По практике устной и письменной речи

Учебное пособие

По практике устной и письменной речи

с заданиями для

 самостоятельной работы

(английский язык)

Часть II

Г.

СОДЕРЖАНИЕ

Раздел 1. Социально-культурная сфера общения

 

Тема 1. Языккак средство межкультурного общения……………………….3

 

Тема 2. Образ жизни современного человека в России и за рубежом…..14

 

Тема 3. Общее и различное в странах и национальных культурах….......23

 

Тема 4. Путешествие и туризм………………………………………………27

 

Тема 5. Здоровье..……………………………………………………………34

Приложение …………………………………………………………………..45

 

 

Section I: S ocial and culturalsphere of communication

Theme 1.Language as a means of intercultural communication

I. Переведите текст и вставьте нужные предлоги:

ON LEARNING ENGLISH

Learning English is like learning to swim or learning to play ball. We learn to swim by swimming, to play ball by playing ball, and to speak English by speaking English. A good ball-player spends hours, days, months, and even years practicing. _1_ He has to learn to meet the situations of the game as they arise and react to them immediately. And so it is when we are talking.

The ideas we wish to express come instantly to our mind, but there is no time for us to stop and think of how to put together the words we need. Acquiring the ability to use a language automatically, that is without stopping to think, is a process of habit formation. Every language has patterns that are fundamental._2_

Every language has a body of common words used by all the speakers of that language and thousands of other words that are used less frequently. _3_ Every language has many ways of saying the same things.

Learning English efficiently requires that you put your mind on what you are doing and have the intention and the will to learn. The time you have is so short that you cannot afford to waste it by giving less than your full co-operation in class and in home study. _4_

Good luck to you then, in your learning of English!_5_ Nobody can learn to swim for you. Nobody can learn English for you. You learn for yourself, and you will master the language if you really want to. Language is not to be taught, language is to be learnt.

III. Расставьте правильный порядок реплик диалога:

ENGLISH IS GREAT

English is the official language of 54 different countries and is spoken by over a billion and a half people worldwide.Adding together native speakers, people who speak English as a second language or an additional language and people who are learning English, and it’s the most commonly spoken language across the globe.So what makes English so great?And why do people want to learn English?

This is the British Library in London.It’s the national library of Great Britain and there are over a hundred and fifty million items here from every age of the written word. Let’s go inside.

***
The Library’s collection has developed over two hundred and fifty years and it keeps on growing.

There are books, magazines and manuscripts, maps, music and so much more.Every year, 3 million new items are added, so an extra 12 kilometres of shelves have to be put up.Roger Walshe is the Head of Learning.

1_ Roger: Well, there are lots of reasons.But I think perhaps more importantly, we have documents here that go right back a thousand years to the beginning of the language.And so what you can see is how this changed and evolved over time.And when you see it changing like that, you get a feeling for where it might be going in the future.

2_ Richard: So, Roger, what’s this?

3_ Richard: So how has English changed over time?

4_ Richard: That’s amazing. So what does this tell us about the English language?

5_ Richard: So what impact has technology had on the English language?

6_ Richard: Roger, why is the British Library a good place to come to find out about the English language?

7_ Roger: Well, it has two big impacts: one is that lots of new technical words come into the language.

We see this in the Industrial Revolution over a hundred years ago.But the other, bigger influence
is that it enables people all over the world speaking English to communicate with each other, underneath YouTube clips or in chat rooms, and they’re influencing each other's English.

8_ Roger: Absolutely.We’ve got some great stuff.If you’d just like to follow me...

9_ Roger: Well, this is one of the treasures in the British Library’s collections.English goes back about a thousand years to Old English.This is Middle English, about five hundred years ago, and it’s the first
book ever printed in the English language.

10_ Richard: That’s great, Roger. Is there anything you can show me?

11_ Richard: So who actually printed this?

12_ Richard: Right.

13_ Richard: Incredible... And this looks a lot more modern here, what’s this over here?

14_ Roger: This was printed by William Caxton.Very famous.He went on to print Chaucer’s Canterbury Tales, the first bestseller in the English language.And one of the difficulties you have as an early printer is that there’s no standard language.There’s no dictionary, there’s no grammars, there’s no guides to usage really, so he often had to make up how to spell words himself.

15_ Richard: And is the spelling consistent throughout the book?

16_ Roger: Well, it tells us that it’s very versatile. It tells us that people play with it and sometimes the changes they make stay. Some of those changes were made 500 years ago, some of them were made 100 years ago. But some of the changes we make now in internet chatrooms and the way we talk to each other and the way people around the world use English will become the future of English as well. I’d never really thought about English changing, but of course new words are being added all the time and not all types of English are the same.

17_ Roger: Well, no, it’s not, even on this page here.This is a kind of a foreword - an introduction to the work.He says he translates it from the French.He has here ‘to French‘: f - r - e - n - s - s - h - e.

18_ Roger: That’s how he spells French. But if you go down to the centre of the page here, you’ve got ‘French’ again, and it’s got one ‘s’ in it: f - r - e - n - s - h - e.

19_ Roger: Oh, it’s changed hugely.If you look back to old English - like a thousand years, it’s almost like German.Very, very difficult to read, only a few people can do so.Then you look up to, say, Shakespeare's period: early modern English.Printing has come in and that begins to standardise the language.

20_ Roger: This is a very different work. It’s something we chose. It’s from 1867, we’re all familiar with how people use mobile phones now to text each other - SMS. And they shorten words and they use letters to get their message across. This is a poem written in the nineteenth century in which somebody has done exactly that; he says 'I wrote to you before' - he uses a number 2, letter ‘B’, the number 4.

(BritishCouncil)

 

IV. Расскажите о своих «любимых ошибках», которые Вы допускаете при изучении иностранного языка:

LEARNINGENGLISH

Some people think that English is easier to learn than many other foreign languages because its grammar is not very complicated. Still, it’s a tricky language to learn because English pronunciation is very difficult. There are more exceptions than rules and you have to look up words in the dictionary to check up their pronunciation because you can’t rely on rules.

It’s hard to say exactly which is most important in learning a language: grammar, vocabulary or pronunciation. Of course the main thing in a language is vocabulary. If you don’t know the words, you won’t be able to express your idea even if you know lots of grammar rules. Some students think that being able to communicate is the most important thing and they don’t care that they make many mistakes in speaking. However, grammar and pronunciation are of great importance, too. If you mispronounce some word, the meaning can be different and people won’t be able to understand you. The same thing is with grammar. Of course if you omit “s” at the end of the verb, this won’t make much difference, but if you mix up verb tenses, people will misunderstand you. To make it shorter, all these aspects are very important for successful communication.

Learning English is very enjoyable because while reading you can learn a lot of new things. Besides, it is easier than speaking or listening because you don’t have to concentrate and recollect the necessary words. If you don’t know any word in a book, you can always look it up in the dictionary. What is more, when you read, you learn lots of new words and enlarge your vocabulary. We don’t have lots of opportunities to communicate with native speakers or to listen to an English speech so reading is the best way to stay in touch with the language. Today we have an opportunity to find plenty of interesting English websites and to enjoy this language. By the way, there are a lot of useful learning strategies that can help us improve English.

LEARNING STRATEGIES

Learning strategies or study skills determine the approach for achieving the learning objectives. The strategies are usually tied to your needs and interests to enhance learning and are based on many types of learning styles. Here are some strategies that can help you be successful in your studies.

Set small, achievable goals. Start with small steps to reach higher targets.Setting small targets is much better than setting huge goals that you cannot achieve. Remember that "small drops of water make the mighty ocean".

1. For example, try to learn 5 new English vocabulary items every day.

2. Set a 30 minutes study session every day.

3. Learn the lyrics of an English song every now and then.

4. Read a short English text every day.

Plan your studies. Planning your studies gives meaning to your work. If you know all the steps necessary to achieve a goal and these steps are written down on a piece of paper, it will be easy for you, then, to see the whole picture.

Be motivated. The secret to success is that you should be motivated to learn. Try to avoid boredom by having fun in what you do. Try to find a positive aspect in studying English.Remember, we learn better and fast things we really want to learn.

1. Read about what you are interested in (hobbies, fields of interest...).

2. Watch your favourite films in English.

3. Listen to your favourite English songs and learn the lyrics.

4. Write your diary in English.

5. Read about your favorite stars in...

Manage your time. In order to manage your time successfully, having an awareness of what your goals are will assist you in prioritizing your activities. Time management provides you with the opportunity to create a schedule that works for you, not for others. This personal touch gives you the flexibility to include the things that are most important to you.

Set a reward for yourself. Set a reward for yourself that you can look forward to. For example, when you reach a goal:

1. Watch a movie.

2. Have a delicioussnack.

3. Meetyourfriends.

4. Gotothecafé.

IX. Выберите из текста наиболее подходящие для себя способы совершенствования знаний иностранного языка и прокомментируйте:

HOW TO LEARN VOCABULARY

Students are under enormous pressure to learn huge amounts of vocabulary but they are rarely given 1(guide) as to how to go about it. They have a 2(tend) to try and learn long lists by heart, but this is hardly the most 3(efficiency) approach to the problem. The golden rule is to do lots of 4(revise) at regular intervals. Secondly, students should concentrate on words with the highest 5(frequent) which also improve the students’ spoken 6(fluent). They should also take every opportunity to use the words in communication – there’s considerable 7(psychology) evidence that learners who like using the foreign language improve their oral 8(perform) and their overall 9(acquire) of the language much more rapidly than students who are 10(reluctance) to practice the language in real situations.

 

XI.Переведите недостающие части предложений в тексте:

READINGBETTERANDFASTER

(Длябольшинствалюдей), it is easy to learn to read faster.Your(скоростьчтения) isoftenjust (дело привычки). But to begin, you may need to try to change some habits and try these tips:

1. Pay attention when you read and read as if it really matters.Most people read in the same way that they watch television, i.e. in an inattentive, passive way.Reading takes (усилие) and you must make the effort.Read in a "questioning" manner -as if you were searching for something.

2.Stop talking to yourself when you read.People talk to themselves in 2 ways, by: vocalizing, which is the actual moving of your lips as you read, andsubvocalizing, which is talking to yourself in your head as you silently read.Both of these will slow you down to the point in which you find that you can't read any faster than you can speak.Speech is a relatively slow activity;for most, the (средняяскорость) is about 250 WPM (words per minute).Reading should be an activity which involves only the eyes and the brain.

Vocalization ties reading to actual speaking.Try to think of reading as if you were looking at a landscape, a panorama of ideas, rather than looking at the rocks at your feet.

3.Read in thought groups.Studies have shown that when we read, our eyes must make (небольшиеостановки) along the line.Poor readers make many, many more fixations (eyestops) than good readers.

Not only does this (замедляетвашечтение), but it inhibits (понимание) because meaning is easier to pull from groups of words rather than from individual words or even single letters.(Пытайтесьчитатьфразами) of three or four words, especially in complete clauses and prepositional phrases.

4.Don't keep re-reading the same phrases.Poor readers habitually read and re-read the same phrase over and over again.This habit of making "regressions" doubles or triples reading time and often does not result in better comprehension.

5. Vary your reading rate to suit the difficulty and type of writing of the text.Poor readers always read at the same slow rate.An efficient reader (ускоряет) for easier material and slows down for the hard.

Some things were not meant to be read quickly at all.Legal material and very difficult text should be read slowly.Easier material and magazines and newspapers can be read quickly.

 

XII.Поделитесь секретами своих способов запоминания и дайте синонимы слов, выделенных курсивом:

REMEMBERING

1. Understand thoroughly what is to be remembered and memorized.In the very process of trying to understand, to get clearly in mind a complex series of events, or chain of reasoning, the best possible process of trying to fix in mind for later use is being followed.

2.Spot what is to be memorized.It is a good plan to use a special marking symbol in text and notebook to indicate parts and passages, rules, data, and all other elements which need to be memorized instead of just understood and remembered.

3.Go over the material or try to repeat at odd times, as, for example, while going back home.

4. Think about what you are trying to learn. Find an interest in the material if you wish to memorize it with ease.

5. Study first the items you want to remember longest.

6. Learn complete units at one time as that is the way it will have to be recalled.

7. Overlearn to make certain.

8. Fix concrete imagery whenever possible. Close your eyes and get a picture of the explanation and summary answer. Try to see it on the page. See the key words underlined.

9. Make your own applications, examples, and illustrations.

10. Make a list of key words most useful in explaining the idea or content.

11. Form a variety of associations among the points you wish to remember. The richer the associations, the better memory.

12. Try making the idea clear to a friend without referring to your book or notes.

13. Actually write out examination questions on the material that you think you might get at the end of the term.Then write answers to your own questions. Since you now have the chance, consult the text or your notes to improve your answers.

 

XIII.Переведите текст и «покажите» Ваше имя и фамилию, используя алфавит:

COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY

Much has been said about how anti-social the internet and mobile fones are. The truth arehowever, according to new research, comunicationteknology is bringing peoples closer together. A study by the Pew Internet and American Life Project found family members were keeping in regular contact today more then ever before. And these is all due to e-mail, chat, our cellphones and SMS messaging. It make sense. Years ago, it took a long time to write a letter, then find an envelope and go to the post ofice to buy a stamp and post it. Today we write mails while we wait for our change in the convenience store and they are send in an instant. Having free Internet telephone calls also helps us to stay in touch more often and for longer. Everyone is at it, from five-year-olds to tech-savvy grandparents.

Acording to the Pew survey, technology has a very positive effect on communication within families. Researchers asked 2,252 adults weather new technologies had increased the quality of communication with their family. Fifty-three per cent said it increased communication with family members they did not live with, two per cent said technology decreased this. Numbers were similar for those living in the same house as their family.

The project derector Lee Rainey said: "There's a new kind of connectedness being built inside of families with this technologies." Survey co-author Barry Wellman agreed: "It used to be that husbands went off to work, wives went off to a different job or else stayed home… and the kids went off to school … and not until 5.30, 6 o'clock did they ever connect," he said.

III. Заполнитепропуски: numbers, problems,missing letters,treatment,month, understand,lives

The British love sending text messages. They send more than 2.5 billion every month. And most people now __ the language of text, with its __ and __. Although texting is a convenient and cheap method of staying in touch with your friends, it can also bring __. In 2005, a British teenager became the first person in the world to receive __ for an addiction to text messaging. In one year, the nineteen-tear-old spent about £ 4,500 on texts. He was also addicted to e-mail and sent 8,000 messages in one __

from his computer at work. The treatment is working well, however, and now he spends no more than

£ 10 a week on texts. For some people, text messaging has changed their __. For example, James Trusler from England travels around the world taking part in texting compwetitions and TV shows.

IV. Примитеучастиевопросе. Дайтеполныеразвернутыеответынавопросы.

Electronic assistant: Hello! We`d like to find out the role of the mass media in the life of modern students. We kindly ask you to take part in our survey. Please answer six questions. The survey is anonymous. So let`s start. What kind ofmass media do you know?

Student: ____

Electronic assistant: How often do you watch TV? Which programs?

Student: ____

Electronic assistant: If you want to know the news, where do you learn it?

Student: ____

Electronic assistant: Can we trust all information we get on TV and Internet?

Student: ____

Electronic assistant: How many hours a day do you use the Internet? For what purposes?

Student: ____

Electronic assistant: Do you think modern generation has got the Internet addiction?

Student: ____

Electronic assistant: This is the end of the survey. Thank you very much for your cooperation.

 

V. Выберите нужное слово и дополните текст:

FOR COMPUTER USERS

• Sit up straight in front of your keyboard and screen, and keep your mouse within easy reach

• Don't sit in the same position for long periods, get up and move about periodically

• Take a minimum of 5 minutes break every hour from keyboard/screen working to prevent fatigue and aid concentration

• Adjust your screen angle to avoid reflections, and use blinds at windows, and use a document holder next to the screen if you have to read text as well

• Concentrating on a computer screen for a long time can cause temporary headache. Take occasional "eye breaks" by looking out a window or focusing on some distant object

• If your work involves gazing at a computer monitor for long hours, remember to blink your eyes often to relieve strain.

 

VI II. Переведите текст и ответьте на вопросы:

• What is your favourite hobby?

§ Which forms of entertainment do you enjoy?

§ What sort of person are you: a cinema or theatre goer; a sports fan; a TV addict; a book worm?

MY FREE TIME

I like to spend my free time in different ways. I am fond of visiting interesting places, cinemas and reading books. Of course, I have a hobby.

Do you know what a hobby is? Where does the word come from? Many of us have pets - dogs and cats. They are like mem­bers of our family. In England many years ago farmers displayed the same love for horses. Robbin, Dobbin and Hobbin were the names which farmers gave to their horses most often. The name Hobbin was changed into Hobby and became the word used for toy horses. And only many years later the word "hobby" began to be used in its modern meaning - "something", what you do in your spare time. Hobbies differ like tastes. Hobbies are divided into four large classes. They are doing things, making things, collecting things and learning things.

The most popular hobby of all groups is doing something. It includes everything from gardening to travelling and from chess to volleyball.

Gardening is one of the oldest of man's hobbies. It is a well-known fact that the English are very popular of gardening and growing flowers, especially roses.

Both grown-ups and children are fond of playing computer games. It's new, but a popular hobby.

Making things includes drawing, painting, making sculpture and designing costumes. Some are interested in music. They collect records and tape recordings, others write music or play musical instruments.

Almost everyone collects something at some period of his life: stamps, coins, match-boxes, books, records, postcards, toys and watches. And very often some collections are housed in museums and galleries. I realize that collecting things as a hobby depends on one's age and income. There are different clubs of collectors, where people can show us their collection and tell us why it is special. At other times they have a swap-shop, and people exchange duplicates, or swap something they don't want for something new. That can be fun because most people like bargaining. Some of our keenest collec­tors are going to tell you about their hobbies.

No matter what kind of hobby a person has, he always has an opportunity of learning from it and that becomes the most exciting aspect of a hobby. Hobbies help you to choose your future profession very often. If you've chosen a hobby according to your character and taste you are lucky because your life becomes more interesting.

Now a few words about my hobbies, I think I belong to that group of people who like doing things. As a typical teenager, I spend hours exploring the Internet and play computer games. My hobby is also collecting stamps and coins. Collecting stamps is great. I think they're the best things to collect. There are so many different ones from every country. Collectors usually have a theme: stamps from one country, stamps about space, animals, famous people, etc. You could think of lots more. My theme is flowers. I found out about rare plants, flowers of different places in the world from my collection.Collecting could cost you a lot of money, if you bought very old stamps. However, collecting modern stamps isn't too expensive. Anyway, the club helps. I don't buy many stamps. I get mine by swapping with friends. It's good fun. My stamps look nice and a good album is beautiful.

I have got a lot of coins. One of them is rare, and worth a lot of money. It's exciting to think how old they are. I am starting to collect coins from different countries. I swap with my friends, sell some and buy some. I like learning about them in my catalogue. It's a very interesting hobby.

 

IX. Заполните пропуски в предложениях, используя слова из таблицы только 1 раз:

stunt	choir	final scene	perform live
stars	clapped	commercials	special effects
series	directed	reviews	cartoon characters
hit	rehearse	subtitled	another channel

1. Most foreign films are __ although some are dubbed.

2. Most of the money goes on __ when you make a sci­ence-fiction film nowadays.

3. The audience __ enthusiastically when the star of the show finally appeared.

4. I've watched the first two programmes but this __ isn't as good as the previous one.

5. In the __of the film he returns home to his wife.

6. I think the __ on TV are sometimes better than the programmes.

7. They usually __ for at least two months before they take a play on tour.

8. Mickey Mouse is one of the most famous __ in the world.

9. If you don't like the programme, switch to ___.

10. Every __ in the film was carefully prepared to make sure that nobody got hurt.

11. Some pop stars don't really want to __because they don't sound as good as they do on their records.

12. North by Northwest' was __ by Alfred Hitchcock.

13. The film __ Cary Grant. He plays a man who is chased by enemy agents who want to kill him because he knows too much.

14. There were so many singers in the __ that I thought, for a moment that they wouldn't all get on the stage.

15. She always reads the __ in the newspapers to find out which films and plays are worth seeing.

16. Her first record was such a      __ that it will be difficult to repeat its success.

 

X. Соедините слово с его определением:

a. play	a section of a novel
b. composer	a person who writes music
c. chapter	a small instrument with strings
d. palette	a book about a person's life
e. banjo	a work of literature for the theatre
f.biography	a picture of a person
g. portrait	a thin board where an artist mixes paints

VISIONS OF TOMORROW

I`m really 1 (optimism) about the future.After all, we`re living in very exciting times.If we take medicine, for example. Who 2 (to know)? – we could even see a cure for cancer one day soon. There`s only one thing I`m 3 (to worry) about. It mustn`t be just rich countries which benefit from peace and new 4 (science) ideas.

     The future frightens me. Not all the time, but sometimes. I mean everything`s changing so 5 (quick). Bombs- 6 (pollute)- genetic engineering…and who`s in charge of it all? Not you or me, that`s for sure. It`s 7 (complete) out of 8 (we) hands. All the important decisions 9 (to be) made by politicians and international companies. Of course they always 10 (to say) that everything`s fine, but how do we know if that`s true? Just think of Hiroshima. There 11 (to be) a serious accident at a chemical factory there some years ago. As a result, hundreds of people died and thousands 12 (to be) injured. In my opinion, the next hundred years could be a really 13 (danger) time.

 

XV I. Пройдите психологический тест и обсудите: 1. Is stress a fashionable complaint or real problem (disease) of this century? 2. Who leads the least stressful life: (A) Single woman, (B) Married men, (C) Divorced people? 3. What are the major stressors to the family? 4. Are some people more vulnerable to excess stress than others?    

A certain degree of stress is unavoidable in our life. But the pressures of modern urbanized societies can push stress to dangerously high levels. While we can`t completely eliminate stress, we can learn to modify our behavior in ways that lessen its harmful effects on our minds and bodies. Experts have identified a number of indicators that effect our vulnerability to stress. Some of them have to do with physical factors, some are related to mental and emotional behaviors, and some have to do with nutrition.

The following questionnaire was developed by psychologists of the Boston University Medical Center, to evaluate vulnerability to stress and to highlight those areas in which improvement can be made.

To answer the questionnaire rate each item according to how often it is true of you. Answer all the items, even if they seem not to apply.

HOW STRESS PROOF ARE YOU?

1. I eat at least one hot, balanced meal a day.
2. I get 7-8 hours of sleep at least 4 nights a week.
3. I regularly give and receive affection.
4. I have at least one relative within 50 km on whom I can rely.
5. I exercise to the point of perspiration at least twice a week.
6. I smoke less than half a pack of cigarettes a day.
7. I take fewer than 5 alcoholic drinks a week.
8. I am at the appropriate weight for my height.
9. I have an income to meet my basic expenses.
10. I get straight from my religious beliefs.
11. I regularly attend club or social activities.
12. I have a network of friends and acquaintances.
13. I have one or more friends to confide in.
14. I am in good health.
15. I am able to speak openly about my feelings when I am angry or worried.
16. I have regular conversations with the people I live with about domestic problems.
17. I do smth for fun at least once a week.
18. I am able to organize my time effectively.
19. Drink fewer than 3 cups of caffeine-rich drinks a day.
20. I take some quiet time for myself during a day.

Check your score.

   Add up the figures of your answers and subtract 20. If you have scored below 10, you have an excellent resistance to stress. If your score was over 30, you are vulnerable to stress in your life. A score of over 50 indicates you are seriously vulnerable to stress, and you should begin making some changes in your life.

Advice. Take a look at the items on which you scored “3” or higher, and begin trying to modify your behavior. Discuss the ways to minimize influence of stress on your life. For instance, if you scored “4” on number 19, you can cut your consumption of caffeine-rich beverages, and reduce your vulnerability to stress. Tackle the easy-to-change items, before the more difficult ones.

XV II. Выскажитесвоемнение. Here are some major life events, which can contribute to stress level in our life. Pick out one of them and explain why it could be stressful.

Divorce                  Retirement            Trouble with the boss

Fired at work       Christmas             Begin or end school or college

Pregnancy             Marriage               Family holiday  

 

XV III. Вставьте предлоги, где необходимо.

JOBSTRESS

Work is a major source _1_ stress _2_ many people. Again, while normal work pressures can stimulate performance, a stress overload _3_ work can led _4_ serious health problems. _5_ the UK a recent stress study found that many factors influence _6_ stress ratings. A job can rate low stress on autonomy, high _7_ physical danger, financial insecurity, time constrains or legal accountability.

XIX. Переведите текст и составьте свои собственные предложения с выражениями, выделенными курсивом:

Pleasurable Events

Among the first things we do if we are feeling down would be to quit things that we accustomed to enjoy doing.I realize that after you’re depressed you do not seem like performing these things anymore, that is precisely why you have to force you to ultimately do them.Even though it sounds too easy to work, there’s research that shows the potency of doing this: requiring you to ultimately do pleasurable activities every single day to enhance your mood.

Workout

When you are depressed, being active is possibly the very last thing that you’ll seem like doing, but this really is another powerful method that you can do on the self-help basis.Being active is the best stress-management tool recognized to mankind!You receive a boost from depression, feel respite from stress, and improve overall weight and health management.It’s a technique for relief really worth trying.

Social Activities

One of the leading themes of treating depression is upping your day to day activities.Once we have more and much more depressed, we quite often close up facing outward world, including our family and friends.To assist lift yourself up, you need to look for social activities and spend more time with people you accustomed to enjoy.You may also experiment by participating in varioussocial events and recording your enjoyment afterward on the scale of just one to 10 to determine what activities provide you with the greatest boost.

 

NEW YEAR

Many people in the world, every January 1^st, celebrate New Year. It is a very colourful festival. People also see it as a chance to get together with their family and exchange presents.

In our country, preparations for New Year begin in December, when shop windows are decorated with New Year ornaments such as colourful streamers, silver tinsel and golden bells. Glittering lights are hung in the streets and on the trees. Most families also decorate their homes. They put up a New Year tree full of brightly-coloured lights and stars at the top. Weeks before New Year people start buying gifts for their friends and family. Children write New Year lists to Father Frost.

On December 31^st the New Year cake is in the oven, its delicious aroma fills the house. The family, dressed in their best clothes, sit down at 10 o'clock to enjoy a delicious meal. Everyone has a smile on the face. At 12 o'clock when the chimes of the famous Spasskaya Tower ring out everyone wish each other a happy and healthy new year.

On New Year morning, the tearing of wrapping paper is heard as gifts are exchanged, opened and admired. If it is a "white" New Year, fresh snow covers the city and snowmen are made. Families relax and enjoy the gifts they have received. The warm feeling of New Year spirit fills the home as the children play happily with their new toys and the adults relax. This is the time when family members feel closest to each other, after sharing a day of love and joy.

I'll never forget the New Year party we had every year when I was a little girl. On 1^st January, everyone in our family used to celebrate this holiday with dancing, food and fun! One of the things I liked best was dancing. My friends made a circle around the New Year tree covered with balls and toys, pretty ribbons.After the dancing we always had delicious food. There was a huge buffet in the hall, with mountains of sandwiches, cakes and biscuits. At the end of the party, there was never any food or drink left, because we were so hungry after all the dancing and party games.

Today, not many families celebrate this holiday in the tradi­tional way we used to. I always had a great time though, and I feel happy when I remember that. The Festival is perfect for a fun day out for the family. I had a great time and I am really excited about next year's festival.

IV. Заполните пропуски словами: customhabitbelief

1. It is a common __that breaking a mirror brings bad luck.

2. It is the __in England to give children chocolate at Easter.

3. Smoking is a very unhealthy __.

 

V. Разыграйтедиалог: You are going to invite friends to a New Year party and you are thinking of the best way to do it. Discuss the following options with your friend and choose the only one you both like most of all:

- personally

- mail

- E-mail

- mobile phone

VI. Сделайте сообщение на английском языке на одну из тем:

Ø Праздникииобычаи Великобритании.

Ø Праздники и обычаи США.

 

VII. Заполните пропуски 1-5 частями предложений, обозначенными буквами а – e:

WORLD TEACHERS` DAY

a. to highlight the contributions of the teaching profession

b. and protection for teachers' rights

c. educating and inspiring future generations

d. patience in spite of the tiring and stressful job

e. conferences and local celebrations

World Teachers` Day is celebrated on October 5th since 1994 to acknowledge teachers' hard work and _1_. Teachers around the world strive to enlighten students and work effortlessly to make a difference, _2_. The aim of the celebration is to mobilize support for teachers and to ensure that the needs of future generations will continue to be met by teachers. On this day various events take place to honor the role of the teachers. This may include classroom activities, _3_.

UNESCO calls for a stand for teacher and urges world communities to show support for the efforts teachers display to reach a better future for humanity. The day is also a significant token of the awareness, understanding and appreciation shown for the important contribution that teachers make to education and development. For these reasons, decision makers have the responsibility to provide adequate training, ongoing professional development,_4_.

Over 100 countries observe World Teachers' Day. The efforts of Education International, which is a global union federation of teachers' trade unions, and its 401 member organizations have contributed to this widely spread recognition. Every year, EI launches a public awareness campaign _5_.

 

Ø Are these sentences TRUE or FALSE? Justify.

1. World Teachers Day was used to be celebrated before 1994.

2. Less than a hundred countries celebrate World Teachers' Day.

3. Organizations such as UNESCO and Education International have contributed to the recognition of the celebration.

 

VIII. Заполните пропуски в предложениях, используя слова из таблицы только 1 раз:

honour	celebrate	mark (an event)
take part	take place	hold (a ceremony)

1. Mary and Peter are having an evening out in order to __ Mary's 30^thbirthday.

2. The Olympics __every four years.

3. He's training hard because he wants to __ in this year's marathon.

4.Presidents' Day is the day when people in the USA __the memory of George Washington and Abraham Lincoln.

5.Their wedding reception was __ in the village hall.

6.In order to __the occasion of his retirement, Mr. James' employers gave him a gold watch.

 

IX. Заполните пропуски в предложениях, используя слова из таблицы только 1 раз:

celebrated	honour	displays	feast	fasting
Orthodox	gather	religious	march	decorate
worldwide	dress up	exchange	turkey	send

1.Both the carnival in Rio and Halloween are festivals where people __.

2.__ is part of the traditional meal eaten at Christmas and on Thanksgiving day.

3. Christmas and Easter are __ by Christians world­wide.

4. Ceremonies in the__church differ from Catholic and Protestant churches.

5. I always __cards at Christmas and for Valentine's day.

6. There was a minute's silence to __all the soldiers who had died in the war.

7. Although Guy Fawkes' Day is British and the 4^th of July is American, both include firework __.

8. In a carnival parade people often dance but in a military parade the soldiers __.

9.Many religions mark a religious event with a __that includes many carefully prepared dishes.

10.My family always __ presents on Christmas morning.

11.At Christmas we __ a tree but at Easter wepaint eggs.

12Christmas is a __festival.

13.On holidays all the members of my family__togetherin my grandmother's house.

14. New Year's Eve is celebrated in various ways __.

 

X. Согласитесь или опровергните данные утверждения:

What do you know about Easter?

1. Easter is Britain's biggest festival.

2. People eat buns with crosses on because Jesus died on a cross

3. Most people give painted eggs as presents.

4. People roll chocolate eggs down hills.

5. Easter is a time to be away from the family.

6. Jesus died but came alive again.

7. Easter is a four day holiday.

What do you do on May Day in your country? Doyou do any of these things?

1. Have traditional dances.

2. Wear traditional clothes.

3. Go on a march.

4. Have a holiday.

 

XI. Подготовьте презентацию о любом известном человеке из Великобритании, США или России. Расскажите о его биографии, карьере и достижениях. Также вы можете добавить дополнительные факты, которые показались вам интересными.

 

XII. Прокомментируйте следующее высказывание (100-150 слов):

Lotsofpeopleenjoycelebratingholidays. However, for some people a holiday is just a day off. Which way of spending holidays do you find more enjoyable?

XIII. Напишите письмо личного характера (100-140 слов).

ü This is part of a letter from your English-speaking pen-friend.

… By the way, we`re doing a project on the fashion industry in different countries. It would be nice if you could tell me what clothes are popular with students in Russia. What kind of clothes do you prefer? Allmylove, Jessica.

 

Write back to Jessica.

In your letter:

ü answer her questions;

ü ask 3 questions about her tastes in clothes.

Theme 4.Travel and tourismas a means ofcultural enrichment

I. Переведите текст и ответьте на вопросы:

1. Do you prefer a summer or winter holiday?
2. Are you going on holiday this year?

TRAVELLING

Probably nobody can imagine modern life without travelling. Now the words "travelling", "tourism" and "holidays" have the same associations. Some years ago travelling abroad was very rare and only few people could afford it, but now thanks to the travel revolution, longer holidays, bigger salaries and the change of the policy of the country more and more people visit other countries. More and more people are fond of travelling. Millions of people travel around the globe to see other countries and continents, modern cities and ruined ancient towns. Many people think that holidays are a wonderful chance to relax, have fun and explore new places, to enjoy picturesque places or just have a change of scene.Some people travel on business, others for pleasure to spend their holidays in a warm country. Many people enjoy visiting foreign cities, museums and galleries. Travelling is an excellent way of gaining knowledge of other countries' history and there­fore tourism plays an important role in breaking down negative national stereotypes.

The best way to study geography is to travel and the best way to get to know and understand the people is to meet them in their own homes.  Going sightseeing is a very good way of spending a holiday. Every city or country has something special such as archeological sites or famous landmarks. It's wonderful to see those places for yourself, not just in books or on TV. If I had a chance, I'd go to London. I have learnt a lot of interesting things about this marvelous city and, of course, I'd like to see everything with my own eyes: St. Paul's Cathedral, Westminster Abbey, the Tower, famous bridges and Trafalgar Square with its Nelson's Column. I'd like to take a tour around the city sitting in a red double-decker bus or just wander around the streets enjoying the historical buildings, modern grand hotels, theatres, shops or just people. Of course, I'd like to have a rest in one of the famous London parks breathing fresh air, feeding the birds and animals. On such a trip I'd take a camera, a pair of comfortable shoes, a couple of guide-books and a map.

There are a lot of types of holidays. Some people prefer skiing holiday or mountaineering holiday. Others like seaside holiday or scuba diving. For others it'd be something extreme. For example, going on a safari to discover Africa by Land Rover seems a rather attractive idea. Teenagers enjoy camping holiday.If I went to the seaside, I'd take a swimming costume, suntan lotion, sunglasses, a cap, light clothes, a camera and a first-aid kit. I think such holidays should last for a fortnight (two weeks). But if you decided to go to the mountain skiing resort, you should take warm clothes, a skiing costume, skis, goggles, a camera and first-aid kit. You can enjoy your stay in beautiful chalets with real wood fires to keep you warm even in the worst snowstorms.                

There are different forms of travelling. You can choose every­thing depending on your preferences, mood and wishes. Probably the most comfortable are package holidays.These are holidays organized by a travel company where the basic price includes flight, accommodation and food. Going on such holidays you can settle everything beforehand and fully relax during the holidays. Unfortunately such holidays are expensive.Not all people prefer relaxation during the holidays, some people prefer active holidays.They are fun, practical and a great way to make new friends who share your interests. These interests can include foreign languages, cycling, cookery, sailing and others. If you haven't got enough money, you can go on working holidays.You can work on a farm picking fruit in France or Israel, or if you want to go to the USA, you can work in a sum­mer camp for kids. There are hundreds of them all over the US every summer and many of them employ foreign students to help organize games and events. It is a hard work, but you are paid and get free time at the end to travel around America. More and more people want to experience real life when they are abroad, that is why they prefer Home stay holidays.Instead of staying in hotels, you live with a family in their own house. It is cheaper than package holidays and much more interesting.

People can travel on foot, by car, by bus, by train, by bike, by air, by sea and hitchhiking. But when you are going to visit some place, you must not only think where to go and what to do but also choose a method of travelling, too. While thinking about a means of transport you should take into consideration such factors of travelling as speed, comfort, safety and reli­ability. Travelling by air is more comfortable, convenient and quicker than any other method. But it's rather expensive. It can be unreliable, too because there might be delays. It'll also take you some time to get to the airport and go through the Customs. Travelling by car is very convenient. You can stop whenever you want and choose the speed. You don't have to share your car with the others. You don't depend on the tickets. But you have to drive in heavy traffic and breathe in car fume. Travelling by ship is very nice. You can enjoy a leisurely voyage. It's very slow. It can be very expensive, too. I prefer travelling by train.Trains are much safer than planes. They are cheaper and tend to be comfortable. You can walk around in a train and open the window. You can do everything you like: read, sleep, listen to the music... Trains are slower than plains, but speed isn't everything.    Sometimes things may go wrong during the holidays, so you should be very careful and be ready for the problems. For example, the flight can be delayed, unsatisfied accommodation, bad food, poor hotel service, your passport or money can be lost or stolen, noisy neighbours, lots of mosquitoes, bad weather... But no matter how it can be, people should have a good rest, as many of us work hard during the year and holidays are worth the money you spend on them. You really feel better, healthier, more energetic and full of impressions. I believe that holidays should be a change. Most people like a change of place. If they live in the country, they like to go to a big town. If they live in a city, they like a quiet holiday. When on holiday most people don't like to do things; they have to do them all the year round.          

I prefer summer holidays. They are long and the weather is rather nice and warm to enjoy your rest. I try to do everything I want: swim in the river, play active games, enjoy being outside all day long, ride my bike, wear light clothes and plenty of other interesting things I can't afford during the school year. When on holidays I try to be active.We usually spend summer holidays together: my mum, dad and me.

Sometimes our dad joins us later; it depends on the time of his holiday. First, we go to a small town situated on the river where my mother's parents live. We stay there for two weeks. I go fishing with my grandfather. We also visit some museums, go on an excursion to the famous Turkish fortress which was assaulted (conquered) by the Russian Army led by the famous general Suvorov. For at least 10 days we spend time at the seaside. We can go there by bus and stay at a hotel or rent a house. Then we go to the picturesque village where my grand-grandmother lives. We go there in search of a peaceful, relaxing holiday and I am certainly never disappointed. We usually get there by train. It takes us 16 hours to get to the place from Moscow. Of course, we book the return tickets in advance in the booking office at the railway station. It's not a long trip, so I don't feel bored much or tired. I'd like to describe the place. The village is surrounded by marvelous scenery, hills and pine woods. It is situated on the bank of the small clear river. The weather is usually fine during our stay, though we come here in July and sometimes there are periods of showers and thunderstorms. I enjoy swimming, sunbathing, breathing fresh air, walking in the forest, riding a bike, studying the surrounding neighbourhoods. I enjoy eating fresh fruit and vegetables, just baked bread and a glass of milk. But my favourite way of spending time here is fishing. I really feel proud of myself when I am able to catch enough fish to fry it for supper. We usually spend here two weeks, take photos and enjoy spending the time.

So, travelling is the best way of spending your holiday. And if you have a chance, choose the way of travelling for yourself and have fun.

II. Обсудите в парах темы:

1. Which type of holidays appeals to you most and why?
2. Why is it important for anyone to take holidays?
3. How can tourists behave responsibly in the places they visit?
4. What interesting places have you visited on holiday?
5. Is there a place that you are particularly keen to visit? Why?
6. Where do you prefer spending your holidays: in your country or abroad? Why?
7. What should you do before setting out on your journey?
8. What makes a perfect holiday?
9. How active do you like to be on holiday?
10. What things can go wrong on holiday?
11. Have you ever had a bad experience when travelling anywhere? If so, what happened?
12. Which means of transport would you prefer to travel by?
13. Have you ever travelled by ship/plane?
14. What means of transport do you use to get to school/work?
15. What do you think of the public transport system in your coun­try?
16. Do you think life was better before the invention of the car? Why?
17. Do you think bicycles should be considered as an alternative to motor vehicles? Give reasons.
18. How has transport changed over the last 100 years?
19. How important is it to you to have reliable transport?

III. ЗнаетелиВы, что:

1. The average leisure traveler is about 48 years old.

2. One out of eight jobs in the U.S. depends on travel and tourism.

3. Taking a vacation can lower your risk of heart disease.

4. Studies show that money spent on travel makes you happier than money spent on smthmaterial.

5. France is the most visited country in the world.

6. Monaco is smaller than Central Park in New York City.

7. There are 61,000 people in the air over the U.S. at any given time on any given day.

8. And the longest flight in the world is from Sydney to Dallas. It lasts around 16 hours and covers approximately 8,500 miles.

9. A Boeing 747 is made up of six million parts. The maximum speed of it is 955 km/h.

10. Flights longer than 8 hours require 3 pilots (1 captain and 2 first officers) to rotate flying duties. Flights longer than 12 hours require 4 pilots (1 captain and 3 first officers). They usually fly 3-4 hour shifts. The normal ratio of Flight Attendants to passenger seats is one Flight Attendant for every 50 passenger seats.

11.Each airline pilot flying the aircraft eats a different meal to minimize the risk of all pilots on board being ill.

12.An air traveler can lose approximately 1.5 liters of water in the body during a three-hour flight.

 

IV. Дайте синонимы следующих слов и выражений:

VISITING THE DOCTOR

The first time you visit a new doctor, you should talk about your medical history - the illnesses you have had, any operations you have had and so on.

Your doctor might want to give you a check-up. A check-up will include monitoring your blood pressure, as high blood pressure is serious and can lead to life-threatening conditions. Your doctor will probably also take your pulse to check that your heart rate is normal. A doctor uses a stethoscope to listen to your breathing - particularly if you have a heart or chest infection, or a condition such as asthma.

Of course, you can also visit the doctor for a huge range of other reasons.Children need to have their injections and if you are going abroad on holiday, you might also need to have injections against infectious diseases.If you need medication, a doctor will write you a prescription.

You can get your prescription filled at a chemist. For more serious medical conditions, you can get a referral to a clinic or a hospital. You might need blood tests done, or an X-ray, or you might need to see a specialist.

 

V. Соединитесловоизпредложения-примера с его описанием:

ENGLISH MEDICAL VOCABULARY

1	When she used the soap her skin came out in a rash.	a	an irritation or infection that makes the skin rise
2	I've got a terrible itch where the mosquito bit me.	b	when something sharp breaks your skin and you bleed
3	It's only a little bump - nothing serious	c	allergic reaction which makes your skin go red
4	After the wasp stung her, she had a swelling on her leg for days.	d	slight