Методические указания по переводу текстов

УДК 811.111:635.9(075.8)

ББК 81.432.1

К65

 

Рецензенты:

 

И. Н. Сухомлина – доцент кафедры английской
филологии, канд. филол. наук
(Кубанский государственный университет);

 

М. А. Батурьян – доцент кафедры иностранных языков, канд. филол. наук
(Кубанский государственный аграрный университет)

Копейкина И. И.

К65 Английский языкдля ландшафтных дизайнеров:учеб.пособие / И. И. Копейкина. – Краснодар:КубГАУ, 2016. –151 с.

 

ISBN 978-5-00097-204-5

 

Учебное пособие разработано в соответствии с программой по иностранным языкам для неязыковых вузов. В пособии даны задания на развитие умения перевода, а также тексты для общего понимания и перевода.

Предназначено для студентов-магистрантов факультета плодоовощеводства и виноградарства.

УДК 811.111:635.9(078)

ББК 81.2Англ

 

© Копейкина И. И., 2016

© ФГБОУ ВО «Кубанский

государственный аграрный

университет имени

ISBN 978-5-00097-204-5                                      И. Т. Трубилина», 2016

ПРЕДИСЛОВИЕ

 

Данное учебное пособие предназначено для аудиторной и самостоятельной работы студентов-магистрантов факультета плодоовощеводства и виноградарства, обучающихся по специальности «Декоративное садоводство и ландшафтный дизайн».

Пособие рассчитано на лиц, имеющих подготовку по английскому языку в рамках бакалавриата, овладевших лексическим и грамматическим материалом для осуществления чтения и перевода текстов по специальности.

Реализация этой цели осуществляется благодаря специально подобранным текстам, содержание которых полностью соответствуют тематике учебной программы.

При отборе текстового материала в качестве основного критерия служила аутентичность текстов и их информативная ценность.

Тексты пособия не адаптированы, взяты из современных источников и отражают богатство и разнообразие современного английского языка. Рядом с названием каждого текста дано количество печатных знаков, содержащихся в тексте.

Учебное пособие содержит методические указания по работе над переводом текстов, а также задания, целью которых является развитие навыков чтения и перевода. В пособие также входят приложения, которые включают грамматический материал, наиболее употребительные сокращения латинских слов и выражений, таблицу неправильных глаголов и др.

 

CHALLENGES TO TRANSLATION

 

Idiomatic Phrases

 

1. Bring home the bacon – to earn a living and make money for your family to live on.

2. Bark up the wrong tree – to take the wrong approach to something or follow a false lead.

3. Can of worms – a complex, troublesome situation arising when a decision or action produces considerable subsequent problems.

4. A little bird told me – information gained from someone who you are not going to name.

5. Chase one’s tail – spending a lot of time and energy doing a lot of things but actually achieving too little.

6. Think on your feet – adjusting quickly to changes and making fast decisions.

7. Dead wood – people or things which are no longer useful or necessary.

8. Golden handshake – big sum of money given to a person when they leave a company or retire.

9. A shrinking violet – a shy person who doesn't express his/her views and opinions.

10. Flowery speech – a speech is full of lovely words, but may well lack substance.

11. Beat about the bush – If someone doesn’t say clearly what he/she means and tries to make it hard to understand, he/she is beating about (around) the bush.

 

Translate the sentences:

 

1. Women these days not only take care of the household but also bring home the bacon.

2. If you think you will get him to change his mind just by asking nicely you are barking up the wrong tree.

3. If you promote him to captain of the football team when he is not suitable, this could open a can of worms with the other

players.

4. Let’s just say I know about it because a little bird told me.

5. He’s been chasing his tail all week collecting data but the report is still not ready.

6. A good sales man must be able to think on his feet to close the deal.

7. The company bought in a lot of new computers. They no longer want the dead woods.

8. The management of various PSUs wanted to cut down on the man power. They offered a golden hand shake to many of their aged employees.

9. Catherine Hakim is not a shrinking violet.

10. His flowery speech confuses and disguises any possible motives, however, and the mystery is left unsolved.

11. I will not beat around the bush; the only way you are going to do that is to make some changes.

 

Phrasal Verbs

 

1. Plant sth out – to put a plant into the ground outside to continue growing.

2. Put out – produce

3. Die back – a condition in a plant in which the branches or shoots die from the tip inward, caused by any of several bacteria, fungi, or viruses or by certain environmental conditions.

4. Die off – If a group of plants dies off, all of them die over a period of time and none are left.

5. Pick up – gather.

6. Cut off – to remove something by cutting it.

7. Plant over – to grow plants or trees on an area of ground so that it is covered with them.

8. Root out – to find the source of a problem and remove it.

9. Carry out – to do a particular piece of work, research etc.

 

Translate the sentences:

 

1. When the seeds have grown in their small box, plant them out in the garden.

2. The birches are beginning to put out their buds.

3. This prevents the formation of seeds, but allows the green foliage to die back naturally, a process that takes about six weeks.

4. The plants in our garden slowly died off due to lack of

water.

5. He was sentenced for picking up wild flowers under EU green laws.

6. Cut the tops off the carrots.

7. They are planting over the beach areas.

8. They are trying to root out the troublemakers.

9. The government is carrying out a test on growing genetically modified crops.

 

Attributive Phrases

 

Translate the following attributive phrases:

 

a professional landscaper;landscape design projects; most commonly ornamental garden plants; the prominent and rather vicious thorns of Rosa sericea (розашелковистая); other aesthetic characteristics; many plants cultivated for topiary and bonsai; the regular pruning carried out on them by the gardener; the plant being grown both for ornamental qualities in the garden; a striking appearance created by lacy leaves or long needles; distinctively colored leaves; many flower gardeners preferring to plant a variety of flowers; the need for drastic cutting of crowded, overgrown plants; newly planted trees; the basic branch structure; perfect growing conditions; aesthetically pleasing trees; for purely aesthetic reasons; potted plants

 

False Friends

 

1. Accurate – точный, верный, безошибочный. Ошибка: аккуратный

2. Allure – прелесть, очарование, привлекательная черта. Ошибка: аллюр

3. Clay – глина. Ошибка: клей

4. Confuse – запутывать, ошибочно принимать одно за другое. Ошибка: конфуз

5. Conservatory – теплица, оранжерея. Ошибка:

консерватория

6. Resin – смола (на дереве). Ошибка: резина

7. Texture – фактура. Ошибка: текстура

8. Utilize – использовать. Ошибка: утилизировать

9. Vine – виноградная лоза, вьющееся растение. Ошибка: вино

Translatethesentences:

 

1. These figures are accurate. He may use them in his report.

2. I can’t resist the allure of these tiny flowers.

3. This plant requires a muddy soil, therefore a mixture of clay and sand is ideal.

4. Over 150 notes help you make the right choice between easily confused words.

5. He cares about his roses. He even built a new conservatory for them.

6. The Flourish Marie’s collection featured handpicked flowers set in resin.

7. Pencil and pen have a liveliness and beautiful texture that computer drawing can never achieve.

8. Maybe you already know the basics but want to learn how to utilize some of them more.

9. The Romans were the first to cultivate the vine in Britain.

10. Lianas are climbing woody vines that festoon rainforest trees.

 

Find the words which are “false friends”. Translate the sentences:

 

1. The cultivation of ornamental plants, called floriculture, forms a major branch of horticulture.

2. Most commonly ornamental garden plants are grown for the display of aesthetic features.

3. Many plants cultivated for topiary and bonsai would only be considered to be ornamental by virtue of the regular pruning carried out on them by the gardener.

4. Ornamental plants and trees are distinguished from utilitarian and crop plants, such as those used for agriculture and vegetable crops, and for forestry or as fruit trees.

5. Depending on the types of plants being grown, the flowers may be subtle and delicate, or large and showy.

6. He walked quietly along the alley behind the building where he was not seen.

7. He cares about his roses. He even built a new conservatory for them.

 

Polysemantic Words

 

Choose a proper meaning of the word in bold type. Translate the sentences:

 

1.Ornamental plantsare plants that are grown for decorative purposes in gardens and landscape design projects.   2. Most commonly ornamental garden plants are grown for the display of aesthetic features.     3. The term “ornamental trees” is used when they are used as part of a garden or landscape setting.   4. Ornamental plants and trees are distinguished from utilitarian and crop plants.   5.Ornamental plants are the keystone of ornamental gardening, and they come in a range of shapes, sizes and colors.

1) завод, фабрика 2) оборудование 3) растение, саженец 4) урожай 5) сажать     1) полнометражныйфильм 2) гвоздьпрограммы 3) чертылица 4) особенность, характерная черта; свойство 5) изображать   1) регулирование, установка 2) завязывание (плодов или семян) 3) окружающая обстановка; обрамление 4) оправа (камня) 5) декорации и костюмы   1) урожай 2) приплод 3) зоб (у птицы) 4) сельскохозяйственная культура 5) собирать урожай   1) случаться, происходить, бывать 2) приходить 3) прибывать, приезжать 4) делаться, становиться 5) доходить, достигать

 

Grammar

 

Оборот)

 

Конструкция: for + существительное (местоимение) + инфинитив. Этот оборот представляет собой один член предложения и может служить:
1.     2.   3.   4.     5.	Подлежащим     Частью сказуемого   Дополнением   Определением     Обстоятельством	It is necessary for him to finish his work.(Конструкция спредваряющим it является более употребительной и менее формальной). For him to give up his plans would be a tragedy. The main difficulty is for him to leave the town. The people waited patiently for the king to appear on the balcony. Here is the article for you to read. I’ll make a new dress for you to wear at the ball (цели). The problem is too difficult for me to understand it (результат).

 

1. It is easy for me to answer this question.

2. It will be so pleasure for us to spend a weak in England.

3. It was nothing for me to say.

4. It is for you to decide.

5. Here are some books for you to read.

6. He was waiting for her to talk but she was silent.

7. Everybody was waiting for the meeting to start.

8. I closed the window for you not to catch a cold.

9. She could give everything for it not to happen.

10. It is desirable for you to be on time.

 

A. Нам будет очень приятно провести неделю в Англии.

B. Вот несколько книг для вашего чтения.

C. Он ждал, чтобы она заговорила, но она молчала.

D. Мне больше нечего было сказать.

E. Я закрыл окно, чтобы ты не простудилась.

F. Желательно, чтобы ты прибыл вовремя.

G. Мне легко ответить на этот вопрос.

H. Вам решать.

I. Все ждали начала собрания.

J. Она бы отдала все, что угодно, только бы этого не

случилось.

 

6. Translate the sentences paying attention to the Gerund:

 

1. I left proud of having been of use to him.

2. I knew he was not capable of making decisions.

3. The doctor was used to listening to all sorts of people.

4. I’m sorry for giving you so much trouble.

5. I am sure that you are quite capable of dealing with most situations.

6. She was grateful to him for realizing that she didn’t want to talk about herself.

7. He was annoyed with her for getting him involved in this quarrel.

8. I was a little disappointed at not meeting Charles.

9. We had no difficulty in being nice to each other.

10. He insisted upon teaching her this complicated game.

 

Quiz:Phrasal Verbs.

 

1. Would you ______ my dog for me this weekend?

 

a) lookb) look after c) look up

 

2. My neighbor ______ eggs yesterday.

 

a) ran into b) ran c) ran out of

 

3. John ______ his leg at the baseball game.

 

a) broke off b) broke down c) broke

 

4. Our boss ______ our meeting until next week.

 

a) put down b) put off c) put

 

5. Could you ______ the music while I’m on the phone?

 

a) Turn b) turn around c) turn off

 

6. I don’t ______ my new science teacher.

 

a) get up b) get on with c) get over

 

7. We both ______ meeting your new girlfriend.

 

a) look up b) look c) look forward to

 

8. My car ______ on the highway today.

 

a) broke down b) broke away c) broke off

 

9. It will be easier to read if you ______ the lights.

 

a) switch on b) switch off c) switch over

 

Translate the text. Mind the following steps:

 

1. Reading and understanding the main contents of the text.

 

2. Translating sentence by sentence using dictionaries.

 

3. Reviewing the translation and making adjustments.

 

Ornamental Plant (2518)

 

Ornamental plants are plants that are grown for decorative purposes in gardens and landscape design projects, as houseplants, for cut flowers and specimen display. The cultivation of these, called floriculture, forms a major branch of horticulture.

Garden plants.Most commonly ornamental garden plants are grown for the display of aesthetic features including: flowers, leaves, scent, overall foliage texture, fruit, stem and bark, and aesthetic form. In some cases, unusual features may be considered to be of interest, such as the prominent and rather vicious thorns of Rosa sericea(розашелковистая) and cacti. In all cases, their purpose is for the enjoyment of gardeners and visitors.

Trees.Similarly certain trees may be called ornamental trees. This term is used when they are used as part of a garden or landscape setting, for instance for their flowers, their texture, form and shape, and other aesthetic characteristics. In some countries the trees in 'utilitarian' landscape use such as screening, and roadside plantings are called amenity trees.

Cultivation.For plants to be considered to be ornamental, they may require specific work and activity by a gardener. For instance, many plants cultivated for topiary and bonsai would only be considered to be ornamental by virtue of the regular pruning carried out on them by the gardener, and they may rapidly cease to be ornamental if the work was abandoned.

Ornamental plants and trees are distinguished from utilitarian and crop plants, such as those used for agriculture and vegetable crops, and for forestry or as fruit trees. This does not preclude any particular type of plant being grown both for ornamental qualities in the garden, and for utilitarian purposes in other settings.

Thus lavender is typically grown as an ornamental plant in gardens, but may also be grown as a crop plant for the production of lavender oil.

Ornamental plants are the keystone of ornamental gardening, and they come in a range of shapes, sizes and colors suitable to a broad array of climates, landscapes, and gardening needs.

Some ornamental plants are grown for showy foliage. Their foliage may be deciduous, turning bright orange, red, and yellow before dropping off in the fall, or evergreen, in which case it stays green year round. Some ornamental foliage has a striking appearance created by lacy leaves or long needles, while other ornamentals are grown for distinctively colored leaves, such as silvery-grey groundcovers and bright red grasses, among many others.

Other ornamental plants are cultivated for their blooms. Flowering ornamentals are a key aspect of many gardens, with many flower gardeners preferring to plant a variety of flowers so that the garden is continuously in flower through the spring and summer. Depending on the types of plants being grown, the flowers may be subtle and delicate, or large and showy, with some ornamental plants producing distinctive aromas which paint a palette of scents in addition to colors.

 

ORNAMENTAL HORTICULTURE

 

Text 1

How to Plant a Tree (4274)

 

Memorize the words:

 

1) dig (dug, dug) – копать

2) hole – яма

3) survive – выживать

4) thrive (throve, thriven) – буйнорасти, разрастаться

5) cultivar – сортрастения

6) species – вид(ы)

7) shovel – лопата

8) rootball – корневая система

9) pot – горшок

10) shallow – мелкий

11) manure – навоз, органическое удобрение

12) fertilizer – удобрение

13) enhancer – усилитель роста

14) stake – подпирать колом, стойкой

15) getestablished – укрепляться, укореняться

 

Planting a tree isn’t as simple as just digging a hole and throwing the tree in it. If you want the tree you’re planting to survive and thrive, here’s what to do.

Steps:

1. Select the right time of year for planting the tree. Do not plant in late spring or summer because the heat will stress the plant and may cause it to die. The best time to plant a tree is autumn or early spring.

2. Check to see if there are any local requirements concerning digging deep holes if you need to dig near telephone and other cables (for example, in urban areas).

3. Choose a suitable tree for the region, climate, and space. Research local cultivars of species native to your area. If you are willing to plant a non-native species, consider carefully why.

4. Prepare the hole. Take a suitable shovel and dig a hole that is 4–5 times the width of the root ball and give room for the fresh roots to grow without stress. This lets the roots grow outwards into the soil.

5. Try to dig the hole with a small “pedestal” of dirt in the center of the hole where the tree will rest. This pedestal prevents the root ball from sitting continuously in water. Any excess water will naturally flow to the deeper areas of the hole around the edges where the roots can drink from if needed. Having a pedestal in the center of the hole is very important since one of the major reasons why trees die is “drowning”, meaning the tree is getting too much water and the root ball is sitting in a pool of water. The point where the tree comes out of the ground should be slightly higher than the ground around it. This prevents water from collecting next to the base of the trunk which causes the tree to rot.

6. Prepare the tree for planting. The process is slightly different for a small tree and a large tree: If it is a small tree, then you can turn it upside down gently to get it out of the pot. You could also cut some plastic containers to remove them.If the tree is larger and has a net or rope bag, you might need to use large scissors or a sharp knife to cut through the packaging. Avoid handling the tree with the burlap off. Put it in the hole, and then cut the burlap and rope from around the trunk of the tree, leaving the wire basket. The goal is to keep as much dirt around the roots as possible; moving the tree more than absolutely necessary can easily cause air to get to the roots and dry them out, even inside the root ball.Don’t leave a tree’s roots out of its container or burlap for too long. Especially in sun and wind, it could dry out and damage the roots.Place the tree into the hole gently. Be sure the hole isn’t too deep or too shallow. The ground level of the plant in the pot should match up with the ground level after you fill the hole in. Do not bury over the crown (where the stem changes to root) or leave any roots exposed.

7. Use some compost or composted manure if needed. If the soil that you currently have is not rich, has clay-like qualities or if it has the consistency of dust or sand, the addition of manure or compost will give the tree a great start in life. Backfill three quarters of the hole with existing dirt, one quarter with compost or composted manure.

8. Resist the temptation to use a commercial fertilizer; it tends to over-boost the tree and make it “burn out”, less likely to do well over the long term. A great benefit to new trees, however, is an organic mixture that includes beneficial fungi that enhance a tree's uptake of soil nutrients. It may also include rock phosphate, a natural root-growth enhancer.

9. Give fruit and nut trees extra attention. Adding manure or compost is essential if you are planting a fruit or nut tree. Backfill two thirds of the hole with existing dirt and one third with compost or composted manure for each fruit or nut tree.

10. Water the newly planted tree. Allow settling, backfill the remaining soil, and water again. This will eliminate air pockets. Water one gallon (3.7 liters) for every six inches (15 cm) of tree height.

11. Mulch, mulch, mulch! Cover the planting hole with 1–3 inches (2.5 –7.6 cm) of shredded hardwood or leaf mulch. Keep the mulch 2–3 inches away from the trunk or the trunk will rot. Don’t over-mulch the tree, either. A few inches are enough to keep water in and most weeds out.

12. Water it again. After the planting is finished come back in about an hour and water one more time.

13. Stake the tree if necessary, for about the first year. Make sure that the stake is tied loosely to the trunk and do not dig into the bark or tighten around the tree. Staking protects the tree against blowing over in the wind, and it can also help to remind people moving around the tree not to run into it.

14. Keep watering your tree for the first few years as it gets established. Depending on the climate and your area, it will need weekly watering until the roots are established. To form deep roots, water deeply. A long, slow trickle of water will water more deeply than a quick sprinkling. Remember, deep roots help your tree to resist droughts and winds. Let the ground dry out between watering.

15. Enjoy the tree as it grows over the years with you, your family and friends. Appreciate its shade and beauty and thank yourself for adding another tree to the world.

 

Text 2

Organic Horticulture (5303)

 

Memorize the words:

 

1) horticulture – садоводство

2) soilbuilding – землеустройство

3) rotarytiller – ротационныйкультиватор

4) mulch – подстилка в травянистых формациях

5) manure – навоз, органическое удобрение

6) plague – досаждать, беспокоить

7) pest – вредитель

8) Floriculture – цветоводство

9) Olericulture – овощеводство

10) Pomology – помология

11) raisedbed – приподнятая клумба

12) be designed (to/for) – предназначаться (для)

13) tillage – обработкапочвы

14) organicmatter – органическоевещество

15) fertilizer – удобрение

16) apply – применять

 

Organic horticulture is the science and art of growing fruits, vegetables, flowers, or ornamental plants by following the essential principles of organic agriculture in soil building and conservation, pest management, and heirloom variety preservation.

The Latin words “hortus” (garden plant) and “cultura” (culture) together form horticulture, classically defined as the culture or growing of garden plants. Horticulture is also sometimes defined simply as “agriculture minus the plough”. Instead of the plough, horticulture makes use of human labour and gardener’s hand tools, although some small machine tools like rotary tillers are commonly employed now.

General

Mulches, compost, manures, and mineral supplements are soil-building mainstays that distinguish this type of farming from its commercial counterpart. Through attention to good healthy soil condition, it is expected that insect, fungal, or other problems that sometimes plague plants can be minimized. However, pheromone traps, insecticidal soap sprays, and other pest-control methods available to organic farmers are also utilized by organic

horticulturists.

Horticulture involves five areas of study. These areas are floriculture (includes production and marketing of floral crops), landscape horticulture (includes production, marketing and maintenance of landscape plants), olericulture (includes production and marketing of vegetables), pomology (includes production and marketing of fruits), and postharvest physiology (involves maintaining quality and preventing spoilage of horticultural crops). All of these can be, and sometimes are, pursued according to the principles of organic cultivation.

Organic horticulture (or organic gardening) is based on knowledge and techniques gathered over thousands of years. In general terms, organic horticulture involves natural processes, often taking place over extended periods of time, and a sustainable, holistic approach – while chemical-based horticulture focuses on immediate, isolated effects and reductionist strategies.

Organic gardening systems

There are a number of formal organic gardening and farming systems that prescribe specific techniques. They tend to be more specific than general organic standards.

Biodynamic farming is an approach based on the esoteric teachings of Rudolf Steiner. The Japanese farmer and writer Masanobu Fukuoka invented a system for small-scale grain production that he called Natural Farming. French intensive and bio-intensive methods are all small scale gardening techniques. These techniques were brought to the United States by Alan Chadwick in the 1930s.

A garden is more than just a means of providing food, it is a model of what is possible in a community – everyone could have a garden of some kind (container, growing box, and raised bed) and produce healthy, nutritious organic food. A simple 4’ x 8’ (32 square feet) raised bed garden based on the principles of bio-intensive planting and square foot gardening uses fewer nutrients and less water and could keep a family, or community, supplied with an abundance of healthy, nutritious organic greens, while promoting a more sustainable way of living.

Organic gardening is designed to work with the ecological systems and minimally disturb the Earth’s natural balance. Because of this organic farmers have been interested in reduced-tillage methods. Conventional agriculture uses mechanical tillage (plowing or sowing), which is harmful to the environment. Ploughing speeds up erosion because the soil remains uncovered for a long period of time and if it has a low content of organic matter the structural stability of the soil decreases. Organic farmers use techniques such as mulching, planting cover crops, and intercropping, to maintain a soil cover throughout most of the year. The use of compost, manure mulch and other organic fertilizers yields a higher organic content of soils on organic farms and helps limit soil degradation and erosion.

Other methods can also be used to supplement an existing garden, such as composting, or vermicomposting. These practices are ways of recycling organic matter into some of the best organic fertilizers and soil conditioner. The byproduct is also an excellent source of nutrients for an organic garden.

Pest control approaches

Differing approaches to pest control are equally notable. In chemical horticulture, a specific insecticide may be applied to quickly kill off a particular insect pest. Chemical controls can dramatically reduce pest populations in the short term, yet by unavoidably killing (or starving) natural control insects and animals, cause an increase in the pest population in the long term, thereby creating an ever increasing problem. Repeated use of insecticides and herbicides also encourages rapid natural selection of resistant insects, plants and other organisms, necessitating increased use, or requiring new, more powerful controls.

In contrast, organic horticulture tends to tolerate some pest populations while taking the long view. Organic pest control requires a thorough understanding of pest life cycles and interactions, and involves the cumulative effect of many techniques,

including:

– Allowing for an acceptable level of pest damage.

– Encouraging predatory beneficial insects to flourish and eat pests.

– Encouraging beneficial microorganisms.

– Careful plant selection, choosing disease-resistant varieties.

– Planting companion crops that discourage or divert pests.

– Using row covers to protect crop plants during pest migration periods.

– Rotating crops to different locations from year to year to interrupt pest reproduction cycles.

– Using insect traps to monitor and control insect populations.

Each of these techniques also provides other benefits, such as soil protection and improvement, fertilization, pollination, water conservation and season extension. These benefits are both complementary and cumulative in overall effect on site health. Organic pest control and biological pest control can be used as part of integrated pest management (IPM). However, IPM can include the use of chemical pesticides that are not part of organic or biological techniques.

 

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And Career Roadmap (3255)

 

Memorize the words:

 

1) strenuous – напряженный; требующийусилий

2) protectivegear – защитноеустройство

3) pest – вредитель

4) delve – изучать, тщательно исследовать

5) aspiringgardeners – начинающий садовник

6) spearheadefforts – направлять усилия

 

Research the requirements to become a professional gardener. Learn about the job description and duties and read the step-by-step process to start a career as a professional gardener.

 

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Garden Design (8640)

 

Memorize the words:

 

1) inspiration – вдохновение

2) sidewalk – тротуар (ам.)

3) driveway – подъезднаяаллея

4) fence – забор

5) curvedline – изогнутаялиния

6) straightline – прямаялиния

7) lighting system – системаосвещения

8) coarse – грубый

9) fine – тонкий, утончённый

10) boxwood – самшит

11) to draw attention – привлекатьвнимание

12) compatibility – совместимость

 

Garden design is the foundation of any great landscape. What does your dream garden look like? Make that dream a reality with garden design secrets, ideas, and inspiration for front yards and backyards. That includes color, foliage, and plant combinations, including the best red and yellow flowers to pair together, as well as tips for decor, landscaping, and curb appeal.

If you love a landscape filled with wildlife, such as birds and butterflies, you should learn ways to attract them to your garden, including building your own birdhouses or creating birdbaths.

The Elements of Good Garden Design

Rely on these artistic principles to take the mystery out of garden design, even if you are working with a professional.

Line

Line is one of the most important and useful of all design elements. Everything in the garden involves line. Think about the trunk of a tree, the distant horizon, the line created when a lawn ends and the adjacent woods begin. A sidewalk, driveway, or fence is a clear and readily accessible line in the landscape. As you plan and design your garden, always consider the line that is created by whatever you are adding.

There are four main ways to describe lines: curved, straight, horizontal, and vertical. None is more important than the others – each has different effects. Strong lines can draw your eye into the landscape, directing both where people look and where they go.

Curved lines shape informal garden beds and add interest to pathways. Straight lines evoke a sense of order and are more

formal.

Gardens can be themed, such as a healing garden.

Soothing horizontal lines create a sense of stability. Vertical lines project a sense of strength and movement.

No matter which types of line you use, be aware that lines lead the eye. Lines going away from you on the ground draw you forward. Horizontal lines on the ground slow you down. Vertical lines lead the eye up and out of the garden. Curving lines take the eye on an intriguing journey. All are desirable. It’s up to you to know where the lines will lead you or your eye and what you will see when you get there.

Light

What could be lovelier than early morning or evening in the garden, when plants virtually glow from warm backlighting? Who can deny that light gives plants life?

Light and shade change the way colors look and how they work together. Although you can’t control natural light, you can play up its effects. Bright light has the same impact as warm color – it advances visually, making an object or area feel closer than it really is.

Keep in mind that light can be either natural or artificial. It is easy to add a low-voltage lighting system to extend your garden enjoyment into the evening hours. Various fixtures and their positioning create different effects. Front lighting a dark area highlights a particular feature. Backlighting silhouettes a sculpture, tree, or shrub. Side lighting, which can also produce dramatic effects, is used mostly for safety along walks and paths.

Texture

Texture evokes emotional responses. Both tactile and visual textures invite you to touch. Use texture to contrast plants in groups or minimize architectural lines.

The characteristics of texture divide plants into three basic groups: coarse, medium, and fine. Coarse-textured plants, hardscaping materials, or garden structures have large or boldly tactile components. Fine-textured materials include many ferns and grasses or a delicate structure such as a bent-wire trellis or arbor. Medium textures fall in between.

Changes in texture can be subtle; the textures of various plants (and objects) are relative to one another. An ornamental grass, when viewed alone, may seem a fine-textured plant. However, when compared with zoysiagrass, which is much more finely textured, it may appear more coarse-textured.

Form

A landscape without strong, contrasting forms becomes as confusing as a melody without rhythm. The form and shape of plants and other objects in the garden work to divide space, enclose areas, and provide architectural interest. Grouping plants displays their shapes and creates various effects.

Round forms, such as boxwood or barberry shrubs, for instance, add definition and stability to a mixed border. A series of mounded forms creates an undulating rhythm.

Repeated, narrow verticals also add stability. Alone, a thin cactus looks awkward. Clustered, they appear well-placed.

The strong uprights of a fence add a sense of security and completeness.

Scale

Scale, or proportion, is the size relationship of one object to another. A 30-foot tree is out of place in the middle of a small patio, but a dwarf tree makes sense. Conversely, a massive house overpowers a narrow front walk lined with strips of flowers.

Consider the ultimate size of a tree before you plant it. The most beautiful tree in the world will look awkward and out of place if it towers over the front of a house. That same tree, if placed in the back yard, may provide a pleasing frame for the house.

Pattern

Pattern is the repetition of shapes in order. Pattern creates rhythm, as well as charm. It reinforces texture and contrast. When creating patterns, think of light and shadow as part of the palette. Use pattern to draw attention to an area; be careful not to overdo bold patterns, which can overwhelm. Also apply this principle when creating backgrounds. Lay a brick herringbone pattern in walkways, patios, entryways, and driveway borders to unify your hardscape, for example. Employ pattern as a way to direct people through the garden too.

Balance

Visual balance is achieved when the elements on each side of a real or imaginary axis are equal. If too much emphasis is placed on one side of the garden, your eye will be drawn more readily there and not to the garden as a whole.

There are two basic types of balance: symmetrical (formal) and asymmetrical (informal). When establishing balance, you need to determine a central reference point from which to draw an axis. It could be the front door, a tree in the backyard, or any other

object.

Symmetrical, or formal, balance is the easiest to see and understand: The elements on either side of a real or imaginary line are mirror images.

Formal balance doesn’t always suit a home or garden style. You may prefer informal, or asymmetrical, balance. For example, a large tree on the left can be balanced by three smaller ones on the right. Or a large mass of cool colors on one side can balance a small mass of hot colors on the other side.

Unity

Unity results when all of the basic garden design principles come together in a balanced, harmonious whole. Focusing on harmony will help as you choose from an exciting and sometimes bewildering array of plants and other landscaping materials.

Make simplicity a guidepost as well, and you likely will achieve a unified design that gives you a sense of completeness. Good structure in the overall design, combined with hardscape that meets your needs for service and enjoyment, creates the perfect setting into which you can place favorite plants – trees, shrubs, groundcovers, flowers, and seasonal containers.

Contrast

Contrast emphasizes the difference between a plant or an object and its surroundings. Using contrast is the best way to avoid predictability in a garden. It also adds a pleasing sense of tension between elements. Like most garden design principles, in moderation contrast is good, but too much can be confusing and unrelaxing to the eye.

You can create contrast by manipulating various elements such as form, texture, and color. Achieve a distinctive look by planting the contrasting forms of horizontal ‘Bar Harbor’ juniper in front of red-twigged dogwood, for instance.

You can contrast textures by varying hardscaping materials, such as bricks and gravel, or plant textures, such as a leathery leaved magnolia next to a finely needled cedar or juniper shrub.

Finally, the colors of flower blossoms can create wonderful contrasts. To be most effective, the hues should be widely separated on the color wheel. For example, red and green, purple and orange, and yellow and blue represent the highest contrast in color. You can also contrast variegated leaves with solid colors, or green and purple leaves.

Color

Color seduces the eye, evokes mood, and reflects the seasons. As a powerful and unifying tool, color has predictable effects. Cool blues, purples, and greens soothe and recede, whereas warm reds, oranges, and yellows enliven and advance.

Single-color schemes enchant with their simplicity. The real fun comes in expressing your personality by combining colors. Some colors compete for attention; others harmonize.

Although flowers are the jewels of the garden, too many different colors look chaotic. Remember that a balance of subtly different colors creates a pleasing effect.

Rhythm

Rhythm and repetition come about when you correctly position or contrast features. Rhythm avoids monotony.

Gardens that may be complete in almost every sense may seem ordinary until rhythm is introduced – for instance, a stately procession of shade trees along a drive or the repetition of pavers or the pickets in a fence. These elements create a clear sense of

movement.

Rhythm doesn’t necessarily require literal repetition. It may be achieved by the use of line.

Another example of rhythm is the gradual change along a planting bed of warm colors and coarse textures to cooler colors and finer textures, and then back to warm and coarse. As different plants come into bloom and then recede, to be replaced by others, there will still be a satisfying sense of visual rhythm.

Variety

Just as you choose your guests for a dinner party with concern for their interests and personalities, so can you combine a variety of plants for compatibility.

Accents and focal points serve to make a landscape more interesting. Use them sparingly, however, tomaximize their individual impact. Often, a single, interest element added to an otherwise drab scene can make all the difference.

Similar shapes and colors reinforce a theme. But certain focal points, by virtue of their interesting character, deserve major attention. These focal points should stand out from the rest of the garden. Occasional accents, such as an arbor, a sculpture, or a specimen plant, help create balance in a garden between the reference points and the background.

 

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Landscape Trees (1501)

 

Memorize the words:

 

1) specimen – особь; образец, экземпляр

2) variety – разновидность; сорт

3) shadyspot – тенистоеместо

4) evergreentree – вечнозелёноедерево

5) deciduoustree – лиственноедерево

6) floweringtree – цветущеедерево

7) debris – мусор, остатки

8) maintenance – уход, содержание

 

Trees are an important part of landscaping. When thriving they make a beautiful contribution to the garden. Adding trees to your landscape, whether it is one specimen tree or a grouping of a certain variety, will greatly improve the appearance and value of your property. Trees can create shady spots perfect for a bench or table. They can block winds and add privacy. Depending on the variety they can also add color and interest to your garden. Think about whether you want an evergreen, deciduous or flowering tree.

Choosing the right tree is crucial. You’ll need to consider many factors when selecting a tree and deciding where to plant it. Among them are its mature size and whether or not it will drop debris. One of the biggest landscaping mistakes is improper tree placement. For example, a tree with surface roots can destroy paving, while a tree that grows taller than expected can interfere with power lines or block views.

Begin the tree selection process by looking around your neighborhood for trees you find attractive and that appear to be doing well. Take photos of these trees and do research on them. Consider the areas of your garden that would benefit from a tree and select a tree that is suited to this spot. It is a good idea to hire a landscape professional to help you select trees for your property. They have experience with many tree types and will be able to tell you what will and won’t work.

Once your trees have been selected and planted they will need to be cared for properly. Providing the right amount of water is probably the most crucial maintenance concern when it comes to trees. Most trees require occasional deep watering, but familiarize yourself with your tree's specific needs. Other maintenance considerations include mulching, fertilizing and pruning.

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ORNAMENTAL FLORICULTURE

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Flower Morphology (2380)

Memorizethewords:

 

1) stalk – стебель; ножка

2) whorl – кольцолистьев (вокругстебля)

3) receptacle – цветоложе; цветоножка

4) calyx – чашечка

5) sepal – чашелистик

6) bud – почка

7) сorolla – венчик

8) petal – лепесток

9) pollination – опыление

10) stamen – тычинка

11) filament – филамент; тычиночнаянить

12) anther – пыльник

13) carpel – карпель, плодолистик

14) ovary – завязь

15) ovule – семяпочка, семязачаток

16) pistil – пестик

17) stigma – рыльце

A stereotypical flower consists of four kinds of structures attached to the tip of a short stalk. Each of these parts is arranged in a whorl on the receptacle. The four main whorls (starting from the base of the flower or lowest node and working upwards) are as

follows:

Calyx: the outermost whorl consisting of units called sepals; these are typically green and enclose the rest of the flower in the bud stage, however, they can be absent or prominent and petal-like in some species.

Corolla: the next whorl toward the apex, composed of units called petals, which are typically thin, soft and colored to attract animals that help the process of pollination.

Androecium (from Greek “androsoikia”: man’s house) is the next whorl (sometimes multiplied into several whorls), consisting of units called stamens. Stamens consist of two parts: a stalk called a filament, topped by an anther where pollen is produced by meiosis and eventually dispersed.

Gynoecium (from Greek“gynaikosoikia”: woman’s house) is the innermost whorl of a flower, consisting of one or more units called carpels. The carpel or multiple fused carpels form a hollow structure called an ovary, which produces ovules internally. The gynoecium of a flower is also described using an alternative terminology wherein the structure one sees in the innermost whorl (consisting of an ovary, style and stigma) is called a pistil. A pistil may consist of a single carpel or a number of carpels fused together. The sticky tip of the pistil, the stigma, is the receptor of pollen. The supportive stalk, the style, becomes the pathway for pollen tubes to grow from pollen grains adhering to the stigma.

Although the arrangement described above is considered typical, plant species show a wide variation in floral structure. These modifications have significance in the evolution of flowering plants and are used extensively by botanists to establish relationships among plant species.

The four main parts of a flower are generally defined by their positions on the receptacle and not by their function. Many flowers lack some parts or parts may be modified into other functions and/or look like what is typically another part. In some families the petals are greatly reduced and in many species the sepals are colorful and petal-like. Other flowers have modified stamens that are petal-like, the double flowers of Peonies and Roses are mostly petaloid stamens. Flowers show great variation and plant scientists describe this variation in a systematic way to identify and distinguish species.

Flowers may be directly attached to the plant at their base (the supporting stalk or stem is highly reduced or absent). The stem or stalk subtending a flower is called a peduncle. If a peduncle supports more than one flower, the stems connecting each flower to the main axis are called pedicels.

 

Text 2

Flower Symbolism (1708)

 

Memorize the words:

 

1) poppy – мак

2) daisy – маргаритка

3) sunflower – подсолнечник

4) water lily – водянаялилия

5) larkspur – живокость, шпорник

 

Many flowers have important symbolic meanings in Western culture. The practice of assigning meanings to flowers is known as Floriography. Some of the more common examples include:

Red roses are given as a symbol of love, beauty, and passion.

Poppies are a symbol of consolation in time of death. In the United Kingdom, New Zealand, Australia and Canada, red poppies are worn to commemorate soldiers who have died in times of war.

Irises/Lilies are used in burials as a symbol referring to “resurrection/life”. It is also associated with stars (sun) as their petals are shining when blooming.

Daisies are a symbol of innocence.

Flowers within Asian and western classical art are also representative of the female genitalia, as seen in the works of many artists and poets. Many cultures around the world have a marked tendency to associate flowers with femininity.

The great variety of delicate and beautiful flowers has inspired the works of numerous poets, especially from the 18^th–19^th century Romantic era. Famous examples include William Wordsworth’s “I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud” and William Blake’s “Ah!

Sunflower!”

Because of their varied and colorful appearance, flowers have long been a favourite subject of artists as well. Some of the most celebrated paintings from well-known painters are of flowers, such as Van Gogh’s sunflowers series or Monet's water lilies. Flowers are also dried, freeze dried and pressed in order to create permanent, three-dimensional pieces of flower art.

Their symbolism in dreams has also been discussed, with possible interpretations including “blossoming potential”.

The Roman goddess of flowers, gardens, and the season of spring is Flora. The Greek goddess of spring, flowers and nature is Chloris.

In Hindu mythology, flowers have a significant status. Vishnu, one of the three major gods in the Hindu system, is often depicted standing straight on a lotus flower. Apart from the association with Vishnu, the Hindu tradition also considers the lotus to have spiritual significance.

 

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Flower Garden (1322)

 

Memorize the words:

 

1) decorativepurpose – декоративноеназначение

2) bloom – цвести; цветение

3) annual – однолетнее (растение)

4) fragrance – аромат

5) delight the senses – услаждатьчувства

6) herb – трава, травянистое растение

7) herbaceousborder – травянистый бордюр

8) knotgarden – сад формального стиля

9) edible – съедобный

10) seed – семя

11) perennial – многолетнее растение

12) biennial – двулетник, двулетний

13) layout – расположение, планировка

 

A flower garden is any garden where flowers are grown for decorative purposes. Because flowers bloom at varying times of the year, and some plants are annual, dying each winter, the design of flower gardens can take into consideration to maintain a sequence of bloom and even of consistent color combinations, through varying seasons.

Flower gardens combine plants of different heights, colors, textures, and fragrances to create interest and delight the senses.

Flower color is an important feature of both the herbaceous border and the mixed border that includes shrubs as well as herbaceous plants, and of bedding-out schemes limited to colorful annuals. Flower gardens are sometimes tied in function to other kinds of gardens, like knot gardens or herb gardens, many herbs also having decorative function, and some decorative flowers being

edible.

One simpler alternative to the designed flower garden is the “wildflower” seed mix, with assortments of seeds which will create a bed that contains flowers of various blooming seasons, so that some portion of them should always be in bloom. The best mixtures even include combinations of perennial and biennials, which may not bloom until the following year, and also annuals that are “self-seeding”, so they will return, creating a permanent flowerbed.

Another, even more recent trend is the “flower garden in a box”, where the entire design of a flower garden is pre-packaged, with separate packets of each kind of flower, and a careful layout to be followed to create the proposed pattern of color in the

garden-to-be.

 

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Flowers for Borders (2522)

Control pests by planting these flowers for borders and drawing beneficial insects into your garden.

 

Memorize the words:

 

1) research – исследование, изучение

2) beneficialinsects – полезныенасекомые

3) ladybug – (божья) коровка

4) lacewing – златоглазка

5) groundbeetle – жужелица

6) pollen – пыльца

7) yield – урожай

8) cornflower – василёк

9) wasp – оса

10) sow – сеять, засевать

11) edging – бордюр; обрамление

12) aphid – тля

13) fennel – фенхель

 

“Flowers for borders” is the concept behind ground-breaking research and has revealed how gardeners can attract beneficial insects – ladybugs, lacewings, ground beetles and other insects that feed on pests – simply by planting certain flowers. We’ve been monitoring this research and compiling a list of plants that are both highly ornamental and proven effective in attracting and sheltering beneficial insects. Here’s our exclusive special report on these beautiful and valuable plants.

To get energy to search for their prey, or to reproduce, many beneficial insects feed on nectar (for carbohydrates) and pollen (for protein) from flowering plants. Researchers are discovering that some flowers are much better sources of nectar and pollen to sustain beneficial insects than others. Studies are also revealing the best plants to grow for shelter to help good bugs thrive. And as an added bonus, many of the nectar sipping/pest-eating insects that are attracted to flower pollen will also pollinate your fruit and vegetable crops and increase your yields.

Some Best Plants for Beneficial Borders:

Bachelor’s Buttons or Cornflower (Centaureacyanus). This beautiful blue wildflower has extrafloral nectaries, which means the plant’s leaves release nectar even when the flowers are not blooming. Research in Germany has found that bachelor button nectar has a very high sugar content of 75 percent. This nectar is highly attractive to flower flies, ladybugs, lacewings, and beneficial wasps. Sow easy-to-grow Bachelor’s Buttons seeds directly in the garden in fall or early spring; plants usually reseed

energetically.

Sweet Alyssum* (Lobulariamaritima). This low-growing annual makes a lovely white, highly fragrant edging for flower beds. Numerous studies have confirmed that sweet alyssum is highly attractive to aphid-eating flower flies. You can start with seeds, or buy bedding plants for earlier flowering.

Borage* (Boragoofficinalis). This annual herb has bright blue clusters of edible, cucumber-flavored