International Business Transactions

As we move toward a global economy where countries grow more economically interdependent on each other, some understanding of the international legal environment is very essential. International business affects almost every individual in the United States. For instance, the typical American consumer who purchases a Japanese television has an indirect role in international trade. Several international trade participants, from the Japanese manufacturer to the local American retailer, played a part in the sale of the television to the customer in the United States.

International business activities generate more than one-third of the U.S. gross national product. The global impact of international business is also staggering. More than two hundred multinational businesses have sales in excess of $1 billion per year. As a firm expands beyond a single country and its business activities cross national borders, the need for the firm’s managers to understand the evolving international business marketplace is of paramount importance.

The international legal environment of business does not consist of a cohesive body of uniform principles. It contains elements of United States domestic law, the law of other countries, multilateral, bilateral and regional agreements or treaties, and customary international law.

 

Упр.1 Найдите слова, однокоренные со словом nation, и переведите предложения с ними.

Упр.2 Переведите следующие словосочетания на русский язык:

legal environment of business  international business marketplace

global economy      a cohesive body of uniform principles

Упр. 3 Проанализируйте перевод неопределенного артикля a(n) в тексте.

Упр. 4 Переведите текст письменно на русский язык.

Упр. 5 Составьте аннотацию текста на английском языке.

 

8.Контрольно-тренировочные лексико-грамматические тесты;

Примеры тестовых заданий закрытого типа:

. Грамматика

1. Выберите грамматически верную видо-временную форму глагола:

1. He forced me … him my money and my ring, too.

a) to be given

b) to be giving

c) to gave

d) to give

Правильный ответ d)

2.  The policemen warned me … my doors and windows.

a) to have locked

b) to lock

c) to be locked

d) to have been locked

Правильный ответ b)

Лексика

Выберите правильный ответ:

What is "manslaughter"?

a. Setting fire to a building on purpose.

b. Killing a person by accident.

c. Stealing large amounts of money placed in your care.

d. Not declaring your income to the government.

Правильный ответ b)

Выберите правильный ответ:

44. What is "blackmail"?

a. Forcing a person to have sex.

b. Stealing something from a shop.

c. Demanding money by threatening to reveal someone's secrets.

d. Killing someone by accident.

e. Putting garbage or human waste in someone's mailbox.

Правильный ответ с)

Чтение

Прочитайте текст и выберите утверждение, соответствующее его содержанию:

Most civil disputes do not end up in court. Many are dealt with through mediation. For smaller claims there is a speedy and cheap way of resolving disputes – through the small claims court. Judges in the civil jurisdiction award financial damages to the successful party.

The main idea of the text is …

1) to give some basic information about civil justice in the UK.

2) to describe the mediation.

3) to show the role of a judge in a civil trial.

4) to explain what penalty civil judges usually impose.

Правильный ответ 4)

 

9.Внеаудиторное чтение и подготовка к нему.

Внеаудиторное чтение (ВЧ) – это вид индивидуальной самостоятельной работы студента, который включает в себя чтение дополнительной специальной литературы адаптированного или неадаптированного характера, не входящей в учебник или учебное пособие. Студенты самостоятельно ищут тексты для ВЧ в источниках, обозначенных преподавателем (развивают навыки поиска дополнительной информации, навыки ознакомительного и просмотрового чтения), самостоятельно читают текст, прорабатывают его, составляя словарь, делают перевод и краткий обзор текста (аннотацию).

Текст для внеаудиторного чтения:

Classification of fraud

Fraud is the intentional deception of a person or entity by another made for monetary or personal gain.

Fraud offenses always include some sort of false statement, misrepresentation, or deceitful conduct. The main purpose of fraud is to gain something of value by misleading or deceiving someone.

While the exact wording of fraud varies among state and federal laws, the essential elements needed to prove in general include: (1) a misrepresentation of a material fact; (2) by a person or entity who knows or believes it to be false; (3) to a person or entity who justifiably relies on the misrepresentation; and (4) actual injury or loss resulting from his or her reliance.

Most states require each element to be separately proven. Because fraud covers a diverse array of actions ranging from white collar crimes to theft, it can be helpful to divide it into three general categories: consumer fraud, employee fraud, and fraud committed against a governmental institution or business. Consumer fraud covers instances where individual consumers are defrauded. It includes identity theft, credit card fraud, Ponzi schemes, and check fraud.

The most common federal charges are for mail and wire fraud, which involve using the mail or wires such as the phone or Internet to further a scheme to defraud. This category also includes securities fraud, which occurs when investors buy or sell based on false information provided by another party, such as a stockbroker or financial advisor. Real estate contracts may also be involved, particularly if a realtor or home seller lied or failed to disclose important information to a home buyer.

Employee fraud occurs when an employee violates his fiduciary duties to the company or its customers by embezzling funds, selling trade secrets, or accepting bribes. Lastly, there are attempts to defraud the government or businesses. This includes insurance fraud, tax fraud and tax evasion, counterfeiting, healthcare fraud, bankruptcy fraud, Medicare and Social Security fraud.

Fraud can be both a criminal and civil offense, so if a prosecutor does not pursue criminal charges, victims of consumer fraud may file suit in civil court. Criminal penalties vary widely depending on several factors including the type of fraud and the amount of money involved, but can range from suspended sentences, and probation and fines to prison sentences of up to fifteen years. Generally, however, fraud is a felony charge with a potential sentence of six months to five years.

Civil penalties typically involve fines allowing the victim to recover the amount he or she lost as a result of the fraud, including attorney’s fees and any money the victim spent to clear his or her credit record.

Steven L. Skalak; Jessica S. Pill;

Thomas W. Golden; Mona M. Clayton

A Guide to Forensic Accounting Investigation,