Look through Text C and find nouns having suffixes – ist, - (t)ion, -ment. Translate these words into Russian. Form new words using suffixes:

– ist science, technology, theory, biology, chemistry, tour;

- (t)ion, -(s)sion evaluate,observe, protect, process, reflect, limit, express, decide;

- ment measure, govern, enjoy, treat, employ, equip, adjust.

16. Fill in the correct word from the list:

Environmental, chemist, biochemistry, energy, carbon, branch, acid, observation.

1) The sun’s _____ will last for millions of years. 2) The ____ burnt a hole in the carpet. 3) _____ is a branch of chemistry. 4) He’s the chairman of the local _____ of the Food and Drug Administration. 5) _____ is a simple substance, element found in a pure form as diamonds, graphite, etc, or in an impure form as coal, petrol, etc. 6) She described some interesting scientific observations in her report. 7) ____ effect of this new factory could be disastrous. 8) _____ is a scientist who specializes in chemistry.

 

17. Open the brackets using Present Simple Active or Present Simple Passive:

Text I. There is a fraction of the world's population that 1) (not/have) enough to eat or 2) (not/to have) access to food that 3) (to be) nutritionally rich. Food scientists or technologists 4) (to work) to find new sources of food that have the right nutrition levels and that 5) (to be) safe for human consumption. In fact, our nation's food supply 6) (to depend) on food scientists and technologists that 7) (to test) and 8) (to develop) foods that meet government food safety standards. If you are interested in combining biology and chemistry then a career as a food scientist or technologist could be a great choice for you! A food scientist or technologist can: 9) (to find) a natural substitute for undesirable or harmful food additives or preservatives; 10) (to create) a better package to help keep crackers crispy longer; 11) (to discover) a new food source for people or animals; 12) (to determine) the nutritional content of food under different conditions, like freezing.

The work of food scientists or technologists 13) (to play) an important part in maintaining the nation's food supply by ensuring food safety. Food scientists and technologists usually 14) (to work) in the food processing industry, universities, or the federal government to create and improve food products. They 15) (to use) their knowledge of chemistry, physics, engineering, microbiology, biotechnology, and other sciences to develop new or better ways of preserving, processing, packaging, storing, and delivering foods. Some food scientists 16) (to engage) in basic research, discovering new food sources; analyzing food content to determine levels of vitamins, fat, sugar, or protein; or searching for substitutes for harmful or undesirable additives, such as nitrites. Others 17) (to engage) in applied research, finding ways to improve the content of food or to remove harmful additives. They also 18) (to develop) ways to process, preserve, package, or store food according to industry and government regulations. Traditional food processing research into baking, blanching, canning, drying, evaporation, and pasteurization also continues. Other food scientists 19) (to enforce) government regulations, inspecting food processing areas and ensuring that sanitation, safety, quality, and waste management standards 20) (to meet). Food technologists generally 21) (to work) in product development, applying the findings from food science research to improve the selection, preservation, processing, packaging, and distribution of food.

Text II. Have you ever noticed that for people with asthma it can sometimes be especially hard to breathe in the middle of a busy city? One reason for this is the exhaust from vehicles. Cars, buses, and motorcycles 1) (to add) pollution to our air, which 2) (to affect) our health. Cutting down trees, or deforestation, can 3) (to contribute) to erosion, which 4) (to carry) off valuable topsoil. But can erosion alter more than the condition of the soil? How an oil spill 5) (to harm) fish and aquatic plants? How a population of animals 6) (to interact) with its environment? These are questions that environmental scientists 7) (to study) and 8) (to try) to find answers to. They 9) (to conduct) research or perform investigations to identify and eliminate the sources of pollution or hazards that damage either the environment or human and animal health. Environmental scientists 10) (to be) the stewards of our environment and 11) (to commit) to keeping it safe for future generations. An environmental scientist can:

12) (to conduct) experiments with dyes to see how chemicals might disperse during a toxic spill;

13) (to evaluate) how increasing human populations influence interactions between wildlife and people;

14) (to create) maps and graphs showing air pollutants over time to help politicians make informed decisions;

15) (to monitor) water quality at beaches, lakes, and rivers to detect contaminants and keep people safe.

Environmental scientists use their knowledge of the natural sciences to protect the environment by identifying problems and finding solutions that minimize hazards to the health of the environment and the population. They 16) (to analyze) measurements or observations of air, food, water, and soil to determine ways to clean and preserve the environment. Understanding the issues involved in protecting the environment (degradation, conservation, recycling, and replenishment) is central to the work of environmental scientists. They often 17) (to use) this understanding to design and monitor waste disposal sites, preserve water supplies, and reclaim contaminated land and water. They 18) (to write) technical proposals and 19) (to give) presentations to managers and regulators.

Many environmental scientists 20) (to work) for local, state, and federal governments, ensuring that environmental regulations are followed to limit the impact of human activity on the environment. Others monitor environmental impacts on the health of the population, checking for risks of disease and providing information about health hazards. Environmental scientists also work with private companies to help them comply with environmental regulations and policies. They usually 21) (to hire) by consulting firms to solve problems.

18. You are going to read Text C. Study the vocabulary from the text:

1. contaminant	загрязняющее окружающую среду вещество
2. fertilizer	1) удобрение; 2) опылитель
3. field	1) область, сфера деятельности 2) поле, луг
4. genetics	генетика
5. herbicide	гербицид
6. level	1) уровень 2) плоская поверхность, равнина
7. nutritional	питательный
8. plant	1) растение; 2) урожай; 3) завод, фабрика
9 production	1) производство; 2) продукция
10. reaction	1) реакция; 2) влияние, воздействие (на)
11. sample	1) образец; 2) проба; 3) шаблон
12. shelf life	срок годности (продукции, товара)
13. technological	технологический

19. Read Text D and say what chemical engineers research and what science studies genetics, chemistry and business needs to develop new kinds of crops and vegetables:

Agricultural chemistry. Agricultural chemistry is concerned with the substances and chemical reactions that are involved with the production, protection and use of crops and livestock. It is a highly interdisciplinary field that relies on ties to many other sciences. Agricultural chemists may work with the Department of Agriculture, the Environmental Protection Agency, the Food and Drug Administration or for private industry. Agricultural chemists develop fertilizers, insecticides and herbicides necessary for large-scale crop production. They must also monitor how these products are used and their impacts on the environment. Nutritional supplements are developed to increase the productivity of meat and dairy herds.

Agricultural biotechnology is a fast-growing focus for many agricultural chemists. Genetically manipulating crops to be resistant to the herbicides used to control weeds in the fields requires detailed understanding of both the plants and the chemicals at the molecular level. Biochemists must understand genetics, chemistry and business needs to develop crops that are easier to transport or that have a longer shelf life.

Chemical engineering. Chemical engineers research and develop new materials or processes that involve chemical reactions. Chemical engineering combines a background in chemistry with engineering and economics concepts to solve technological problems. Chemical engineering jobs fall into two main groups: industrial applications and development of new products.

Industries require chemical engineers to devise new ways to make the manufacturing of their products easier and more cost effective. Chemical engineers are involved in designing and operating processing plants, develop safety procedures for handling dangerous materials, and supervise the manufacture of nearly every product we use. Chemical engineers work to develop new products and processes in every field from pharmaceuticals to fuels and computer components.

Geochemistry. Geochemists combine chemistry and geology to study the makeup and interaction between substances found in the Earth. Geochemists may spend more time in field studies than other types of chemists. They may travel to remote abandoned mines to collect samples and perform rough field evaluations, and then follow a stream through its watershed to evaluate how contaminants are moving through the system. Petroleum geochemists are employed by oil and gas companies to help find new energy reserves. They may also work on pipelines and oil rigs to prevent chemical reactions that could cause explosions or spills.

20. Read and translate the following words from English into Russian. Mind suffixes:

Contaminate – contaminated – contamination - contaminant; fertile - fertility – fertilize – fertilizer - fertilization; nutrient – nutrition – nutritional - nutriment; product – production – productive - productivity; sample – sampler - sampling; technology – technologist - technological – technologically /

21. Comprehension check. Are these statements true or false? Correct the false sentences using information given in the Text D:

1)Agricultural chemistry is a highly interdisciplinary field that relies on ties to many other sciences.

2) Agricultural chemists develop safety procedures for handling dangerous materials.

3) Agricultural chemists do not develop fertilizers, insecticides and herbicides necessary for large-scale crop production.

4) Chemical engineering jobs fall into four main groups.

5) Industries require chemical engineers to devise new ways to make the manufacturing of their products easier and more cost effective.

6) Geochemistry studies study the makeup and interaction between substances found in the Earth.

7) Chemical engineers work on pipelines and oil rigs to prevent chemical reactions that could cause explosions or spills.