Ex. 3. Choose the required nouns from the list below and use them in the sentence in the plural. Underline the nouns. Translate into Russian.

Hanger-on, jack-in-the-box, Lord Justice, oasis, locus classicus, mouse, ombudsman, check-up, antenna, break through, showdowns.

1. Information on how often you should see a dentist for ____ and cleanings and why it's important to visit the dentist.

2. The news writers at Science magazine describe what they believe were the 10 biggest scientific ____ this year.

3. ____ are people who remain in a place or attach themselves to a group, other people, etc., although not wanted, esp. in the hope or expectation of personal gain.

4. ____ are hand-held input devices that are moved about on a flat surface to direct the cursor on a computer screen.

5. Egypt is very much desert, and the number of ____ are smaller than many might imagine.

6. ____ are paired appendages connected to the front-most segments of arthropods.

7. ____ are an independent and impartial means of resolving certain disputes outside the courts.

8. In accounting for such visibility, ____, such as Aristophanes' plays, usually receive most scholarly attention.

9. These classic ____ are a great addition to every child's toy chest. They're sure to bring a smile to every child's face.

10. At length, on July 10, 1641, the ____ desired 'that the House would forbear proceeding of the Lord Chancellor and the Lord Lowther upon the impeachment; that they were advertised from England about judicature in capital cases; that they would forbear examining witnesses in that behalf.

11. One of the very first ____ in the first Bond film shows agent 007 (Sean Connery) to be quite the cold-blooded killer.

 

Ex. 4. Change the sentences so as to use the underlined words in the singular. Translate into Russian.

1. The workers used axes to chop down the old apple trees.

2. The diameters of circles are also axes.

3. Axes are real or imaginary straight lines which go through the centre of spinning objects.

4. Bases can be thought of as the chemical opposite of acids.

5. All sciences have for their bases systems of principles as fixed and unalterable as those by which the universe is regulated and governed.

6. This is a list of United States military bases currently located around the world.

7. In some Asian cultures further interpretations and traditions about what crossroads are diverge from the explanations given above.

8. If the end is lawful, then the means are lawful.

9. ‘It's a boom time for kids literature, but some of the big book series are coming to an end - or have already finished! ’

10. If you're quoting someone and you want to shorten the quote, you use ellipses to show where you've dropped words or sentences.

11. 16 concentric congruent ellipses are rotated about the center at equal intervals of 22.5°.

12. Punctuation marks have distinct meanings, purposes, and intentions. Two marks in particular – dashes and ellipses  –  are often used in place of commas, but shouldn't be. Writers may think it looks relaxed or breezy to replace commas with these other punctuation marks, but to most people, when used in this way, they just look like mistakes.

13. Ellipses are omissions retrievable from the linguistic context.

14. The Jinn are beings created with free will, living on earth in a world parallel to mankind.

15. Jamaican patois, and the other Caribbean patois are tonal.

 

ADJECTIVE AND ADVERB

 

SUBSTANTIVIZED ADJECTIVE

SUBSTANTIVIZED ADJECTIVES are adjectives used as nouns.

 

WHOLLY SUBTATIVIZED ADJECTIVES

PARTIALLY SUBSTANTIVIZED ADJECTIVES

They acquire all characteristics of the Noun: number, possessive case, may be used with the definite or indefinite article or with no article. 1) denoting social rank or position, party, creed, nationality, race, etc. e.g. a noble, a superior, a domestic, a Christian, a Russian, a black, a white, an ancient, a primitive, a savage, a native, a local, a drunk. (Note: Words ending in –ss, -se have one form for both numbers: a Chinese, two Chinese, the Chinese; a Swiss, two Swiss, the Swiss.) 2) some past participles: accused, deceased, unemployed. (They are used in the singular and the plural, but have one form for both numbers: e.g. The accused were smoking. An accused was smoking. 3) Some adjectives fully converted into nouns are used only in the plural: goods, greens, evergreens, sweets, valuables, movables, finals, eatables, chemicals, etc. 4) names of colours. If used in a general sense, they are treated as uncountables; when denoting shades of colour, they are treated as countables. e.g. Red is my favourite colour. The sky was a pale blue. The green of the trees was exquisite. The trees in the garden turned yellows and browns.

They have only one form, no number, no possessive case. 1) denoting all the persons possessing the quality mentioned by the adjective as a group, but not separate individuals, used with the definite article and admitting only of plural concord: the old, the young, the rich, the poor, the dumb and deaf, the mute, (Note: If separate persons are meant the word man is used: a poor man, a young man. e.g. The Dutch are friendly people. All the wounded were sleeping. (Note: Adjectives ending in –sh and –ch which denote nations are used with the definite article to imply the whole nation. If separate members of the nation are meant, the nouns man (men),woman (women) or people are added: e.g. Three Frenchmen When two partially substantivized adjectives are connected by the conjunction and, they may be used with no article. 2) denoting abstract notions and used with the definite article in the singular: the unseen, the unreal, the invisible, the useful. e.g. The unknown is always interesting. 3) some partially substantivized adjectives used in set expressions: in the affirmative, in the negative, in the open, on (the) average, on the whole, on aggregate, in general, in short, in the dead of the night, to touch smb. to the quick, out of the usual, for good, all of a sudden, on the contrary, at large, in the main, on the whole, in particular, in short, etc 4) comparatives and superlatives: to get the better of smth, a change for the better, for the best, to be at one’s best, not in the least, at least, etc.