Вербалии и вербальные конструкции в английском языке

М.Ю. Кладова

 

 

Вербалии и вербальные конструкции в английском языке

 

 

Методические разработки по практической грамматике английского языка

 

 

Санкт-Петербург

Издательство РГПУ имени А.И. Герцена

2002 г.

Печатается по решению кафедры английского языка и методики дошкольного обучения английскому языку, Ученого совета факультета дошкольного образования УМК по дошкольному образованию и РИСа РГПУ имени А.И. Герцена

 

 

Автор-составитель: М.Ю. Кладова

 

 

Рецензент: к.ф.н., доцент Вольфберг Д.М.    

 

 

Кладова М.Ю.

Практикум по грамматике английского языка: Методические разработки. - СПб: Изд-во РГПУ им. А.И. Герцена, 2002. - 84 с.

 

Пособие предназначено для студентов английских отделений педагогических вузов и широкого круга лиц, изучающих английский язык. Разработки направлены на углубление и расширение знаний студентов в области грамматики английского языка, развитие навыков распознавания в тексте предложений, содержащих вербалии и вербальные конструкции, и умение переводить их на русский язык.

 

ОГЛАВЛЕНИЕ

 

 

Неличные формы глагола............................................. 4

Инфинитив

I. Инфинитив..................................................................... 5

II. Использование инфинитива без частицы “to”............ 6

III. Функции инфинитива в предложении...................... 10

IV. Инфинитивные конструкции.................................... 19

V. Объектная инфинитивная конструкция.................... 19

VI. Субъектная инфинитивная конструкция................. 25

VII. Инфинитивная конструкция с предлогом “for”

(For-to-Infinitive Construction)................................. 32

Причастие

I. Определение и формы причастия............................... 44

II. Грамматические категории причастия..................... 45

III. Функции причастия I в предложении...................... 47

IV. Функции причастия II в предложении..................... 49

V. Причастные конструкции.......................................... 54

Герундий

I. Определение и грамматические характеристики......... 62

II. Формы и способы перевода на русский язык.............. 62

III. Функции в предложении............................................. 63

IV. Герундиальные конструкции................................... 66

V. Использование герундия............................................ 67

 

Обзорные упражнения..................................................... 69

Литература

 

НЕЛИЧНЫЕ ФОРМЫ ГЛАГОЛА.

 

1. Категория глагола в английском языке представлена личными и неличными формами, называемыми “вербалии” (verbals). В отличие от личных форм, вербалии не имеют категории числа и наклонения, они не могут использоваться в предложении в качестве самостоятельного сказуемого.

Подобно личным формам глагола, вербалии имеют категорию времени и залога, которые, в свою очередь, не полностью совпадают с подобными категориями личных форм. (Более подробная информация в последующих параграфах).

В английском языке существует 3 неличные формы глагола: инфинитив (the infinitive), герундий (the gerund) и причастие (the participle).

2. Характерные признаки вербалий:

1) Все вербалии имеют двойную природу, сочетая в себе именные и глагольные признаки. Так, причастие сочетает в себе признаки глагола и прилагательного, герундий и инфинитив - глагола и существительного.

2) Категория времени, присущая вербалиям, является относительной, а не абсолютной (как у личных форм глагола). Это означает, что та или иная форма вербалии не указывает на соотнесение действия, выраженного ею, с настоящим, прошедшим или будущим. Эта форма указывает лишь на то, является ли действие, выраженное вербалией, одновременным с действием, выраженным личной формой глагола, или предшествует ему.

3) Все вербалии могут образовывать предикативные конструкции, состоящие из 2 элементов: именного (существительное или местоимение) и глагольного (причастие, герундий, инфинитив). Глагольный элемент состоит в предикатном отношении с именным элементом, подобно подлежащему и сказуемому предложения.

 “ She had never seen French people eating on the street...” (Judith   Krantz).

 Она никогда не видела, чтобы французы ели на улице. 

В большинстве случаев предикативные конструкции образуют синтаксическое целое и переводятся на русский язык придаточным предложением.

В предложении вербалии могут выступать:

a)  самостоятельно, без зависимых слов

She looked at me smiling - Она посмотрела на меня, улыбаясь.

b) в качестве словосочетания с одним или несколькими зависимыми словами.

Reading aloud was her hobby - Чтение вслух было ее любимым занятием.

c) в виде предикативной конструкции.

Her parents wanted her to go to Paris & study French. - Её родители хотели, чтобы она поехала в Париж и изучала французский.

 

ИНФИНИТИВ

I. Инфинитив

 

Как говорилось выше, инфинитив - это неличная форма глагола, обладающая двойственной природой и сочетающая в себе признаки, характерные для существительного и глагола, что проявляется в его синтаксических функциях и формах.

В современном английском языке существуют следующие формы инфинитива:

 

	Active	Passive
Indefinite	to play	to be played
Continuous	to be playing
Perfect	to have played	to have been played
Perfect Continuous	to have been playing

 

 

The Indefinite Infinitive обозначает действие, одновременное с действием, выраженным личной формой глагола, поэтому оно может относиться к настоящему, прошедшему и будущему.

He is pleased to talk with you.

He was pleased to talk with you.

He will be pleased to talk with you.

 

The Continuous Infinitive также обозначает действие, одновременное с действием, выраженным личной формой глагола, но это действие является продолженным. Таким образом, the Continuous Infinitive представляет собой не только временную, но и видовую характеристику, выражающую способ представления действия.

He seemed to be looking at the girl with surprise

Казалось, что он смотрит на девушку с удивлением.

 

The Perfect Infinitive обозначает действие, предшествующее действию, выраженному личной формой глагола.

She is happy to have met him.

Она рада, что познакомилась с ним.

 

The Perfect Continuous Infinitive обозначает действие, которое продолжалось определенный промежуток времени до начала действия, выраженного личной формой глагола. (Что так же является видовой характеристикой).

 

He seemed to have been looking at the girl for half an hour.

Казалось, что он смотрел на девушку вот уже полчаса.

 

Exercises.

I. Define the form of the infinitives: to do, to be done, to be speaking, to have been played, to have been written, to be standing, to have seen, to have been living, to be loved, to have succeeded, to have been dined, to be recognized, to have been learning.

II. Make the following infinitives Passive, if possible: to make, to see, to be doing, to have given, to have gone, to have been writing, to be thinking, to love, to marry, to have meant, to be standing, to tell, to discuss, to have driven.

III. Make the following infinitives Perfect Active and Passive, if possible: to see, to hear, to be locking, to know, to be living, to wait, to drive, to observe, to tell, to dance, to come, to intend, to be singing, to inform, to watch, to say.

Exercises

 

I. Define the function of the infinitive. Translate the sentences into Russian.

1. His dream was to visit foreign countries. 2. To enter the University is not so easy as you think. 3. It was impossible to speak with her. 4.The problem was difficult enough to be solved very quickly. 5. She finished to do her home task late at night. 6. I have nothing to tell you about. 7. This is the article to look trough. 8. We shouldn’t leave him alone as he looks so upset. 9. It was not hard to learn this poem by heart. 10. I want to invite you to the theatre. 11. She lost the hope to learn this language. 12. I found it impossible to betray you. 13. He was so angry as to behave himself. 14. The child was the first to have broken the silence. 15. I just call to say “I love you”. 16. She was the last to be interviewed. 17. To put it mildly, he was not the right man for you. 18. She looked at me as if to be offended. 19. Even to think of it makes me crazy. 20. It is not the thing to be talked over.

II. Define the type of the adverbial modifier expressed by the infinitive. Translate the sentences into Russian.

1. She is too exited to be clam. 2. The baby is too little to understand your joke. 3. I came into the room to switch on the light. 4. She was so polite as to invite me to her party. 5. He waved his hand as if to stop her. 6. I moved to another place, never to see him again. 7. She is such a baby to accept his joke as a real fact. 8. She put on her new dress so as to look beautiful. 9. He is strong enough to lift these heavy boxes. 10. I am sorry to have told you about it, only to disappoint you.

III. Complete the following, use the infinitive in the correct form, define the function of the infinitive.

1. To act like this meant...

2. It will take you ten minutes...

3. We were not afraid...

4. He had to work hard (in order)...

5. There was nothing...

6. We stopped...

7. The storm was such as...

8. It’s easy...

9. The tourists were lucky...

10. The main problem is...

11. We must hurry (so as not)...

12. I was too astonished....

13. She will always find something...

14. They offer....

15. I don’t know him well enough...

 

IV. Paraphrase the following so as to use the infinitive as attribute.

1. There was nothing that might keep him at home that night. 2. He is not the man who could betray his friends. 3. This is the play that can be seen only at that theatre. 4. There are so many things that must be done. 5. She had no one whom she could trust. 6. Can you tell your secret to anyone? 7. We could not spare a moment. 8. Can anything be done to help him. 9. Here are the letters that are to be sent by air. 10. He was the last who was taking the exam.

V. Paraphrase the sentences so as to use the infinitives as an adverbial modifier.

1. I must hurry, otherwise I should be late. 2. He looked at me as if he was going to tell me something. 3. The mother did not switch on the light lest the child should wake up. 4. His behavior was such that it impressed everybody. 5. The girl waved her hand that her friends might take notice of her. 6. The student was very careful to pronounce every word distinctly for fear of being misunderstood. 7. You must brush up on the material studied, otherwise you could fail the exam. 8. He stood up and went to the door as if he might leave. 9. If you hear him speak, you might think he was right. 10. He must have had a trouble if he had to take a risk like that.

VI. Change the structure of the sentences according to the model.

Model: It is difficult to understand his pronunciation. - His pronunciation is difficult to understand.

1. It is rather hard to read his handwriting.

2. It is very pleasant to see him.

3. It is not easy to answer your question.

4. It was amusing to watch that play.

5. It is hard to work with you.

6. It was difficult to trust him.

7. It is impossible to explain his behavior.

8. It was funny to listen to his story.

9. It is dangerous to leave children alone at home.

10. It is terrible to stay alone in the forest at night.

 

VII. Paraphrase the following sentences so as to use the infinitive as object. Mind the form of the infinitives.

Model: I am glad that I have seen this play. - I am glad to have seen this play.

1. She is lucky because she has such a good family.

2. We were disappointed when we heard about your failure at the exam.

3. I am very happy that I have met you.

4. She was surprised when she didn’t find me at home.

5. You were right when you hadn’t invited him to the party.

6. She was angry when she found that the book was missing.

7. He was very sorry that he couldn’t accompany you.

8. I am lucky that I have visited England. They were pleased when they heard about my success.

9. He is disappointed because he can’t read English books in the original.

10. You were very kind that you gave me that advice.

 

Test yourselves

I. a) Read the text

b) Find sentences with the infinitives.

c) Define the form of the infinitives.

d) Define the functions of the infinitives.

e) Translate the text into Russian.

 

Nightwork (by I. Show.)

An Extract.

 

At the bank I had to write out two specimen signatures on separate cards. My hand was absolutely steady. The sealed manila envelopes with the money in lay on the desk at which I was sitting, facing the young assistant manager who was serving me. He had the bland sexless face of a seminarian. The conversation between us was short and businesslike. I’d shaved and was neatly dressed. I still had a couple of decent suits left over from the old days, and today I had put on a sober, quite, gray Glen plaid with a blue Oxford shirt and solid blue tie.

I wanted to give the impression of being a solid citizen, perhaps not wealthy, certainly not wealthy, but modestly prosperous, a careful, industrious man who might have some bonds and some legal papers that were too valuable to leave lying around the house.

“Your address, please, Mr. Grimes,” the assistant manager was saying.

I gave him the address of the St Augustine. If anybody got as far as the bank in the search for me, which was unlikely in any case, there would be no useful information to be found.

“Will you be the sole person authorized to have access to the safety-deposit box?”

That’s for sure, brother, I thought. But all I said was, “Yes”.

“That will be twenty-three dollars for the year. Do you wish to pay by cash or by check?”

“Cash”. I gave him a hundred-dollar bill. His expression did not change. Obviously, he thought that I looked like a man who might normally carry a hundred-dollar bill loose in his pocket. I took this as a good sign. The assistant manager smoothed the bill carefully, with a churchly gesture, went over to a teller’s window to break the bill down into a smaller denominations.

 

II. Define the function of the infinitive in the following sentences, translate them into English.

 

1. I was permitted to leave early.

2. It is dangerous to climb the mountains.

3. I was glad to get a letter from you.

4. I went to Chicago to visit my relatives.

5. He had enough strength to lift that box.

6. Even to think of it made him crazy.

7. My intention is to pass the exam successfully.

8. I have not had time to examine this room.

9. I was too busy to see anyone.

10. She’s got a little baby to look after.

11. The guy continued to observe her.

12. Here is a nice book to read.

13. We must not leave him by himself.

 

III. Translate the sentences from Russian into English, define the function of the infinitive.

1. Цель ее работы - научить детей правильно произносить звуки.

2. Продолжать это обучение значит понапрасну тратить время.

3. Изучать иностранные языки интересно и полезно. (2 варианта)

4. На них приятно смотреть.

5. Эта атомная станция должна стать крупнейшей в мире.

6. Дети начинают изучать иностранные языки в школе.

7. Я предпочитаю слушать классическую музыку.

8. Ему нравилось, чтобы его считали лучшим учеником в классе.

9. Он был счастлив, что снова очутился в своем родном городе

10. Чтобы правильно ответить на этот вопрос, нужно вспомнить предыдущий материал.

11. Вот правило, которому нужно следовать.

12. Я надеюсь, что вы чувствуете себя достаточно хорошо, чтобы навестить меня.

13. Капитан последним покинул корабль.

14. Этот фильм слишком скучный, чтобы его можно было смотреть.

15. Все попытки поддержать это предложение были неудачны.

 

Exercises

I. Read the sentences, find objective infinitive constructions. Translate the sentences into Russian.

1. I have never heard him play musical instruments.

2. She made us believe her story.

3. The teacher saw her students master English.

4. I know you to be the leader of you group.

5. We believe him to have a great talent.

6. The mother dislikes her daughter to go to the parties.

7. I want you to be my friend.

8. We expected her to tell us the truth.

9. She declared us to have misunderstood her.

10. I felt the cold wind blow into my face.

11. The teacher intended the pupil to understand his mistake.

12. I cannot bear you to dress like that.

13. The colonel ordered the report to be ready in the morning.

14. I won’t have you lie to me.

15. We couldn’t imagine you to be such a talented actress.

 

II. Define the meaning of the verb after which objective infinitive constructions are used. Translate the sentences into Russian.

1. My words caused him remain.

2. I’ve never heard him say such kind words about other people.

3. She was so busy she didn’t notice him come in.

4. I didn’t mean you to hear my speech.

5. She wanted him to spend more time with his family.

6. You can expect me to accompany you to the party.

7. We suppose you to attend the seminar.

8. I like you to declaim the poems.

9. The trainer reported the sportsmen to be ready for the competition.

10. They allowed our car to be parked near their house.

 

III. Insert the particle “to” in objective infinitive constructions where necessary. Translate the sentences into Russian.

1. Her behavior made him... feel embarrassed.

2. They want me... help them.

3. I heard my aunt... go downstairs.

4. Suddenly she saw him... stand up and... hurry to the door.

5. The colonel ordered the soldiers... follow his instruction.

6. The doctor declared the patient... be taken to the hospital.

7. The mother forced the child... eat everything.

8. She let her eyes... rest on his face for a minute.

9. The girl made her friend... acknowledge that he was wrong.

10. Did you see the thief... enter or... leave the house?

11. I’ve never known him.. be such a coward.

12. They expect me... tell clever things.

13. Maybe I could get him... visit her.

 

IV. Form objective infinitive constructions out of the elements in brackets.

1. I don’t expect (you, to understand) me.

2.  I made (he, to wait) for your reply till morning.

3. We cannot allow (you, to offend) this poor girl.

4. She was very nervous and asked (I, to let, she, to go).

5. We know (he, to be) the person we can trust.

6. Can I trouble (you, to explain) me this material once more?

7. I heard (she, to sing) this beautiful song.

8. When she told him the truth she could see (his face, to change)

9. She hated (people, to find out) about her troubles.

10. The situation was very complicated but I forced (oneself, to find) the way out.

11. The lady desired (her maid, to obey) her orders.

12. I cannot bear (you, to laugh) at silly jokes.

13. Everybody expected (she, to leave) him.

14. I felt (her words, to bring) many troubles.

 

VIII. Read the text.

a) find sentences with the objective infinitive constructions

b) translate the text into Russian

c) retell the text so as to use as many sentences with the objective infinitive construction as possible

 

Theatre

(by S. Maughm)

 An Extract

 

Their play was running through August, and Michael had taken a house at Taplow so that they could spend the height of the summer there.

Julia was to come up for her performances and Michael when business needed it, but she would have the day in the country and Sundays. Tom had a fortnight's holiday; he accepted the invitation with alacrity.

But one day Julia noticed that he was unusually silent. He looked pale and his buoyant spirits had deserted him. She knew that something was wrong, but he would not tell her what it was; he would only say that he was worried to death. At last she forced him to confess that he had got into debt and was being dunned by tradesmen. The life into which she had led him had made him spend more money than he could afford, and ashamed of his cheap clothes at the grand parties to which she took him, he had gone to an expensive tailor and ordered himself new suits. He had backed a horse hoping to make enough money to get square and the horse was beaten. To Julia it was a very small sum that he owed, a hundred and twenty-five pounds, and she found it absurd that anyone should allow a trifle like that to upset him. She said at once that she would give it to him.

“Oh, I couldn’t. I couldn’t take money from a woman”.

 

 

Exercises

I. Point out subjective infinitive constructions in the following sentences. Translate the sentence into Russian.

1. I don’t happen to find out the truth.

2. This play is sure to be interesting for you.

3. He is not likely to know anything about this case.

4. She was never seen to be so excited.

5. This person is known to be a good teacher and lecturer.

6. A new town is supposed to be built in this district.

7. They are believed to have already reached their place of destination.

8. He is not likely to be made to do anything if she doesn’t want to do it.

9. She was not expected to arrive so early.

10. Do you happen to know this man?

11. You don’t seem to like his offer.

12. We appeared to have met somewhere.

13. Now our investigations can be considered to be finished.

14. They turned out to be good friends.

15. This teacher is said to be working out a new method of teaching.

16. She is sure to pass her entrance exams successfully.

17. The experiment proved to be a failure.

18. He is sure to come.

19. This book seemed to be very interesting from the very beginning.

 

II. Paraphrase the following so as to use a subjective infinitive construction.

Model: Nobody ever saw him smile or look happy. -He was never seen to smile or look happy.

1. We know this writer to have been a very witty man.

2. My sister doesn’t allow me to touch her books.

3. People consider the rest at the seaside to be very healthful.

4. Nothing could make me change my mind.

5. Who do you suspect to have offered this plan?

6. Everybody heard him say that terrible story.

7. It is said that this book is popular with both old and young.

8. It seems that you don’t approve of the idea.

9. We are sure that everything will turn out all right.

10. It is likely there will be much snow this winter.

11. It is reported that the thunderstorm has caused much damage to the city.

12. It turned out that the language of the book was quite easy.

13. It so happened that I overhead their conversation.

14. We know you to have entered the University.

15. It is believed that the poem was written by an unknown writer.

 

III. Paraphrase the following with the help of the verb or expression in brackets so as to use a subjective infinitive construction.

Model: My fears were to be groundless (to prove) - My fears proved to be groundless.

1. This test was to be the final one (to suppose).

2. This part of the land was under the sea (to believe).

3. Hardly anybody noticed his departure (to appear).

4. She was to have come home before Christmas (to expect).

5. The truth will come out (to be sure).

6. I don’t think my words will please him (to be likely).

7. He is the best candidate to the post (to consider).

8. One could see that she was in a good frame of mind (to seem).

9. The negotiations are reaching a decisive stage (to say).

10. I would not have agreed to it but for the circumstances (to make).

11. The Crimea is visited by many tourists every summer (to know).

12. He didn’t have any money on him (to happen).

 

IV. Define the meaning of the verb and word groups with which subjective infinitive constructions are used.

1. This sportsman is certain to be the first at the competition.

2. He could be made to follow any advice easily enough.

3. Your health appears to be all right.

4. He was expected to leave for London soon.

5. She seemed to know all the novels by this writer.

6. The child was not allowed to leave the playing spot alone.

7. Perhaps he was made to remain silent.

8. They were seen to touch each other’s hands.

9. Your plan proved to be a success.

10. He is said to be a person of weak character.

11. She is not likely to believe you.

12. The remains of the tsar’s family were supposed to be buried in Peter-and-Paul’s Cathedral.

13. We happened to learn about his arrival.

14. The girl was heard to laugh heartily.

15. He is known to be a young man with great fortune.

 

V. Complete the following so as to use subjective infinitive constructions.

1. The weather appears...

2. Our friends are sure...

3. He was made...

4. This person is known...

5. Everything seemed...

6. They are supposed...

7. People are expected...

8. They are not likely...

9. The girl is said...

10. This boy is likely...

 

VI. Translate the following sentences into English using subjective infinitive construction.

1. Известно, что многие писатели пишут свои произведения под псевдонимом.

2. Сообщалось, что погода изменится в ближайшее время.

3. Его статья оказалась такой интересной, что привлекла внимание широкого круга читателей.

4. Одно время об этом случае очень много говорили, а затем, казалось, совершено забыли.

5. Мой попутчик оказался очень интересным собеседником.

6. Эти картины будут обязательно выставлены на ближайшей выставке.

7. Предполагают, что второй роман этого писателя будет интереснее первого.

8. Ожидают, что фестиваль будет успешным.

9. Полагали, что концерт был отменен из-за болезни солиста.

10. Никто не слышал, чтобы они когда-нибудь сорились.

11. Казалось, никто не заметил его отсутствия.

12. Я был случайным свидетелем этой сцены.

13. О твоем поступке, безусловно, все узнают.

14. Многие считали моего друга незаурядным человеком.

15. Было видно, как крупные хлопья снега покрывали землю белым ковром.

16. Его заставили явиться в суд и дать показания.

17. Вряд ли он согласиться помочь вам.

18. Она, казалось, уже совершено забыла его.

 

VII. Point out and define the type of infinitive constructions. Translate the sentences into Russian.

1. I just don’t seem to care about it.

2. When do you expect the translation to be finished?

3. Who you consider to be the most outstanding artist?

4. She seemed to look at him from many miles away.

5. A young man was reported to be a flop.

6. I watched the engine come nearer.

7. His remark made everybody feel uneasy.

8. The lady turned out to be a very nice person.

9. One could hardly believe him to be 80 years old. He looked much younger.

10. They appeared to be wealthy people.

11. The girl was talking and talking but he didn’t seem to hear her.

12. They were supposed to wait until he let them enter the room.

13. She couldn’t make herself forget about him.

14. I only want it to be as soon as possible.

15. He was seen to kiss her.

 

VIII. Insert the particle “to” where required in the following sentences with objective and subjective infinitive constructions. Explain your choice.

1. She heard the front-door bell... ring once or twice.

2. I want you... go away as soon as possible.

3. He was made... follow her orders.

4. This dog seems prefer playing with little children.

5. We like to watch the sun... sink from the glistening sky.

6. He was heard... win the Hobal prize.

7. What makes you... believe this man?

8. The ship was seen... disappear somewhere in the horizon.

9. She has made him... play according to her rules.

10. I heard somebody... mention my name.

11. He appeared... know everything about our plan.

12. He is supposed... known more than he has said.

 

IX. Complete the following so as to use objective or subjective infinitive constructions.

1. He appeared...

2. Do you expect me...

3. She was supposed...

4.  I don’t want him...

5. I made her...

6. The students are expected...

7. He saw her...

8. He would permit me...

9. Many famous people are believed...

10. They seemed...

11. I hear her...

 

X. Paraphrase the following sentences so as to use subordinate clauses instead of the objective and subjective infinitive constructions.

1. You seem to forget my offer.

2. Everybody thought this man to be happy.

3. I supposed my brother to have done it.

4. It was supposed to be the only chance left.

5. She expected him to ask her to dinner.

6. This man was seen to enter the house.

7. It appeared to be my fault.

8. I’m sure you don’t want him to accept this invitation.

9. When we came back I made her explain me everything.

10. He is said to be a good fellow.

11. I saw them quarrel.

12. She is considered to know a lot of poetry by heart.

 

XI. Paraphrase the following sentences so as to use subjective and objective infinitive constructions instead of subordinate clauses.

1. We thought that we were lucky.

2. It has been found that this mineral water is very good for health.

3. He found that he was thirsty.

4. I felt that it was true.

5. It is expected that they would like the performance.

6. It appeared that he was loosing patience.

7. He has surely noticed your mistakes.

8. Do you think it is useless to wait any longer?

9. Father likes it when his tea is strong.

10. I am certain this treatment will help you a lot.

11. It is likely there will be much snow this winter.

 

XII. Translate the following sentences from Russian into English using objective and subjective infinitive constructions.

1. Было слышно, как в саду щебечут птицы.

2. Вполне вероятно, что по характеру она похожа на своего отца.

3. Я хочу, чтобы мы все были друзьями.

4. Если он займется наукой, то, наверняка, станет хорошим ученым.

5. Мы много раз слышали, как он рассказывал эту историю.

6. Я вижу, вы меня понимаете и не сердитесь на меня.

7. Если ты случайно встретишь его, пригласи его к нам в гости.

8. Долгое время произведения подобного плана считались запрещенными.

9. Он слышал, как она плакала в соседней комнате.

10. Надеюсь, я не заставил вас долго ждать.

11. Она не любит, когда ей задают вопросы.

12. У нас оказалось много общих знакомых.

13. Полагают, что это открытие произведет фурор в мире науки.

14. Как известно, многие талантливые люди несчастны в личной жизни.

15. Она не заметила ни как я вошел, ни как я вышел.

16. Я слышал, что они переехали в другой город.

17. Он обязательно придет.

 

XIII. Read the text.

a) find the sentences with objective and subjective infinitive constructions. Translate them into Russian.

b) find the sentences with the infinitive and define the functions of the infinitives.

c) translate the whole text into Russian

d) retell the text so as to use as many objective and subjective infinitive constructions as possible.

 

The picture of Dorian Gray

(by Oscar Wild)

An Extract

Campbell took a chair by the table, and Dorian sat opposite to him. The two men’s eyes met. In Dorian’s there was indefinite pity. He knew that what he was going to do was dreadful.

After a strained moment of silence, he leaned across and said, very quietly, but watching the effect of each word upon the face of him he had sent for, “Alan, in a locked room at the top of this house, a room to which nobody but myself has access, a dead man is seated at a table. He has been dead ten hours now. Don’t stir, and don’t look at me like that. Who the man is, why he died, how he died, are matters that do not concern you. What you to do is this---”

“Stop, Gray. I don’t want to know anything further. Whether what you have told me is true or not true, doesn’t concern me. I entirely decline to be mixed up in your life. Keep your horrible secrets to yourself. They don’t interest me any more.”

"Alan, they will have to interest you. This one will have to interest you. I' a awfully sorry for you, Alan. But I can't help myself. You are the one man who is able to save me. I am forced to bring you into the matter. T have no opinion. Alan, you are scientific. You know about chemistry, and things of that kind. You have made experiments. What you have got to do is to destroy the thing that is upstairs - to destroy it so that not a vestige of it will be left. Nobody saw this person come into the house. Indeed, at the present moment he is supposed to be in Paris. He will not be missed for months. When he is missed, there must be no trace of him found here. You, Alan, you must change him, and everything that belongs to him, into a handful of ashes that I may scatter in the air.

 

 

 VII. Инфинитивная конструкция с предлогом “for”.

(For-to-Infinitive Construction)

 

Инфинитивная конструкция с предлогом “for” представляет собой конструкцию, в которой инфинитив состоит в предикативных отношениях с существительным или местоимением, которым предшествует предлог “for”.

На русский язык данная конструкция переводится либо придаточным предложением, либо инфинитивом.

It’s hard for me to understand you. - Мне трудно понять вас.

“I was waiting for you to call me Dorian ” (O. Wild). - Я ожидал, что вы назовете меня Дорианом.

Инфинитивная конструкция с предлогом “for” может выполнять в предложении различные функции.

1. Подлежащeе (часто с формальным подлежащими “it”)

I think it is a shame for people to betray each other. - Я думаю, что стыдно людям предавать друг друга.

For me to help you would be a great pleasure. - Помочь вам доставило бы мне большое удовольствие.

2. Предикативный член

That was for you to write her a letter. - Написать ей письмо должен был ты.

3. Сложное дополнение

She was anxious for him to be gone. - Она хотела, чтобы он ушел.

He asked for the tea to be brought into the parlour. - Он попросил, чтобы чай подали в гостиную.

4. Определение

The best thing for you to do is to hide somewhere. - Самое лучшее, что ты можешь сделать, - спрятаться где-нибудь.

There’s nobody here for him to speak with. - Здесь нет никого, с кем бы он мог поговорить.

5. Обстоятельство

а) цели

He interrupted his story for me to express my opinion. - Он прервал рассказ, чтобы я мог высказать свое мнение.

б) следствия

The teacher spoke loud enough for all the students to hear him. - Учитель говорил достаточно громко, чтобы все студенты могли его услышать.

The desire to see you again was too great for me to resist. - Желание вновь увидеть тебя было так велико, что я не мог ему сопротивляться.

 

Exercises

I. Find the For-to-Infinitive constructions in the following sentences. Define the functions of the constructions. Translate the sentences into Russian.

1. The boss ordered for him to come in.

2. It was easy for her to enter the University.

3. Do you want something for Jack Frost to gift you?

4. What I want is for you to understand my idea.

5. There is no need for us to stay here any longer..

6. Send a telegram for us to be met by anyone.

7. He waited at the receiver for her to answer his call.

8. It is impossible for him not to believe you.

9. The weather was too bad for us to go to the country.

10. The offer was not good enough for us to accept it.

11. She has a very good memory. You have to recite a poem only once for her to keep it in mind.

12. It’s high time for you to brush up upon your knowledge.

13. That is for me to choose.

14. My parents are anxious for me to find a good job.

II. Construct For-to-Infinitive constructions using words in brackets in the appropriate form.Translate the sentences into Russian.

1. The simplest thing is for (he, to come and see) everything for himself.

2. Don’t you find it odd for (she, to keep) it a secret so long?

3. It is not necessary for (I, to explain) that we are sisters.

4. The text was easy enough for (we, to read) it without a dictionary.

5. I waited for some time for (he, to speak).

6. The foreigner was speaking too fast for (I, to understand) him.

7. Are you ready for (I, to marry) you?

8. It would be nice for (she, to come back) home after such a long trip.

9. He had a very nice house for (she, to live in).

10. She was impatient for (he, to tell)her the whole story.

 

III. Complete the following sentences so as to use For-to-Infinitive constructions.

1. The best thing for you...

2. I am very anxious for..

3. It is advisable for..

4. There is no need..

5. The idea was not clear enough for...

6. It’s time for me..

7. He expressed his wish for...

8. Do you find it possible for..

9. His suggestion was for...

10. We waited for..

 

IV. Respond to the following questions using For-to-Infinitive constructions.

Model: Whom is she waited for? - She is waited for her parents to arrive.

1. Why is it so necessary for you to go there?

2. Why is it so important for me to study languages?

3. Who told you to wait for us to come?

4. Why do you think it’ll be better for her to go to the seaside?

5. When is it time for me to call you?

6. Why is it time for you to trust this man?

7. Wouldn’t it be better for us to learn more about each other?

8. Why is it impossible for you to attend all the classes?

9. What does she seem to be waiting for?

10. Would it be pleasant for you to accompany me?

 

V. Paraphrase the following sentences so as to use For-to-Infinitive constructions instead of the subordinate clauses.

Model: It is quite natural that he should act like this. - It’s quite natural for him to act like this.

1. It’s impossible that he should be such a lier.

2. The main thing is that we should work together.

3. Let us wait till they arrive.

4. This is a lesson which you shall remember for the rest of your life.

5. He is just the man whom you should trust.

6. I shall leave the book that you may read it.

7. The ice has become too thin, so the boys can’t go skating.

8. That a man of his age should be so active and full of vitality is something extraordinary.

9. This artist must be very talented since the museums have bought some of his paintings.

10. Why be so anxious that he should come to your party?

 

VI. Translate the following sentences into Russian using For-to-Infinitive constructions.

1. Она ждет, что ее дочка придет из школы.

2. Он уже согласился, и теперь было уже поздно менять решение.

3. Он отошел в сторону, чтобы я могла пройти.

4. Мне трудно понять твои поступки.

5. Матери очень хотелось, чтобы ее сыну удалось все, что он пожелает.

6. Ты должен был разобраться в этой истории.

7. Ее взгляд был достаточно выразительным, чтобы я разгадал ее намерения.

8. Она протянула мне руку, чтобы я мог помочь ей.

9. Есть кое-что, что вы могли бы сделать.

10. У нее много интересных идей, которые мы могли бы обсудить.

 

Nightwork (by I. Shaw)

An Extract

Figure out my life. I had plenty of time to do it. As I drove south, down the entire East Coast of America, I was alone, unfettered, free of claims, with no distractions, plunged in that solitude that is supposed to be the essential condition of philosophic speculation. There was Par Minot’ s cause and effect to be considered; also not to be overlooked was the maxim I had been taught in England lit courses that your character was your fate, that your rewards and failures were the result of your faults and virtues. In Lord Jim, a boy I must have read at least five times since I was a boy, the hero is killed eventually because of a flaw in himself that that permitted him to leave a shipload of poor beggars to die. He plays for his cowardice in the end by being killed himself. I had always thought it just, fair, inevitable. At the wheel of the little Volkswagen, speeding down the great highways past Washington and Richmond and Savannah, I remembered Lord Jim. But it no longer convinced me. I certainly was not flawless, but, at least in my opinion, I had been a decent son, an honorable friend, conscientious in my profession, law-abiding, careful to avoid cruelty or spite, inciting no man to be me enemy, indifferent to power, abhorring violence. I had never seduced a woman - or cheated a shopkeeper, had not struck a fellow human being since a fight an the schoolyard at the age of ten. I had definitely never left anyone to die. Yet... Yet there had been that morning in Dr. Ryan’s office..

 

Test yourselves

I. Use the infinitives in the brackets in the proper form

1. I'd like (to help) you with your tasks.

2. I'd hardly (to believe) it.

3. He made up his mind (to have) another talk with her.

4. You shouldn't have let him (to get) away like that.

5. He (to happen) (to look) away at the moment.

6. It (to seem) they couldn't promise (to make) it so terrible early.

7. It was a little difficult (to know) how (to begin).

8. I saw a woman (to come) towards him.

9. He (to prove) to be a famous doctor.

10. I (to be likely) not (to pass) my exams.

11. He (to consider) (to be) the best singer in the group.

12. I make them (to do) this task very quickly

13.  I can't (to seem to find) out exactly what happened.

14. It (to suppose) (to be) the only house left.

 

II. Complete the following so as to use infinitive and infinitive constructions.

1. The best thing for you...…

2. She saw 2 of the girls...…

3. The weather appears...…

4. They might be made... …

5. It's not for her...…

6. He liked to see people... …

7. The train was seen...…

8. He was sure... …

9. I feel as if... …

10. It was as if...…

11. It is necessary that... …

12. I let them... …

13. It would be possible for... …

14.  She fears lest... …

15. It is desirable that...…

16. Her wish was...…

17. He desires that... …

18. He looked as if...…

19. It is obligatory that...…

 

III. Insert particle "to" before the infinitive where required.

1. I don't think you need...… worry about it.

2. She prefers...… be somewhere else.

3. She watched his hands... … move as if they were about...… reach out and touch something.

4. He promised...… let me... … go if our marriage was not a success.

5. I'd rather.... … see the cases myself.

6. What made him...… change his mind doesn't matter.

7. I saw him... … turn to her and say something.

8. I'd like...… help him sing.

9. Why not...… start out now?

10. I've never known him... … do such things.

11. I know him...… have been an actor once.

12. He moved sooner...… die than....… betray his friends.

13. He was made...… do his work himself.

14. I'll have him...… tell the truth.

15. Have you ever heard him...… complain of difficulties.

 

IV. Define the function of the infinitive, translate the sentences into Russian.

1. It is dangerous to go out late at night.

2. To have seen him dance was very unusual.

3. I'm too excited to be quiet.

4. The waiter knocked and came in to take away the tray.

5. We have forgotten to inform him about her arrival.

6. I left my office to go out to lunch.

7. There were instructions to be carried out.

8. He saw no necessary to say such things.

9. Jane was the last to have found out about it.

10. I was too astonished to say something.

11. He was gentleman enough to keep silence.

12. He was nothing to be done about it.

13. We were not afraid to speak in public.

14. She looked at him as if to hate him.

15. He left the village, never to come back.

16. To put it mildly, you are wrong.

 

V. Translate from Russian into English, using infinitive constructions.

1. Я хочу, чтобы ты помог ему.

2. Меня заставили поверить в это.

3. Моя обязанность предупредить тебя об опасности.

4. Казалось, что вечер ему понравился.

5. Мы видели, что студенты разговаривали с деканом.

6. Этот фильм, вероятно, будет показан на следующей неделе.

7. Все считают ее умной и трудолюбивой.

8.  Ему трудно говорить об этом.

9. Самое лучшее, что ты можешь сделать, это сказать правду.

10. Лучше бы вы этого не делали.

11. Я вышел из дома, чтобы прогуляться в парке.

12. Мне не легко избавиться от этой привычки.

13. Мои друзья наверняка помогут мне в беде.

14. Иди и скажи ему, что я желаю поговорить с ним.

15. Они случайно встретились на улице.

16.  Известно, что многие люди летом уезжают на море.

17. Я слышал, как она поет.

18. Она ждала, что кто-нибудь подойдет и утешит ее.

19. Я уверена, что вам понравится эта выставка.

20. Я хочу, чтобы он навестил меня.

 

VI. Translate into English, using infinitive in different functions.

1. Было желательно, чтобы они не опаздывали на занятия.

2. У меня такое чувство, как будто я не готов к зачету.

3. Он настаивал, чтобы они остались на ужин.

4. Жаль, что я не студентка.

5. Она боится, что не сдаст экзамен.

6. Необходимо повторить материал.

7. Ее единственным желанием было поступить в институт.

8. Она жалела, что не свободна и не может поехать с ним.

 

Test-paper

Translate the following sentences from Russian into English using infinitive and infinitive constructions.

 

Variant I

1. Вряд ли они  спросят об этом.

2. Говорят, что в этот день он был в плохом настроении.

3. Она не могла не улыбнуться.

4. Я теперь уже не помню, кто первым это сказал.

5. Кажется, мы живем здесь уже целую вечность.

6. Она достаточно умна, чтобы не выходить замуж за Майкла.

7. Я слышал, что Саймон купил дом.

8. Почему бы не отдохнуть немного?

9. Короче говоря, они решили, что она поедет в Оксфорд вместо Лондона.

10. Дженет сидела и ждала, когда они уйдут.

11. Не позволяй ему разговаривать с тобой в таком тоне.

12. Привет, Джордж! Я не слышала, как ты вошел.

13. У меня нет никакого желания вмешиваться в твои дела.

14. С вами невозможно разговаривать.

15. Я никак не могу заставить себя бросить курить.

16. С вашей стороны было очень любезно подвести меня до станции. Большое спасибо.

17. Я случайно упомянул имя вашего брата, оказалось, его здесь хорошо знают.

18. Вам лучше не ходить туда одной. Это опасно.

19. Он хочет, чтобы ты извинилась перед ним.

20. Видели, как она садилась в большую белую машину.

21. Мы, наверное, скоро получим от нее известия.

22. Предполагают, что он пишет детективные романы.

 

Variant II

1. Он вряд ли придет на эту вечеринку.

2. Кажется, вы уже давно здесь сидите. Вы ждете Френка?

3. Не могу не думать о будущем.

4. Вы - третий человек, который говорит мне сегодня об этом.

5. Говорят, что он уехал два года назад с тем, чтобы никогда не возвращаться.

6. Она была слишком взволнована, чтобы уснуть.

7. Я видела, что он не осознает опасности.

8. Почему бы не потанцевать?

9. Вчера Джек позволил мне вести свою машину.

10. Честно говоря, я не помню, как ее зовут.

11. Я принесла документы, которые вы должны подписать.

12. Я видела, как он упал на землю.

13. У меня нет времени играть с тобой.

14. С ним опасно ссориться.

15. В детстве родители заставляли ее по два часа играть на пианино.

16. С его стороны было очень глупо бросить работу, когда ему так нужны деньги.

17. Он случайно рассказал нам об этом, его сведения оказались правильными.

18. Вам лучше не спорить с ней сейчас, это бесполезно.

19. Я хочу, чтобы это было сделано немедленно.

20. Слышно было, как двое разговаривают в холле.

21. Он, вероятно, еще вернется.

22. Предполагают, что она сейчас путешествует.

&n