle ages, you know.

Exercise 12. Dramatize these situations.

1. Invite a friend of yours, who is also an admirer of art to attend the young artists' exhibition. Walk around and exchange impressions.

2. A friend of yours has reproductions of 18th and 19th century English painting. He shows you these reproductions. Exchange impressions.

3. An English colleague is on a visit in Moscow. He asks your advice what galleries he should see.

4. Think of situations and dramatize them.

 

LESSON ELEVEN

 

NEW GRAMMAR STRUCTURES