EXErCISE 11. transform the sentences according to the models to prac- tise the use of the Complex Subject.

a) Model: It is expected that he will enter the university. He is expected to enter the university.

1. It is known that the scientific knowledge will grow. 2. It is believed that the scientific knowledge has become more complicated. 3. It is said that he will come in a week. 4. It is expected that he will test it experimen- tally. 5. It is known that he is a good physicist.

b) Model: Will he take part in the conference? — Yes, he is certain to take part in it.

1. Will Mr Brown come to our computer centre? 2. Will he apologize to her? 3. Will he congratulate me on my birthday? 4. Will they buy new computers? 5. Will Mr Mitchell come to Russia again?

c) Model: Do you know James Mitchell? — Yes, I happen to know him.

1. Do you know this researcher? 2. Did you meet him in Moscow?

3. Did you see this new film? 4. Does James know this scientist? 5. Did you see her?

 

EXErCISE 12. fill in the blanks to practise the use of the Complex Sub- ject. the words in brackets will help you.

1. He... to come to the conference (несомненно). 2. you... to know this city better than we (по-видимому). 3. Their plans... to change in the future (вероятно). 4. They... to agree with you (определенно). 5. She... to give you this book (вряд ли). 6. Do you... to know him (случайно)?

7. He... to be right (оказался). 8. He... to be a good researcher (говорят).

9. He... to have done this experiment (известно). 10. They... to be well- informed citizens (полагают).

 

EXErCISE 13. Make up sentences according to the models to practise the use of the Complex Subject.

a) Model: Несомненно, они исследуют эту проблему (to be certain). They are certain to investigate this problem.

1. Вероятно, они купят цифровой компьютер (to be likely).

2. они обязательно измеряют температуру (to be sure). 3. Малове- роятно, что они придут сегодня (to be unlikely). 4. он определенно сделает это (to be certain). 5. Вряд ли он поступит в этот колледж (to be unlikely).

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b) Model: Кажется, он учится здесь (to seem). Не seems to study here.

1. Кажется, он купил компьютер (to seem). 2. оказывается, он пытался переводить текст (to prove). 3. он случайно встретил ее на улице (to happen). 4. Казалось, что они его уже забыли (to seem).

5. Эксперимент оказался удачным (to prove).

 

EXErCISE 14. Analyse the use of the Complex Subject in the following proverb.

An early riser is sure to be in luck.

 

EXErCISE 15. read the text, try to focus on its essential facts and choose the most suitable heading below for each paragraph:

1) The Fields of Scientific Research; 2) Different Groups of Sciences;

3) The Importance of Science; 4) What Is Science?; 5) Methods of Sci- entific Research.

SCIENCE

The word “science” comes from the Latin word “scientia”, which means “knowledge”. Science covers the broad field of knowledge that deals with facts and the relationship among these facts.

Scientists study a wide variety of subjects. Some scientists search for clues to the origin of the universe and examine the structure of the cells of living plants and animals. Other researchers investigate why we act the way we do, or try to solve complicated mathematical problems.

Scientists use systematic methods of study to make observations and collect facts. They develop theories that help them order and unify facts. Scientific theories consist of general principles or laws that attempt to explain how and why something happens or has happened. A theory is considered to become a part of scientific knowledge if it has been tested experimentally and proved to be true.

Scientific study can be divided into the three major groups: the natu- ral, social and technical sciences. As scientific knowledge has grown and become more complicated, many new fields of science have appeared. At the same time, the boundaries between scientific fields have become less and less clear. Numerous areas of science overlap each other and it is often hard to tell where one science ends and another begins. All sciences are closely interconnected.

 

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Science has great influence on our lives. It provides the basis of mod- ern technology — the tools and machines that make our life and work easier. The discoveries and inventions of scientists also help shape our view about ourselves and our place in the universe.

EXErCISE 16. read and give a summary of the text.

T EC h N o l o g Y

Technology means the use of peopleʼs inventions and discoveries to satisfy their needs. Since people have appeared on the earth they have had to get food, clothes and shelter. Through the ages people have invented tools, machines and materials to make work easier.

Nowadays, when people speak of technology, they generally mean industrial technology. Industrial technology began about 200 years ago with the development of the steam engine, the growth of factories and the mass production of goods. It influenced different aspects of peopleʼs lives. The development of the car influenced where people lived and worked. Radio and television changed their leisure time. The telephone revolu- tionized communication.

Science has contributed much to modern technology. Science at- tempts to explain how and why things happen. Technology makes things happen. But not all technology is based on science. For example, people had made different objects from iron for centuries before they learnt the structure of the metal. But some modern technologies, such as nuclear power production and space travel, depend heavily on science.

 

EXErCISE 17. Quote the sentences in which these words and word combi- nations are used in the texts:

comes from, deals with, a wide variety of, search for, principles and laws, how and why, to be true, at the same time, less and less clear, over- lap each other, are closely interconnected, easier, through the ages.

 

EXErCISE 18. find in the texts English equivalents for these words and word combinations:

означает, охватывает, взаимосвязь, широкое разнообразие, ищут разгадки, происхождение Вселенной, структура клеток, сложный, собирать факты, упорядочить и обобщить, общие прин- ципы, пытаются объяснить, как и почему, что-то произошло, соот- ветствующий действительности, основные группы,  общественные

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науки, в то же самое время, все менее и менее четкие, многочис- ленный, тесно взаимосвязаны, она обеспечивает, открытия, изо- бретения, формировать наши взгляды, о себе, удовлетворять соб- ственные нужды, они должны были, кров, на протяжении веков, инструменты, чтобы сделать, в настоящее время, тому назад, па- ровой двигатель, рост, массовое производство товаров, время до- суга, произвел революцию, сделала большой вклад, например, из железа, в течение веков, очень сильно, зависит.

EXErCISE 19. a) find in the texts the words which have the similar mean- ings as the following words:

wide, to research, to attempt, to believe, to examine, main, complex, difficult, to start, big, a motor, various, to study.

b) find in the texts the words which have the opposite meanings to the fol- lowing words:

narrow, easy, practice, to try, artificial, old, more, to begin, small, more different, little.

c) read, translate the sentences, change the words in italics into the words with similar and opposite meanings.

1. He happened to meet her in that broad street. 2. They are inves- tigating complex problems. 3. It was a very difficult experiment. 4. They started researching this problem. 5. It was a big contribution.