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Nominal and verbal characteristics of infinitive

2019-09-17 782
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  USAGE EXAMPLES
NOMINAL The Infinitive may function as: a) Subject b) Object c) Predicative   To study Dutch is my dream. I like to study Dutch. My dream is to study Dutch.

VERBAL

 1.The Infinitive has categories of: a) Tense b) Voice   c) Aspect   I’m happy to have met you. This article is sure to be published. He is said to be reading.
2. The Infinitive of a transitive verb may have a direct object. I ‘m glad to see you.
3. The Infinitive may be modified by an adverb. I like to read aloud.

 

 

NOMINAL AND VERBAL CHARACTERISTICS OF GERUND

 

  USAGE EXAMPLES

NOMINAL

 1. The Gerund may function as: a) Subject b) Object       c) Predicative Smoking destroys your health. I hate smoking. Your problem is smoking.
2. The Gerund can be preceded by a preposition. I am afraid of skating.
3. The Gerund can be modified by a noun or a pronoun. We insisted on John’s coming to Rio de Janeiro. We insisted on his coming as soon as possible.

VERBAL

 1. The Gerund has categories of a) Tense   b) Voice She denied having spoken to them. Students like being asked a lot of questions.
2. The Gerund of a transitive verb may have a direct object. All students enjoy writing tests.
3. The Gerund may be modified by an adverb. I like reading aloud.

 

 

ADJECTIVAL/ADVERBIAL AND VERBAL CHARACTERISTICS OF PARTICIPLE I

 

  USAGE EXAMPLES
ADJECTIVAL/ ADVERBIAL 1. Participle I may function as: a) Attribute b) Adverbial modifier We looked at the barking dog. Answering my question he went out.

VERBAL

 1. Participle I of a transitive verb may have a direct object. Having read the novel I went to sleep.
2. Participle I may be modified by an adverb. He sat reading aloud.
3. Participle I has categories of a) Tense   b) Voice Having spoken to him she went away. Being translated into many languages, the novel is known all over the world.

 

6. INFINITIVE WITHOUT THE PARTICLE “TO”

 

USAGE EXAMPLES NOTE
1. After modal verbs: He may have come.  
2. After the verbs of sense perception (in the Complex Object) I didn’t notice you enter the room. I felt somebody knock at the door. 1. If the verb “to feel” expresses mental perception the particle “to” is used: I felt him to be true. 2. The particle “to” is used in the Complex Subject: He was seen to enter the house.
3. After the verbs: to make to have (=to make) to know (=to experience) to let to bid Don’t make me laugh. I will not have you behave like that. We have never known him lose his temper before. Let it be. The knight bade the travelers enter. The particle “to” is used in the Passive Voice: He was made to laugh.
4. Sometimes after the verb to help. John helped me mend my bicycle. The construction with the particle “to” is more formal.

5. After the expression:

Had better/best

Would rather/sooner

Cannot but

Do nothing but

nothing to do but

You’d better go away. I’d rather stay here. I cannot but laugh. The infinitive is part of the compound verbal predicate She does nothing but make plans We had nothing to do but wait. The infinitive is an adverbial modifier of exception. 6. After why (not), how in rhetorical questions. Why (not) go there right away. How leave her there? In one-member sentences. 7. If the Infinitive expands the meaning of the verb to do. All I did was (to) turn off the gas. Turn off the gas was all I did. The particle “to” is optional if the Infinitive is a predicative. 8. After than. I have more important things to do, than (to) translate this text. The particle “to” is optional.

 

FUNCTIONS OF INFINITIVE

 

FUNCTION

 CONJUNCTIONS EXAMPLES

SUBJECT

   To translate this text is easy. It is easy to translate this text.

PREDICATIVE

   My dream is to translate this text.

PART OF PREDICATIVE

   This text is easy to translate.

PART OF COMPOUND VERBAL MODAL PREDICATE

   I can’t translate this text. You should have translated this text.

PART OF COMPOUND VERBAL ASPECT PREDICATE

   He began (continued) ceased to translate this text.

OBJECT

   I plan to translate this text. Are you glad to have translated this text?

ATTRIBUTE

   He was the last to translate this text.

PARENTHESIS

   To tell the truth, I am not ready with this text.

ADVERBIAL MODIFIER OF

 PURPOSE (in order), (so as), as if, etc. She took a dictionary to translate this text.
RESULT Too, enough, such … as, so … as She was too busy to translate this text. He was clever enough to translate this text. I am not such a fool as to translate this text.
COMPARISON OR MANNER than You ought to know better than to translate texts like that.
ATTENDANT CIRCUMSTANCES   He came to find that the text had already been translated. (=He came and found…)
CONDITION   He is a great translator. You wouldn’t believe it, to look at him.
MOTIVATION OR REASON   She was silly to translate this text. (=She translated this text and it was silly of her.)
EXCEPTION except, but, save What could he do but translate this text.
TIME   This translator lived to be ninety. (=till he was ninety.)

PART OF THE COMPLEX OBJECT

   I don’t want you to translate this text.

PART OF THE COMPLEX SUBJECT

   He is not expected to translate this text.

INFINITIVE AS ATTRIBUTE

 

USAGE EXAMPLES
1. After nouns The next thing to do is to see a movie.
2. After indefinite and negative pronouns and adverbs:
somebody anybody nobody
something anything nothing
someone anyone none
somewhere anywhere nowhere

 

 She has nothing to do. There was nowhere to go. We have nobody to talk with.
3. After substantivized quantitative adjectives: much, little, more, less, enough I have no more to add. Her knowledge leaves much to be desired.
4. Substativized ordinal numerals, the words next, last He was the first to speak.
5. After the noun-substitute one He was the one to ask.

 

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