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Difference between infinitive and Gerund

2019-09-17

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NOTE	INFINITIVE	VERB	GERUND	NOTE
a paricular/ singular action	I don't like to go to the South now. I hate to trouble you.	like, love, prefer, hate	I like going to the South every year.	a general/ recurrent action
The action of the Infinitive takes place after the act of remembering, forgetting or regretting.	Remember to close the window. I regret to inform you that it is impossible.	remember, forget, regret, etc	Do you remember closing the window before leaving? I regret having sold her that.	The action of the Gerund takes place before the act of remembering, forgetting or regretting.
The Gerund is not used: a) if the finite verb is in the continuous form. b) with the verbs to understand, to see (=to understand) c) if the subject denotes a lifeless thing .	a) He is beginning to study French. b) He began to understand it. c) The door began to creak.	begin, start
=to put an end to an action for some purpose	We stopped to have a talk.	stop	We stopped talking.	=to cease, give up
followed by an object, expressing the person to whom the action is directed.	They allowed us to smoke.	allow, recommend, advise, permit, encourage, prohibit	They allowed smoking.	not followed by an object, expressing the person to whom the action is directed.
=attempt, use one's utmost efforts; is often replaced by 'try and do'	Try to behave better.	try	Try knocking at the door if nobody hears you.	=make that experiment and see whether it is satisfactory
=worried, filled with apprehension	She is afraid to tell her parents that she broke a cup.	be afraid	She is afraid of being punished by her parents.	=doubtful/anxious about the consequences
=want to do very much, have a great desire	I am anxious to hear your news.	be anxious	I am anxious about leaving the child alone in the house.	=afraid
=intend, have in mind as a purpose or plan; 'to have done' is used to denote an action which was not carried out in the past.	I mean to arrive tomorrow. I meant to have arrived yesterday but fell ill.	mean	This illness will mean going to hospital.	=signify
The meaning is active	I want to have my hair cut. He didn't need to be reminded about it. You are required to be there by 9 o'clock.	want, need, require, deserve	My hair wants cutting. This flat requires white-washing.	The meaning is passive
points out a new stage in the sequence of actions	The teacher went on to explain the use of the Gerund after the use if the Infinitive. (=explained the rule and than started another)	go on	The teacher went on explaining the use of the Gerund.	continuation of the action denoted by the Gerund
=run that risk, be in a position where one is likely to win.	What do we stand to gain by the agreement?	stand	She can't stand being kept waiting.	=can't bear, endure
=intend; to have formed a plan	I propose to go to London on Tuesday. How do you propose to finance this venture?	propose	I propose delaying our decision until the next meeting.	=put forward for consideration; suggest
if not preceded by a noun or a pronoun	We can't afford to buy a new car.	afford	We couldn't afford his signing up for another course.	if preceded by a possessive pronoun or a noun in the possessive case

GERUND AND VERBAL NOUN COMPARED

		GERUND	VERBAL NOUN
COMBINABILITY	Article		It’s the only way I got to make a living. To begin at the beginning.
	Adjective		It’s a new building.
	Adverb	Writing quickly tired my hand.
	Demonstrative Pronoun		I don’t think this building is as clean as it should be.
	Direct Object	I stopped learning French.
	of + Noun		The ringing of the bell grew louder.
CATEGORIES	Number		These coming s and going s are getting on my nerves.
	Tense	I regret having wasted so much time.
	Voice	Do you prefer teaching anybody or being taught?

FUNCTIONS OF PARTICIPLE I

FUNCTION		EXAMPLES
ATRIBUTE Never use the Perfect Participle in this function!		The whipping waves roared through the night The waves, whipping the shore savagely, roared through the night..
PARENTHESIS		Generally speaking, I am a good student.
PREDICATIVE		The effect was terrifying.
ADVERBIAL MODIFIER OF	TIME Conjunctions: when, while/whilst	(While) Waiting for another question he was silent. Having finished the repairs, the plumber prepared to leave. Perfect Participle I of the verbs of sense perception and motion and the verbs “to put”, “to open”, “to take”, “to take off”, “to seize”, “to grasp” is used only if the priority is emphasized.
	CAUSE	Being late for classes, I ran up the stairs. Having sold their house, they were free to leave.
	MANNER	He spent his morning reading a newspaper.
	COMPARISON Conjunctions: as if, as though	For a moment he stood as if waiting for a bus.
	CONCESSION Conjunctions: though, although	Though knowing all he asked me.
	ATTENDANT CIRCUMSTANCES	He sat in his armchair reading.
PART OF THE COMPLEX OBJECT		I saw the children playing in the garden.
PART OF THE COMPLEX SUBJECT		The children were seen playing in the garden.

FUNCTIONS OF PARTICIPLE II

FUNCTION

EXAMPLES

PREDICATIVE

The door was locked. She looked irritated. We feel rather encouraged.

ATRRIBUTE

He answered through the unlocked door. There was no evidence left.

ADVERBIAL MODIFIER OF

TIME Conjunctions: when, till, until

He spoke when spoken to.

CAUSE

Overcome by grief, he sat speechless.

CONDITION Conjunctions: if, unless

He didn’t usually utter a word unless spoken to.

COMPARISON Conjunctions: as though, as if

For a moment he looked at me as if puzzled.

CONCESSION Conjunctions: though, although, even if, even though, even when, wherever, whether … or

Though addressed to, he sat silent. Whether telecast or not, the game isn’t worth missing.

PART OF THE COMPLEX OBJECT

I want my film developed.

PART OF THE COMPLEX SUBJECT

The matter wasn’t heard mentioned.

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