Хроническую усталость вызывает ретро-

Вирус

Бешеный ритм современной жизни легко мо- жет довести до постели, аптечки и «синдрома хро- нической усталости». Но медик нашли причину депрессий, усталости и снижения иммунитета офисных трудоголиков – это инфекция. Этот рет- ровирус XMRV, хорошо знакомый врачам и био- логам, вызывает лейкемию у мышей и часто встречается в тканях опухолей у мужчин.

Причины синдрома хронической усталости искала группа ученых под руководством доктора Джужи Микоиц (JudyMikovits) из института Уит- тмора Питерсона (WHittemorePetersonInstitute, Не- вада, США). Кровь испытуемых тестировалась на наличие антител к разного рода вирусам, в том числе к мышечному XMRV. По анализам опреде- лили присутствие вируса в организме восьми из

218 здоровых людей, что составило всего3,7 %, в то время как среди «хронически устающих» рет- ровирус был обнаружен у 68 человек, а это уже 67

% выборки.

Синдром хронической усталости впервые был выведен как отдельный диагноз в конце 1980 года, его первоначальное название «грипп яппи». Одна- ко многие медики и сегодня сомневаются в реаль- ности существования данного синдрома. Его сим- птоматика расплывчата: от депрессии до обморо- ков, от суставных болей до анемии. Кроме того, неизвестны и причины. Психологи обвиняют во всем стрессы и давление цивилизационной жизни, клиницисты склоняются к вирусной этиологии хронической усталости, например, к вирусу Эп- штейна-Барра, энтеровирусами, вирусу простого герпеса и, наконец, ретровирусу XMRV.

 

18. Write a creative composition “If viruses take over the world...”.

19. Are you for or against vaccination? Make your argument and express your opinion in ‘opinion essay’.

Unit 15 Cancer

Do you know what cancer is?

Is it up-to-date or out-of-date disease? Do you know the statistics about cancer?

How can biotechnologists help to cure this dis- ease?

When do you think the vaccine against this dis- ease will be invented?

1. Read the text and translate it.

A devastating disease

Cancer (medical term: malignant neoplasm) is a class of diseases in which a group of cells display un- controlled growth (division beyond the normal limits), invasion (intrusion on and destruction of adjacent tis- sues), and sometimes metastasis (spread to other loca- tions in the body via

lymph or blood). These three properties of cancers differentiate them from benign tu- mors, which are self- limited, do not invade or metastasize. Most cancers form a tumor but some, like leuke-

mia, do not. The branch of medicine concerned with the study, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of can- cer is oncology.

Cancer may affect people at all ages, even fe- tuses, but the risk increases with age. Cancer causes about 13% of all deaths. Cancers can affect all ani- mals.

Nearly all cancers are caused by abnormalities in the genetic material of the transformed cells. These abnormalities may be due to the effects of carcino- gens, such as tobacco smoke, radiation, chemicals, or infectious agents. Other cancer-promoting genetic ab- normalities may be randomly acquired through errors

Most cancers can be treated and some cured, depend- ing on the specific type, location, and stage. Once di- agnosed, cancer is usually treated with a combination of surgery, chemotherapy and radiotherapy.

In conclusion it should be said that cancer is one of the most complex and devastating diseases that claim the life of many humans. Today there are one in three people worldwide who are affected by cancer, and almost 60% of these people will almost certainly die.

 

Vocabulary

in DNA replication, or are inherited, and thus present in all cells from birth. The heritability of cancers is usually affected by complex interactions between car- cinogens and the host's genome.

Genetic abnormalities found in cancer typically affect two general classes of genes. Cancer-promoting oncogenes are typically activated in cancer cells, giv- ing those cells new properties, such as hyperactive growth and division, protection against programmed cell death, loss of normal tissue boundaries, and the ability to enter in adjust tissue. Tumor suppressor genes are then inactivated in cancer cells, resulting in the loss of normal functions in those cells, such as ac- curate DNA replication, control over the cell cycle, orientation and adhesion within tissues, and interac- tion with protective cells of the immune system.

Diagnosis usually requires the histological ex- amination of a tissue biopsy made by a pathologist.

abnormality acquire (v) activate (v) adhesion adjacent tissues affect (v)

be caused (v) carcinogen [k:’sinədзən] cell cycle chemicals complex concern (v) destruction differentiate (v) display (v) division

DNA replication

form (v) genome heritability host inherit (v) interaction intrusion invade (v) invasion lymph

malignant neoplasm metastasis metastasize (v) prevention

property spread (v) tumor

uncontrolled growth

Due to Трансформирующий ген, Histologic examination онкоген Abnormalities in the ge- Гиперактивный рост и netic material деление Infectious agent Подавляющий опухоль People at all ages ген Hyperactive growth and Унаследованный division Наследуемость Programmed cell death Благодаря Loss of normal tissue Потеря нормальных гра- boundaries ниц ткани   Доброкачественная опу-   холь   Онкология   Инфекционный агент   Гистологическое обсле-   дование

via [viə]

 

2. Complete the sentences using the words from the vocabulary list.

1) The medical term for ‘cancer’ is.

2) Uncontrolled growth, invasion and metastasis

cancer from benign tumor.

3) Cancer cells spread to other locations via

or.

4) Tobacco smoke, radiation, chemicals are

.

5) Cancer-promoting oncogenes arein can- cer cells, while tumor suppressor genes are.

6) Pathologist makes.

7) With the help of a combination of surgery, chemotherapy and radiotherapy cancer can be.

 

3.

Oncogenes Неконтролируемый рост Transformed cell Утробный плод Оncology Люди всех возрастов Benign tumor Запрограммированная Heritability гибель клетки Uncontrolled growth Пагубный для здоровья Fetuses Трансформированная Inherited клетка Devastating Аномалии генетического Tumor suppressor gene материала

Find Russian equivalents to these English word combinations.

 

4. Give definitions of the following terms:

1) Intrusion

2) Destruction

3) Division

4) Metastasis

5) Examination

 

5. Answer the questions according to the sense of the text.

1) What is the definition of the term ‘cancer’?

2) What is the medical term for ‘cancer’?

3) Do all cancers form a tumor?

4) What is oncology?

5) Whom can cancer affect?

6) What causes cancer?

tion.

 

11) It is impossible even to treat cancer.

12) Cancer is of the mildest diseases and can be

7) How can abnormalities in the genetic material appear?

8) What do genetic abnormalities affect?

9) How do cancer-promoting oncogenes influ- ence on cells?

10) What information did you read about tumor suppressor genes?

11) What does diagnosis usually require?

12) Can cancers be treated or cured and how?

13) What is the statistics of cancer affects?

 

6. Are the following sentences true or false? Cor- rect the false statements if any.

1) When a person has cancer, he can control the growth of infected cells.

2) Leukemia is a form of cancer.

3) Mostly children have cancer.

4) Cancer cannot affect different animals.

5) Abnormalities in the genetic material can be the reason of cancer.

6) Cancer can never be inherited.

7) The host’s genome do not influence on the cancer heritability.

8) Cancer-promoting oncogenes do not endow cells with new properties.

9) Tumor suppressor genes are activated in can- cer cells.

10) Pathologist makes the histological examina-

treated with aspirin.

 

7. Put the words in the correct order to make sentences or questions.

1) Differentiate/ uncontrolled growth, invasion/ benign tumor/ and metastasis/ cancer/ from.

2) Of getting/ with age/ does/ the risk/ cancer/ in- crease?

3) Can/ all/cancers/ affect/ animals.

4) due to/may be/ abnormalities/ in the genetic material/ of carcinogens/ of the transformed cells/ the effects

5) and/the heritability of cancers/ is/ by carcino- gens/ the host's genome/affected?

6) Diagnosis/ usually/ the histological examina- tion/requires/of a tissue biopsy/ of cancer.

 

8. Make a detailed plan of the text. You can add some key-words to it if necessary.

11. Retell the information given in the text with your own words using your plan from the previous ex- ercise.

10. Comment the drawing below. What are the functions of those cell parts? What does cancer affect?

11. Make your investigation and find out the ori- gin and history of the term ‘cancer’.

12. Study all types of the conditional sentences. Open the brackets in the conditional sentences mak- ing necessary changes. Translate them properly into Russian.

Example: If he (come) tomorrow, he will help us. — If he comes tomorrow, he will help us.

1) If you (put) salt on ice, it will melt. 2) Pro- vided that she (service) the car, we'll be able to drive to the country. 3) Unless he (do) his homework, he'll stay at home. 4) If you met the president, what you (do)? 5) If he (live) nearer, we would see each other more often. 6) Where you (go) if you were on leave?

7) She (notice) this mistake if she had been more at- tentive. 8) If we (know) that you were there, we would have called on you. 9) If I had known of his

arrival, I (meet) him. 10) Nobody told me about your trouble. I would have helped you if I (know) about it.

 

13. Translate into English.

1) Ты бы расстроился (beupset), если бы я не пришел? 2) Будь он осторожнее, он бы не упал. 3) Если бы он не приехал на машине встретить нас, нам бы самим пришлось нести свои вещи. 4) Ты бы пошла куда-нибудь вечером, если бы он тебя пригласил? 5) Мы бы поехали сегодня в бассейн, если бы вы позвонили вчера вечером. 6) Если бы он мог дать положительный (positive) ответ, он бы давно это сделал. 7) Я бы на твоем месте не стал бы поднимать такой шум (raiseaclamor). 8) Если бы ты принял его предложение, ты бы давно рабо- тал в хорошей фирме. 9) Будь я на вашем месте, я бы пошел пораньше, чтобы застать его. 10) Если бы он вел машину осторожнее, никакой бы аварии не произошло.

 

14. Spend one minute writing down all of the dif- ferent words you associate with the word ‘sunshine’. Share your words with your partner / group and talk about them.

15. In pairs / groups, decide which of these opin- ions you agree with. Discuss how much truth there is in each one.

1) The sun is good for you.

2) You must wear sun block / sunscreen every time you go outside.

3) Being in the sun is bad because it causes wrin- kles and makes you look older.

4) Sun tanned skin doesn’t look good.

5) Buying vitamin D supplements is a waste of time. The sun is free.

6) People worry too much about UV rays.

7) Sunshine is dangerous in areas where there is a hole in the ozone layer.

8) People who sunbathe are crazy.

9) Feeling the warmth of the sun on your skin is one of life’s greatest pleasures.

10) Our bodies need sunshine.

 

16. Look at the article’s headline in the next ex- ercise and guess whether these sentences are true (T) or false (F):

1) Scientists have told us for many years that sunshine is healthy.

2) Researchers say there is a link between studying and cancer.

3) Doctors and scientists have changed their minds about UV rays.

4) Vitamin C is called the “sunshine vita- min”.

5) Vitamin D may prevent 30 deaths for each one caused by skin cancer.

6) Sunscreen might not be so necessary now.

7) Our bodies need five hours a day in direct

sunlight.

8) There is less cancer in sunnier parts of the world.

 

17. Read this article and translate it. Pay atten- tion to the underlined phrases and correct the word order.

Sunshine may prevent cancer

Scientists have years for us told many that the sun can harm our health. Researchers have produced many studies that link exposure to the sun to cancer.

Doctors

about us warn continually the dangers of ultraviolet (UV) rays. Well, all of this might now change. Doc- tors and scientists may soon be telling us the opposite. New research suggests that sunshine bodies is for our necessary. Our skin absorbs the UV rays and produces vitamin D, also known as the ‘sunshine vitamin’.

Dr. Edward Giovannucci of Harvard University says that vitamin D contains many anti-cancer bene- fits. He believes vitamin D might help to prevent of 30% more deaths than caused by skin cancer. It might now put the time to be sunscreen away. Doctors may soon recommend us to spend fifteen minutes a day in direct sunlight. They say this will allow our skin to produce the vitamin D we need. Researchers highlight the fact that there are fewer people with cancer in the world parts of sunnier.

 

cle:

18. Match the following synonyms from the arti-

deaths

1) harm aka

2) studies includes

20. Look at the words below. With your partner, try to recall exactly how these were used in the text:

3) exposure damage

4) suggests urge

5) also known as contact

6) contains a quarter of an hour

7) prevent point out

8) fifteen minutes reports

many years link

UV

opposite necessary also known as

Harvard University benefits

deaths direct produce sunnier

9) recommend stop

10) highlight indicates

19. Match the following phrases from the article (sometimes more than one combination is possible):

1) Scientists have told us skin cancer

2) Harm ‘sunshine vitamin’

3) warn us about benefits

4) may soon be telling us the our health

5) also known as the Opposite

6) contains many anti-cancer Sunlight

21. Look in your dictionaries to find collocates, other meanings, information, synonyms for the words ‘ sun ’ and ‘ shine ’.

·Share your findings with your partners.

·Make questions using the words you found.

·Ask your partner / group your questions.

 

22. In pairs / groups write down questions about sunshine.

·Ask other classmates your questions and note down their answers.

7) vitamin D might help to prevent

of the world

·Go back to your original partner / group and compare your findings.

8) caused by for many years

9) direct the dangers

10) sunnier parts More than 30% of

·Make a mini-presentation to another group / the

class on your findings.

23. Read this conversation. Translate it, paying attention to the explained in the following vocabulary phrases.

A: Hey, you look great. Did you just get back from vacation?

B: No. Why?

A: What do you mean why? It’s the middle of winter and everyone else is as white as a ghost. You look like you’ve been lying on a beach somewhere.

B: Alright, I’ll tell you. But I don’t want to hear any of your negativity. I’ve been hitting the tanning salon once a week.

A: I don’t see anything wrong with that. I’d ac- tually like to try it. What’s it like?

B: The place I go you have to pay by the minute. It costs about 75 cents per minute and you really just need to go for one, twelve-minute session per week. You can get 20% off if you buy their $25 VIP card.

A: What do you think about the safety of them?

B: Many experts warn of the cancer causing risks of tanning. They say that overexposure to UVA

and UVB rays cause genetic mutations that lead to skin cancer. I try to play it fairly safe and make sure I don’t go too often. I also don’t go in for longer than 12 minutes.

A: That’s a good idea. How long do some peo- ple go?

B: Some people seem to get addicted to it. I’ve met several people who go 5 times a week and tan for 20 minutes per session. I’d personally be afraid to do that much, not only because of the cancer risk, but also because of the pre-mature aging of the skin.

A: Are there any health benefits associated with tanning indoors?

B: Your skin does absorb some vitamin D from the UVB rays, but many experts say that the risks outweigh the benefits.

 

Phrases and Vocabulary used:

What do you mean why?: This is a rhetorical question (which means a question you don’t expect to be answered).

White as a ghost: During the winter when there isn’t as much sunlight, we sometimes joke with each other as “looking white as a ghost”. Many people be- lieve that looking too white or pale skinned is not very attractive or healthy looking. It makes people want to get a suntan.

I don’t want to hear any of your negativity: If you say this sentence to someone, it means that you don’t want to hear any bad or negative opinion that they have.

Hitting the tanning salon: The tanning salon is a small business with indoor tanning beds. These tan- ning beds are made with special lights that simulate the sun’s rays. You can go there to get an artificial suntan. “Hitting the tanning salon” means “going to the tanning salon”.

Overexposure: If you are “overexposed” to something it means that you are in the presence of that thing too much and it is unhealthy.

Pre-mature aging: If something is “pre-mature” it means that it is happening before it is supposed to. If someone’s skin has aged pre-maturely, it means that their skin looks older than it really is.

The risks outweigh the benefits: This means that there are more dangers or risks than there are po- tential benefits.

 

24. Study this dialogue by heart or make your own dialogue on the same topic using the vocabulary phrases.

25. Translate this text.