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Nominal and verbal characteristics of infinitive

2019-09-17

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	USAGE	EXAMPLES
NOMINAL	The Infinitive may function as: a) Subject b) Object c) Predicative	To study Dutch is my dream. I like to study Dutch. My dream is to study Dutch.
VERBAL	1.The Infinitive has categories of: a) Tense b) Voice c) Aspect	I’m happy to have met you. This article is sure to be published. He is said to be reading.
	2. The Infinitive of a transitive verb may have a direct object.	I ‘m glad to see you.
	3. The Infinitive may be modified by an adverb.	I like to read aloud.

NOMINAL AND VERBAL CHARACTERISTICS OF GERUND

	USAGE	EXAMPLES
NOMINAL	1. The Gerund may function as: a) Subject b) Object c) Predicative	Smoking destroys your health. I hate smoking. Your problem is smoking.
	2. The Gerund can be preceded by a preposition.	I am afraid of skating.
	3. The Gerund can be modified by a noun or a pronoun.	We insisted on John’s coming to Rio de Janeiro. We insisted on his coming as soon as possible.
VERBAL	1. The Gerund has categories of a) Tense b) Voice	She denied having spoken to them. Students like being asked a lot of questions.
	2. The Gerund of a transitive verb may have a direct object.	All students enjoy writing tests.
	3. The Gerund may be modified by an adverb.	I like reading aloud.

ADJECTIVAL/ADVERBIAL AND VERBAL CHARACTERISTICS OF PARTICIPLE I

	USAGE	EXAMPLES
ADJECTIVAL/ ADVERBIAL	1. Participle I may function as: a) Attribute b) Adverbial modifier	We looked at the barking dog. Answering my question he went out.
VERBAL	1. Participle I of a transitive verb may have a direct object.	Having read the novel I went to sleep.
	2. Participle I may be modified by an adverb.	He sat reading aloud.
	3. Participle I has categories of a) Tense b) Voice	Having spoken to him she went away. Being translated into many languages, the novel is known all over the world.

6. INFINITIVE WITHOUT THE PARTICLE “TO”

USAGE	EXAMPLES	NOTE
1. After modal verbs:	He may have come.
2. After the verbs of sense perception (in the Complex Object)	I didn’t notice you enter the room. I felt somebody knock at the door.	1. If the verb “to feel” expresses mental perception the particle “to” is used: I felt him to be true. 2. The particle “to” is used in the Complex Subject: He was seen to enter the house.
3. After the verbs: to make to have (=to make) to know (=to experience) to let to bid	Don’t make me laugh. I will not have you behave like that. We have never known him lose his temper before. Let it be. The knight bade the travelers enter.	The particle “to” is used in the Passive Voice: He was made to laugh.
4. Sometimes after the verb to help.	John helped me mend my bicycle.	The construction with the particle “to” is more formal.
5. After the expression:

Had better/best

Would rather/sooner

Cannot but

Do nothing but

nothing to do but

You’d better go away. I’d rather stay here. I cannot but laugh. The infinitive is part of the compound verbal predicate She does nothing but make plans We had nothing to do but wait. The infinitive is an adverbial modifier of exception. 6. After why (not), how in rhetorical questions. Why (not) go there right away. How leave her there? In one-member sentences. 7. If the Infinitive expands the meaning of the verb to do. All I did was (to) turn off the gas. Turn off the gas was all I did. The particle “to” is optional if the Infinitive is a predicative. 8. After than. I have more important things to do, than (to) translate this text. The particle “to” is optional.

FUNCTIONS OF INFINITIVE

FUNCTION		CONJUNCTIONS	EXAMPLES
SUBJECT			To translate this text is easy. It is easy to translate this text.
PREDICATIVE			My dream is to translate this text.
PART OF PREDICATIVE			This text is easy to translate.
PART OF COMPOUND VERBAL MODAL PREDICATE			I can’t translate this text. You should have translated this text.
PART OF COMPOUND VERBAL ASPECT PREDICATE			He began (continued) ceased to translate this text.
OBJECT			I plan to translate this text. Are you glad to have translated this text?
ATTRIBUTE			He was the last to translate this text.
PARENTHESIS			To tell the truth, I am not ready with this text.
ADVERBIAL MODIFIER OF	PURPOSE	(in order), (so as), as if, etc.	She took a dictionary to translate this text.
	RESULT	Too, enough, such … as, so … as	She was too busy to translate this text. He was clever enough to translate this text. I am not such a fool as to translate this text.
	COMPARISON OR MANNER	than	You ought to know better than to translate texts like that.
	ATTENDANT CIRCUMSTANCES		He came to find that the text had already been translated. (=He came and found…)
	CONDITION		He is a great translator. You wouldn’t believe it, to look at him.
	MOTIVATION OR REASON		She was silly to translate this text. (=She translated this text and it was silly of her.)
	EXCEPTION	except, but, save	What could he do but translate this text.
	TIME		This translator lived to be ninety. (=till he was ninety.)
PART OF THE COMPLEX OBJECT			I don’t want you to translate this text.
PART OF THE COMPLEX SUBJECT			He is not expected to translate this text.

INFINITIVE AS ATTRIBUTE

USAGE

EXAMPLES

1. After nouns

The next thing to do is to see a movie.

2. After indefinite and negative pronouns and adverbs:

somebody	anybody	nobody
something	anything	nothing
someone	anyone	none
somewhere	anywhere	nowhere

She has nothing to do. There was nowhere to go. We have nobody to talk with.

3. After substantivized quantitative adjectives: much, little, more, less, enough

I have no more to add. Her knowledge leaves much to be desired.

4. Substativized ordinal numerals, the words next, last

He was the first to speak.

5. After the noun-substitute one

He was the one to ask.

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