Переведите на русский язык, обращая внимание на многозначность

глаголов shall, would, will:

1. We shall phone him tomorrow. 2. It's warm in the room. Shall 1 open the window? 3. I'm going to the theatre tonight. What shall I wear? 4. I've got so many problems. What shall I do? 5. Will you open the window, please? 6. My father will leave for England next month. 7. Will you give me a pencil? 8. If you could come, I would be happy. 9. Would you like to have dinner with me on Saturday? — Yes, I'd love to. 10. Would you like a chocolate? — Yes, please. 11. Mother said she would come earlier tomorrow. 12.I'd like to ask a question. 13. Would you rather have dinner at home or in the restaurant? 14. Would you prefer meat or fish? 15. Shall we go out tonight? — Well, I'd rather stay at home. 16. You shall help him. 17. I'm thirsty. I'd like a drink.

Вопросы для самопроверки к разделу 3.

1. Как образуется время Future Simple?

2. Какой вспомогательный глагол в этом времени?

3. В каких предложениях требуется вспомогательный глагол в этом времени?

4. Какие действия обозначает глагол во времени Future Simple?

5. В каких случаях употребляется конструкция to be going to?

6. Сколько степеней сравнения прилагательных в английском языке? Назовите их.

7. Как образуется сравнительная степень односложных, двусложных и трехсложных прилагательных?

8. Как образуется превосходная степень односложных, двусложных и трехсложных прилагательных?

9. Сколько объектов сравнивается в сравнительной степени?

10. Сколько объектов сравнивается в превосходной степени?

11. В какой степени употребляется слово than?

12. В какой степени употребляется артикль the?

13. Перечислите все значения глагола shall, will, would.

14. Объясните, от чего зависит перевод глагола shall.

15. Перечислите все значения глагола will.

16. Объясните, от чего зависит перевод глагола will.

17. Перечислите все значения глагола would.

18. Объясните, от чего зависит перевод глагола would.

Раздел 4. Русская кухня.

Содержание учебного материала

Лексика: Слова, клише и выражения по темам:

Тема 4.1 Русская кухня.

Тема 4.2 Особенности русской кухни.

Грамматика: Пассивный залог. Союзы either … or, neither … nor. Существительное в функции определения. Многозначность слов.

Фонетика: Ударение в сложных словах.

 

Методические указания по изучению раздела 4.

Прочитайте и устно переведите текст на русский язык.

Russian Cuisine

Russian cuisine is rich and varied. There is a big choice of appetizers, soups, hot and dessert dishes. Soup makes an important part of a Russian meal. The traditional Russian soups are shchee (fresh cabbage meat shchee, sauerkraut shchee, shchee Petrovsskie cooked from pike-perch and fresh cabbage), borshch, rassolnik (kidney and salted cucumber soup), meat and fish solyanka, ukha, mushroom soup and soup in season — okroshka and cold beetroot soup. No two recipes are the same for borshch and shchee.

Many ways of cutting and cooking meat came from France, that is why they have French terms: antrekot, eskalop, file. Roast suckling pig is a classic festive dish on the Russian table. The traditional method was to roast the pig on a baking tray in the oven. It was cooked with the head left on, basted frequently with oil or butter and served with buckwheat and sometimes with a hot sauce. Alexander Grigoryevich Stroganoff gave his name at the end of the 19th century to a dish—beef Stroganoff. Stroganoff lived in Odessa and had a very good cook who was either French or French-trained. Beef Stroganoff is a dish made of meat cut into strips and cooked in sour-cream sauce.

Pelmeni is another specialty of Russian cookery, which has its his­tory. Under the Mongol yoke pelmeni became established in Siberia and the Urals and gradually spread on all the territory of Russia. Nowadays there is a great number of recipes and varieties of them. Traditional muxture of beef, pork and elk is used to make minced meat. It is inter­esting that the whole ceremony of making pelmeni exists in the villages of Siberia. There is a local tradition there that the families gather at the table once or twice a month in winter and spend the whole afternoon to make a vast batch of pelmeni. The women make the dough and chop the meat, the men do the folding. The traditional form is ear-shaped, but they come in all shapes from square to triangles. Then the pelmeni are deep frozen and kept in sacks, bags or buckets in cold pantries.

Russian cooking makes greater and more varied use of mushrooms than any other cuisine in the world. They are eaten raw, dressed with herbs, cooked into soups and pies, baked with cream. A popular winter delicacy is pickled or salted mushrooms, which are eaten as hors d'oeuvres.

The great Russian fish are freshwater fish, headed by the celebrated sterlet from the river Volga. They include several varieties of sturgeon and over a dozen different salmon. Of the extensive salmon family fera (trout) — sig — is still known to some people as "the Tsar's fish". They are served hot and cold, smoked, in aspic or stuffed, fried, marinated and the like. And, of course, soft, pressed and red caviar is the hit of every festive table.

The English word "porridge" is no good for translating kasha, which covers almost all ways of cooking all grains in water, milk, stock and cream. There is a large variety of consistencies from dry (like rice) to a thick puree. The simplest and traditional way to serve Russian kasha is with plenty of good butter. As the saying goes: "You can't spoil kasha with butter".

There is a large variety of poultry and game dishes in Russian cuisine: roast chicken, roast duck and goose stuffed with apples and sauerkraut, roast partridge, hazel grouse, woodcock, black cock, pheasant and quail. They are juicy and tender dishes.

A large variety of milk products are used in Russian cooking: a sort of dry, granulated cream cheese called tvorog, thick sour cream called smetana and several types of sour-milk products of the yoghourt type. Smetana can be used with almost anything: we can dress soups, meat dishes, strawberries and apples sliced up with it. It is also used on pancakes and drunk by the glassful with or without sugar. Smetana is also an almost universal flavouring sauce. Smetana is made from cream and contains 2,5 % of protein, 20 —40 % of fat, lactic acid. Kefir is a dietary beverage made from cow's milk, yeast and lactic acid bacteria. Ryazhenka is a sour milk product made from baked milk.

Russian cuisine is famous for its pies which were baked in Russia in good old times and are very popular nowadays. They are rasstegai (open- topped pirozhki with meat of fish stuffing), kulebiaka (a pie with meat, cabbage or fish filling), vatrushki (yeast dough rolls with hollows filled with curds or jam), krendeli (knot-shaped bread), boubliki (thick ring- shaped rolls), baranki (ring-shaped rolls), sooshki (small ring-shaped crackers), koolich (Russian Easter cake).

As for drinks, Russian cuisine offers you its orignal beverages: kvas and zbiten, and a lot of different fruit and berry beverages. Kvas is a beverage made from rye bread and water fermented by yeast. There is a lot of sorts of kvas: mushroom kvas, kvas with mint, beetroot kvas, kvas with horseradish and a lot of others. Zbiten is an old Russian beverage made from kvas, cognac or vodka, honey, tea and spices.

Russian people are very hospitable and generous at the table. They invite everyone who enters their house to eat with them. Bread and salt are the symbolic offering at welcome and also a sign of respect from host to guest. The guest is welcome to share the food even if the house has no more to offer than bread and salt. Hospitality is a typical trait of charac­ter of a Russian.

Словарь к тексту

varied разнообразный

appetizer закуска

sauerkraut квашеная/кислая

капуста

beetroot свекла

recipe рецепт

suckling pig молочный поросенок

oven печь, духовка

baking tray противень

festive праздничный

to baste поливать жиром (во время жарения)

cookery кулинария

yoke иго

elk лось

minced meat мясной фарш

batch партия (количество)

dough тесто

to chop рубить

to fold заворачивать,

сворачивать

triangle треугольник

bucket ведро, бадья

pantry кладовая

raw сырой

to dress приправлять

pickled маринованный

hors d'oeuvre закуска

freshwater пресноводный

celebrated знаменитый

fera (trout) сиг

aspic желе

stuffed | фаршированный

caviar икра

soft caviar зернистая икра

pressed caviar паюсная икра

stock крепкий мясной бульон

consistency консистенция

thick густой

to spoil портить

partridge куропатка

hazel grouse рябчик

woodcock вальдшнеп

black cock тетерев

pheasant | фазан

quail перепел

tender нежный

flavouring заправка, приправа

lactic acid молочная кислота

dietary диетический

yeast дрожжи

baked топлёный

filling начинка

hollow углубление, ямка

knot узел, переплетение

Easter Пасха

to ferment бродить; вызывать

брожение; сквашивать

horseradish хрен

cognac коньяк

hospitable гостеприимный

generous щедрый

sign знак, признак

Лексические упражнения

1. Найдите в тексте русские эквиваленты следующих клише:

many ways of cutting, with the head left on, was either French or French-trained, cut into strips, to make minced meat, in aspic, thick sour cream, yeast dough rolls, filled with curds, knot-shaped bread, water fermented by yeast, a sign of respect, a typical trait of character.

2. Найдите в тексте русские эквиваленты следующих слов и выражений:

1. Суп — это часть обеда в русской кухне. 2. Щи — это традиционный русский суп, приготовленный из мяса и капусты. 3. Петровские щи готовятся из судака и свежей капусты. 4. В русской кухне нет двух одинаковых рецептов щей и борща. 5. Многие способы нарезки и приготовления мяса заимствованы из французской кухни. 6. Жареный молочный поросенок — традиционное праздничное блюдо русской кухни. 7. В деревнях Сибири существует целая церемония приготовления пельменей. 8. Женщины делают тесто и рубят мясо, мужчины лепят пельмени. 9. Русское слово «каша» обозначает почти все способы приготовления круп. 10. Как говорится в пословице, «кашу маслом не испортишь». 11. Сметана — это универсальная приправа в русской кухне. 12. Русская кухня знаменита различными пирожками. 13. Русские люди очень гостеприимны; они приглашают к столу каждого, кто входит в дом. 14. Гостеприимство — типичная черта русского характера. 15. Сбитень — это старинный русский напиток, который готовят из кваса, коньяка или водки, меда, чая и специй.

3. Прочитайте диалог по ролям и переведите, используя лексику раздела:

Waiter: Good afternoon, sir! Glad to see you. Can I help you?

Mr Campbell: Good afternoon! Nice to see you too. I would like to have a birthday party in your restaurant.

Waiter: When do you want to come? And how many of you?

Mr Campbell: Tomorrow at seven o'clock in the evening. A table for four, please. We would like to taste national Russian cuisine.

Waiter: OK! Here is a menu card. We have a big choice of appetizers, salads, pelmeni, meat and fish dishes.

Mr Campbell: Well, I would like to have red caviar, herring, pickled cucumbers and salted mushrooms.

Waiter: I advise you to order traditional Russian meat dish kholodets. It is an aspic dish made with pig's trotters or ox cheek. And what main courses do you prefer? Meat or fish dishes?

Mr Campbell: We want to taste Russian pelmeni. Can you tell me some words about them?

Waiter: They are meat dumplings, dough is rolled thin, cut into small pieces and then filled. Pelmeni are cooked in boiling water. We have pelmeni with different kinds of filling: meat, fish, mushrooms.

Mr Campbell: OK! I'll take pelmeni with meat filling. What can you recommend for dessert?

Waiter: We have fruit and berry kissels.

Mr Campbell: What are they?

Waiter: Kissels are made from fruit or berry juice and potato flour. They are tasty. And of course, you should order Guryevskaya kasha for dessert. It's a many-layered cooked semolina with layers of jam and baked milk skin. It's delicious.

Mr Campbell: Thank you. I'll order kissel and Guryevskaya kasha for dessert. And what about zbiten for drink? They say it's an old Russian beverage made from kvas, cognac or vodka, honey, tea and spices, isn't it?

Waiter: Oh yes! We have it.

Mr Campbell: Well! How much is my bill?

Waiter: Just a minute, please. I won't be long... Here is your bill.

Mr Campbell: Thanks a lot. It's not very expensive. We'll be at seven tomorrow.

Waiter: You are always welcome. See you tomorrow.

Mr Campbell: Goodbye! Have a nice day!

Грамматические упражнения

1. Образуйте Past Simple и Past Participle следующих глаголов:

Образец: do – did, done

tell, show, ask, answer, send, give, help, forget, invite, call, serve.

2. Переведите на русский язык:

1. I was asked to bake a cherry pie. 2. The guests were offered lamb chops, beef stew and fried chicken as a main course. 3. The waiter was told to serve all the guests. 4. Samovar was used to boil water for tea. 5. Kefir is made of fermented cow's milk. 6. Customers were informed of the new prices. 7. Okroshka will be served in hot weather. 8. The dishes were washed by my mother. 9. Cheese is cut with a special knife. 10. This soup is prepared of kidneys and salted cucumbers.

3. Переведите на английский язык:

 

1. Это блюдо готовят из мяса и овощей. 2. Мою маму попросили испечь яблочный пирог. 3. Лимон режется тонкими ломтиками (in thin slices). 4. К этому блюду подают жареный картофель. 5. Стол был накрыт до прихода гостей. 6. Обед был заказан вчера. 7. Чай был подан в красивых чашках. 8. Обед будет приготовлен лучшими поварами. 9. Начинка из яблок будет использоваться для этого пи­рога. 10. Мы были приглашены на вечеринку нашими друзьями.

4. Объедините два предложения, используя оборот either...or или neither...nor.

5. Образец: I can drink tea. I can drink coffee. — I can drink either tea or coffee.

He doesn't take money. He doesn't take a bag. — He takes neither money nor a bag.

1. She can put on a dress. She can put on a suit. 2. He hasn't got any pens. He hasn't got any pencils. 3. Ann has no sons. Ann has no daughters. 4. I would like some chocolate ice cream. I would like some vanilla ice cream. 5. We can order fish salad. We can order vegetable salad. 6. You don't want any mushroom soup. You don't want any noodle soup. 7. They went to the cafe. They went to the bar. 8. He is not a cook. He is not a waiter.

 

6. Перефразируйте данное выражение, используя существительное в функции определения.

Образец: A ticket for a concert is … – A ticket for a concert is a concert ticket.

1. A magazine about computer is … 2. Photographs taken on your holiday are your … 3. Chocolate made with milk is … 4. Somebody whose job is to inspect factories is … 5. A hotel in central London is … 6. The results of your examinations are your …

7. Переведите на русский язык глаголы, образованные от данных су­ществительных без изменения формы слова:

Образец: finish — финиш, окончание; to finish — заканчивать

lift — лифт taste — вкус

light — свет test — проба, испытание

stop — остановка cost — стоимость

water — вода crash — авария

hand — рука cook — повар

Вопросы для самопроверки к разделу 4.

1. В каком стиле речи, формальном или неформальном, используется пассивный залог?

2. Всегда ли известно, кто в пассивном залоге совершает действие? Почему?

3. Какой предлог употребляется в пассивном залоге?

4. Какой вспомогательный глагол нужен для образования пассивного залога?

5. В какой форме употребляется смысловой глагол в пассивном залоге?

6. Какие времена не имеют формы пассивного залога?

7. Как переводится союз either … or?

8. Как переводится союз neither … nor?

9. В каком случае существительное употребляется в функции определения?

10. Приведите примеры многозначных слов. Отчего зависит их значение?