Ex. 24. Choose the correct word in brackets. Translate into Russian.

1. Something about his explanation didn't quite ring (true/truly). 2. At this time of year the river is a (true/truly) beautiful sight. 3. These will be the first (true/truly) democratic elections in the country's history.  4. Make sure you hit the nails in (true/truly). (=straight and without moving to either side) 5. Are you (true/truly) serious? 6. I'd always dreamt of owning my own house, but I never thought it would come (true/truly). 

 

ROUGH	ROUGHLY
1. BrE inuncomfortable conditions, esp. out of doors: When you’re a tramp, you get used to sleeping rough. 2. not in a gentle way; using (too much) force: They certainly play rough!	1. in a rough manner: He pushed them roughly away. / “Get out!’ he said roughly. 2. about; not exactly: There were roughly 200 people there. / The cost of the two systems is roughly equal.

 

Ex. 25. Choose the correct word in brackets. Translate into Russian.

1. (Rough/Roughly) chop the tomatoes and add to the onions.             2. (Rough/Roughly) speaking, it's 2.25 million. 3. The Hull team had a bad reputation for playing (rough/roughly). 4. When we ran out of money, we slept (rough/roughly) for a week. 5. While the pygmy marmoset weighs (rough/roughly) 100 grams, an adult gorilla can weigh in at 270 kilos. 6. You look a bit (rough/roughly) – how much did you have to drink last night? (=ill)

 

NEAR	NEARLY
1. not far (from); close (to): They live quite near. 2. almost: The job is near impossible.	almost: It took nearly two weeks to get there.

 

LATE	LATELY
1. after the usual, arranged time: They stayed up late. / The bus arrived five minutes late. 2. towards the end of a period: late at night 3. until or at a late time of the night: I went to bed late. 4. of late = recently; lately: He has been behaving very strangely of late.	1. in the recent past and up until now: I’ve been working much lately. 2. fml until recently (but not longer): Professor Brown, lately of Edinburgh, is now head of department at Manchester.

 

THIN	THINLY
so as to be thin: Don’t cut the bread so thin. Set expressions with the adjective thin: His jokes are beginning to wear thin. (=become less funny)	in a thin way: Spread the butter thinly. / a thinly-disguised threat
THICK	THICKLY
1. so as to be thick: The flowers grew thick near the wall. 2. lay it on thick = AmE infml to praise very much but perhaps not very sincerely; flatter: He laid it on pretty thick about her beautiful singing voice.	in a thick way: thickly settled regions / Perched atop a hill the property nestles itself within a thickly wooded area of coffee plants, teak, fruit trees, cardamon and pepper.

 

Ex. 26. Choose the correct word in brackets. Translate into Russian.

1. "Tony, the joke is beginning to wear (thin/thinly) now and a lot of us have had enough." 2. Her standard excuse for being late was beginning to wear (thin/thinly). 3. She went on and on about how she admired his work – laid it on a bit (thick/thickly), if you ask me.     4. Spread 1/4 lb softened margarine or cooking fat fairly (thick/thickly) all over the surface. 5. The most (thick/thickly) populated district in Bihar is Patna with 1,471/km sq. followed by Darbhanga 1,442/km sq. (as per 2001 census). 6. Do you spread your margarine (thin/thinly) or (thick/thickly) on your bread? 7. Not surprisingly, an alarming number of the Bush administration's recent regulatory advances have been (thin/thinly) veiled attempts to promote the profits of the pharmaceutical industry.

 

 

VERB

 

 

TENSE AND ASPECT

Stative verbs are normally found only in the non-progressive forms.

Stative verbs include

1. BE and HAVE, as in

Go away! We are busy. We have a lot of work to do.

But BE meaning ‘act (in a certain way)’, and HAVE meaning something other than ‘possess’, can be used in the progressive:

Wait for me. You are being impatient. (=acting impatiently) I am still having my breakfast.

2. Verbs which contain the idea of being or having, eg:

APPLY TO (‘be true of” or ‘have reference to’) eg. The rule applies to everyone.

BELONG TO (‘be the property of’) eg. This camera belongs to me.

COMPARE (‘be like’ or ‘be as good as’) eg. My computer doesn’t compare with yours.

CONCERN (‘be of importance to’) eg. This matter concerns you.

CONTAIN (‘have’ or ‘hold’)

COST (‘be equal in value to’) eg. How much does this cheese cost?

DEPEND ON (‘be dependent on’) eg. It depends on you.

DESERVE (‘be worthy of’) eg. You certainly deserve to win.

DIFFER FROM (‘be different from’) eg. My answer differs from yours.

EXIST (‘be’) eg. Mammoths do not exist in the modern world.

HOLD (‘have’) eg. How many people does this hall hold?

MATTER (‘be of importance’) eg. It doesn’t matter to me.

MEASURE (‘be of a certain length etc.’) eg. This room measures five meters by four.

OWN (‘have’) eg. Many peole in this country own the houses they live in.

POSSESS (‘have’) eg. I owe such qualities as I possess to my parents.

RESEMBLE (‘be like’) eg. George resembles his father in the way he walks.

STAND FOR (‘be a substiture for’) eg. The sign + stands for “plus”.

WEIGH (‘be of a certain weight’) eg. I weigh 65 kilos.

 

NOTE: Some of these verbs can also refer to activity, in which case they can freely be used in the progressive. Eg.

I am applying (=making application) to you for assistance.

I am applying this ointment to the wound to ease the pain.

In this book the author is comparing these two countries.

We are depending (=are relying) on you to help us.

Hold your arm out. – I’ m just measuring your sleeve.

In the disaster area people are existing (=keeping themselves alive) on what scraps of food they can find.

 

3. Verbs referring to an involuntary reaction of the senses:

FEEL, HEAR, SEE, SMELL, TASTE

 

FEEL and TASTE refer to involuntary reactions which correspond to the deliberate act of listening and looking. FEEL, SMELL and TASTE can refer to both the involuntary reaction and the voluntary, deliberate act. Thus:

VOLUNTARY I am listening to you. I am looking at you. I am feeling this material. I am smelling this flower. I am tasting this soup.

INVOLUNTARY I hear you. I see you. I feel a pin I’m sitting on. I smell gas. It smells awful. I taste pepper in it. It tastes hot.

The verb CAN often occurs before the five verbs in the right-hand column, eg. I can hear, see, feel, smell, taste something.

FEEL can occur freely in the simple tense or in the progressive when it refers to one’s own physical condition, as in

I feel (am feeling) hungry.

 

4. Verbs referring to mental or emotional states:

ASSUME, ASTONISH, BELIEVE, CARE, CONSIDER, DETEST, DISLIKE, DOUBT, ENVY, EXPECT, FEAR, FEEL (=think), FIND (=consider), FORGET, GUESS, HATE, HOPE, IMAGINE, IMPRESS, KNOW, LIKE, LOVE, MEAN, MIND, NOTICE, PLEASE, PREFER, REALIZE, RECOGNIZE, REGRET, REMEMBER, SATISFY, SUGGEST, SUPPOSE, SURPRISE, THINK, UNDERSTAND, WANT, WISH.

 

Notice the difference between the following pairs:

We consider (=believe) him to be very loyal.

We are considering (=studying) your application.

I expect (=suppose) you are rather tired.

I am expecting (=waiting for) a visitor.

I feel (=think) you’re right.

I am feeling very hungry.

Does anyone mind (=object) if I open the window?

Is anyone minding (=looking after) the baby while you’re out?

I think (=believe) he’s crazy.

Be quiet. I am thinking (=giving thought to the problem).

 

Note that stative verbs do not normally occur in the progressive. But it is possible for any of them to be used in the progressive provided the speaker is emphasizing the idea of an uncompleted involuntary act, or incomplete physical or mental state, as in

Something is wrong with my eyes. I am seeing double.

I am forgetting (=beginning to forget) my English.

Now we are understanding (=beginning to understand) this a little better.