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UNIT VIII.ENVIRONMENTAL CHEMISTRY.

What is environmental chemistry? What branches of chemistry are essential for environmental chemistry?

Read the following article devoted to environmental chemistry and fill in the gaps with appropriate forms of the words in brackets. Use prefixes and suffixes.

Environmental chemistry is the __________ (science) study of __________ (chemistry) and __________ (biochemistry) phenomena that occur in __________ (nature) places. It can be defined as the study of the sources, reactions, transport, effects, and fates of __________ (chemistry) species in the air, soil, and water environments; and the effect of human activity on these. Environmental chemistry is an __________ (discipline) science that includes __________ (atmosphere), __________ (aqua) and soil chemistry, as well as __________ (heavy) relying on __________ (analysis) chemistry and being related to __________ (environment) and other areas of science.

Environmental chemistry involves first _________________(understand) how the uncontaminated environment works, which chemicals in what concentrations are present, and with what effects. Without this it would be __________ (possible) to __________ (accurate) study the effects humans have on the environment through the release of chemicals.

 

What is the meaning of the following terms? Match them with their definitions.

1. pollutant

2. contaminant

3. biochemical-oxygen demand (BOD)

4. CFCs

5. pH

6. dissolved oxygen (DO)

a) __________ a class of volatile compounds consisting of carbon, chlorine, and fluorine. Commonly called freons, which have been in refrigeration mechanisms, and, until banned from use several years ago, as propellants in spray cans;

b) __________ a substance that has a detrimental impact on the environment it is in;

c) __________ a substance present in the environment as a result of human activity, but without harmful effects. However, it is sometimes the case that toxic or harmful effects from contamination only become apparent at a later date;

d) __________ one of the most important indicators of the condition of a water body, necessary for the life of fish and most other aquatic organisms;

e) __________ the amount of oxygen, expressed in milligrams per liter, that is removed from aquatic environments by the life processes of micro-organisms. It is used in water quality management and assessment, ecology and environmental science;

f) __________ the measure of the acidity or alkalinity of a solution.

 

3. Which products are hazardous? What is the meaning of the symbols below? Match the words with the symbols:

1) irritant	2) toxic
3) harmful	4) corrosive
5) highly flammable	6) oxidizing
7) dangerous for the environment	8) extremely flammable
9) explosive	10) very toxic

4. Match the symbols with the phrases explaining their meaning:

a) Living tissues as well as equipment are destroyed on contact with these chemicals.

b) Substances that are very hazardous to health when breathed, swallowed or in contact with the skin and may even lead to death.

c) Substances which are harmful to the aquatic, as well as the non-aquatic environment or which have a detrimental effect at longer term.

d) Substances which may explode under certain conditions.

e) Substances that can ignite combustible material or worsen existing fires and thus make fire-fighting more difficult.

f) Substances which may have an irritant effect on skin, eyes and respiratory organs.

g) 1. Liquids with flash points below 0°C and a boiling point of max.35°C.

2. Gaseous substances which are flammable in contact with air at ambient temperature and pressure.

h) 1. Spontaneously flammable substances.

2. Substances sensitive to moisture.

3. Liquids with flash point below 21°C.

 

5. These symbols are combined with the so called ‘R/S statements’. Do you know what they are? Read Text A and check if you are right.

TEXT A. R/S STATEMENTS.

Risk and Safety Statements, also known as R/S numbers, R/S phrases or R/S sentences, is a system of hazard codes and phrases for labeling dangerous chemicals and compounds. The R/S statement of a compound consists of a risk part (R) and a safety part (S), each followed by a combination of numbers. Each number corresponds to a phrase.

In 2015, the risk and safety statements were replaced by hazard statements and precautionary statements in the course of harmonising classification, labeling and packaging of chemicals by introduction of the UN Globally Harmonized System of Classification and Labelling of Chemicals (GHS).

Example:

The R/S statement code for fuming hydrochloric acid (37%):

R: 34-37 S: 26-36-45.

The corresponding English language phrases:

Risks

R: 34 Causes burns

R: 37 Irritating to the respiratory system.

Safety

S: 26 In case of contact with eyes rinse immediately with plenty of water and seek medical advice.

S: 36 Wear suitable protective clothing.

S: 45 In case of accident or if you feel unwell, seek medical advice immediately (show label where possible).

Dashes separate the phrase numbers. They are not to be confused with range indicators.

Example: R: 34-37 Causes burns, irritating to the respiratory system.

Slashes indicate fixed combinations of single phrases.

Example: R: 36/37/38 Irritating to eyes, respiratory system and skin.

More examples of risk phrases:

Code	Phrase
R1	Explosive when dry
R2	Risk of explosion by shock, friction, fire or other sources of ignition
R4	Forms very sensitive explosive metallic compounds
R5	Heating may cause an explosion
R6	Explosive with or without contact with air
R7	May cause fire
R8	Contact with combustible material may cause fire
R12	Extremely flammable
R14	Reacts violently with water
R15	Contact with water liberates extremely flammable gases
R16	Explosive when mixed with oxidising substances
R18	In use, may form flammable/explosive vapor-air mixture
R19	May form explosive peroxides
R20	Harmful by inhalation
R21	Harmful in contact with skin
R22	Harmful if swallowed
R35	Causes severe burns
R37	Irritating to respiratory system
R38	Irritating to skin
R39	Danger of very serious irreversible effects
R40	Limited evidence of a carcinogenic effect
R44	Risk of explosion if heated under confinement
R46	May cause inheritable genetic damage
R48	Danger of serious damage to health by prolonged exposure
R49	May cause cancer by inhalation
R53	May cause long-term adverse effects in the aquatic environment
R54	Toxic to flora
R55	Toxic to fauna
R56	Toxic to soil organisms
R57	Toxic to bees
R58	May cause long-term adverse effects in the environment
R59	Dangerous for the ozone layer
R67	Vapours may cause drowsiness and dizziness

Some examples of safety phrase combinations:

S3/7/9	Keep container tightly closed in a cool, well-ventilated place
S3/9/14	Keep in a cool, well-ventilated place away from... (incompatible materials to be indicated by the manufacturer)
S3/9/49	Keep only in the original container in a cool, well-ventilated place
S3/14	Keep in a cool place away from... (incompatible materials to be indicated by the manufacturer)
S7/8	Keep container tightly closed and dry
S8/10	Keep container wet, but keep the contents dry
S20/21	When using do not eat, drink or smoke
S24/25	Avoid contact with skin and eyes
S27/28	After contact with skin, take off immediately all contaminated clothing, and wash immediately with plenty of... (to be specified by the manufacturer)
S29/35	Do not empty into drains; dispose of this material and its container in a safe way
S29/56	Do not empty into drains, dispose of this material and its container at hazardous or special waste collection point
S36/37/39	Wear suitable protective clothing, gloves and eye/face protection
S38/2	In case of insufficient ventilation wear suitable respiratory equipment and stay away from children
S47/49	Keep only in the original container at temperature not exceeding... °C (to be specified by the manufacturer)
S53	Avoid exposure - obtain special instructions before use
S56	Dispose of this material and its container at hazardous or special waste collection point
S57	Use appropriate containment to avoid environmental contamination

 

6. Find the English equivalents of these words and phrases in the text:

взрывчатый; воздействие; воспламенение; горючий материал; загрязнение окружающей среды; защитная спецодежда; избегать воздействия; информация о мерах предосторожности; канализационные стоки; маркировка; неблагоприятное воздействие; недостаточный; несовместимый; обратиться за медицинской помощью; озоновый слой; описания видов опасного воздействия; паровоздушная смесь; получать; превышающий; предотвращение распространения; производитель; пункт сбора отходов; система органов дыхания; Согласованная на глобальном уровне система классификации опасности и маркировки химической продукции (СГС); соответствовать; средства защиты органов дыхания; указания по рискам и безопасности; утилизировать.