How to Make Good Planting Beds (2882)

 

Memorize the words:

 

1) moist – влажный

2) amendment – вещество, улучшающеепочву

3) soil surface – поверхностьпочвы

4) mound – куча, холм

5) vineplant – виноградная лоза; вьющееся растение, лиана

6) row – ряд

7) seedling(s) – сеянец, саженец, рассада

8) debris – мусор

9) spade – лопата

10) spadingfork – вилы

 

When you’re getting ready to dig, the soil should be neither too wet nor too dry: a handful squeezed in your fist should form a ball that crumbles apart, yet still feels moist.

If you dig into soil that's too wet, you'll compact it (making it difficult for air to penetrate throughout the soil once it dries) and destroy beneficial microorganisms.

You can’t work amendments evenly into wet soil, either.

Garden beds are of two basic types. Some are dug directly in the ground, while others (raised beds) are located in frames that sit on the soil surface.

Digging a planting bed in the ground

When making new in-ground beds some gardeners always raise them just by a few inches using decorative stones, bricks, or bender board as an edging. The raised soil gives plant roots a few more inches of growing room, and the edging keeps the soil in place.

Other gardeners make mounds as they dig. In this case, the bed’s edges are close to the original soil surface, while the center is elevated; plants can grow both on top of the mound and on its sides.

You may want to create several mounds, adding large decorative stones for accents; in this case, the mounding forms part of the landscaping. The mounded soil ensures plenty of depth for root growth as well as excellent drainage.

In the vegetable garden, such mounds are convenient for scrambling, vine plants such as melons and squash. You'll also see various types of raised or mounded rows in vegetable gardens; in most, the seedlings are planted at the top to maximize root growth and drainage.

When you dig, start by clearing most of the debris from the soil. Then use a sharp, square-bladed spade or a spading fork to break up the soil to a spade’s depth – typically 8 to 12 inches.

If you’re digging a large bed, consider using a power-driven rototiller. If the soil hasn't been worked in a long time, go over it first with the blades set to a shallow level. Spread amendments over the surface, then rototill again with the blades set deeper into the soil.

Once a bed is ready for planting, don't walk on it. Following this rule will be simpler if you can easily reach all parts of the bed from its borders; if it must be wider, add board paths or stepping-stones to control foot traffic.

Making a raised bed

A raised bed is one of the best ways to grow vegetables and herbs. Raised beds have many advantages. Their soil warms earlier in the spring and drains well; and because it’s usually free from foot traffic, it remains loose and easy for roots, air, and water to penetrate. Raised beds provide better drainage and aeration than in the ground and makes harvesting easier.

Orient raised beds in an east-west direction so they’ll receive as much sun as possible. Construct them of wood, cinder blocks, or other materials at least 2 inches thick, and make them 3½ to 4 feet wide; you should easily be able to reach the center of each bed from its edges.

The bed’s height depends on several factors. If the existing soil is healthy, the bed need be no higher than 8 to 12 inches; deep-rooted plants will grow down into the native soil. If the existing soil is poor, however, you'll probably want to make the bed higher to give roots more room. The maximum height is usually about 1½ feet.

Fill the bed with well-amended soil; you can use soil from another part of the garden or purchased topsoil. Amendments should include well-rotted manure and compost or soil conditioner. The soil surface should be 2 to 4 inches below the rim of the completed bed.

 

Text 11

Herb Garden (1179)

 

Memorize the words:

 

1) devote – посвящать

2) patch – пятно, участок

3) mint – мята

4) dill – укроп

5) savory – чабер

6) potpourri – ароматическаясмесь

7) chamomile – ромашка

 

The herb garden is often a separate space in the garden, devoted to growing a specific group of plants known as herbs. These gardens may be informal patches of plants, or they may be carefully designed, even to the point of arranging the plants to form specific patterns, as in a knot garden.

Herb gardens may be purely functional or they may include a blend of functional and ornamental plants. The herbs are usually used to flavour food in cooking, though they may also be used in other ways, such as discouraging pests, providing pleasant scents, or serving medicinal purposes.

A kitchen garden can be created by planting different herbs in pots or containers, with the added benefit of mobility. Although not all herbs thrive in pots or containers, some herbs do better than others. Mint is an example of a herb that is advisable to keep in a container or it will take over the whole garden.

Some popular culinary herbs in temperate climates are to a large extent still the same as in the medieval period.

Herbs often have multiple uses. For example, mint may be used for cooking, tea, and pest control. Examples of herbs and their uses:

Annual culinary herbs: basil, dill, summer savory.

Perennial culinary herbs: mint, rosemary, thyme.

Herbs used for potpourri: lavender, lemon verbena.

Herbs used for tea: mint, lemon verbena, camomile, bergamot, hibiscus.

Herbs used for other purposes: stevia for sweetening, etc.

Herbs as medicine can be ingested whole in many ways, including herbal teas, known as tisanes; herbal juices, or in a dried form.

Other methods of administering whole herbs include infusions, which is extraction by steeping in hot water; decoctions, which are long-term boiled extracts of roots and barks; maceration, where plants are finely cut and steeped in cold water.

Herb tinctures use alcohol to suspend the essence from the herbs, while herbal wine and elixirs are low alcohol content herb extracts.

There are also dry extracts in which the plants are allowed to evaporate their liquid content into a dry mass, which can then be contained in a capsule or tablet.

Many herbs can also be applied as a topical skin treatment with essential oil extracts used to create creams, lotions, balms, salves, and oils. Herbs have also been used as a compress with crushed or rehydrated dry herbs applied directly to a bandage, which is then placed over a wound.

Another widely used medicinal use is aromatherapy, whereby the fragrant liberation of the essential oils in herbs is used to combat pain and anxiety, while reducing stress, and promoting relaxation through the olofactory senses.

Today, hundreds of products are manufactured from herbs or have herbs incorporated into them.

 

 

Приложение А

 

Грамматический справочник

Времена активного залога

 

Present Indefinite	Present Continuous	Present Perfect	Present Perfect Continuous
I ask He ask We ask You ask They ask	I am asking He is asking We are asking You are asking They are asking	I have asked He has asked We have asked You have asked They have asked	I have been asking He has been asking We have been asking You have been asking They have been asking
Do I ask?	Am I asking?	Have I asked?	Have I been asking?
I do not ask	I am not asking	I have not asked	I have not been asking
Past Indefinite	Past Continuous	Past Perfect	Past Perfect Continuous
I asked He asked We asked You asked They asked	I was asking He was asking We were asking   You were asking They were asking	I had asked He had asked   We had asked You had asked They had asked	I had been asking He had been asking We had been asking You had been asking They had been asking
Did I ask?	Was I asking?	Had I asked?	Had I been asking?
I did not ask	I was not asking	I had not asked	I had not been asking
Future Indefinite	Future Continuous	Future Perfect	Future Perfect Continuous
I shall (will) ask He will ask We shall ask You will ask They will ask	I shall be asking He will be asking We shall be asking You will be asking They will be asking	I shall have asked He will have asked We shall have asked You will have asked They will have asked	I shall have been asking He will have been asking We shall have been asking You will have been asking They will have been asking
Shall I ask?	Shall I be asking?	Shall I have asked?	Shall I have been asking?
I shall not ask	I shall not be asking	I shall not have asked	I shall not have been asking
Future-in the Past
I should ask He would ask We should ask You would ask They would ask	I should be asking He would be asking We should be asking You would be asking They would be asking	I should have asked He would have asked We should have asked You would have asked They would have asked	I should have been asking He would have been asking We should have been asking You would have been asking They would have been asking
I should not ask	I should not be asking	I should not have asked	I should not have been asked

 

Временастрадательногозалога

 

Present Indefinite	Present Continuous	Present Perfect	Present Perfect Continuous
I am asked He is asked We are asked You are asked They are asked	I am being asked He is being asked We are being asked You are being asked They are being asked	I have been asked He has been asked We have been asked You have been asked They have been asked	–
Am I asked?	Am I being asked?	Have I been asked?	–
I am not asked	I am not being asked	I have not been asked	–
Past Indefinite	Past Continuous	Past Perfect	Past Perfect Continuous
I was asked He was asked We were asked You were asked They were asked	I was being asked He was being asked We were being asked You were being asked They were being asked	I had been asked He had been asked We had been asked You had been asked They had been asked	–
Was I asked?	Was I being asked?	Had I been asked?	–
I was not asked	I was not being asked	I had not been asked	–
Future Indefinite	Future Continuous	Future Perfect	Future Perfect Continuous
I shall be asked He will be asked We shall be asked You will be asked They will be asked	–	I shall have been asked He will have been asked We shall have been asked You will have been asked They will have been asked	–
Shall I be asked?	–	Shall I have been asked?	–
I shall not be asked	–	I shall not have been asked	–
Future-in-the-Past
I should be asked He would be asked We should be asked You would be asked They would be asked	–	I should have been asked He would have been asked We should have been asked You would have been asked They would have been asked	–

Чтобы показать, кем/чем совершается действие, используются предлоги:

BY – Перед одушевленным предметом, а также после глаголов типа: damage, make, bring, discover, break, destroy, etc.

This building was designed by Rossi.

The window was broken by this stone.

The theatre was destroyed by fire.

WITH – Указывается, какой предмет, орудие, инструмент использован для совершения действия.

The bag was cut with a razor.

The pictures were drawn with chalk.

The door was opened with a key.

Обратите внимание на перевод глаголов с предлогом в страдательном залоге:

 

Русский язык	Английский язык
Об этой книге много говорят. Над ним часто смеются..	This book is much spoken about. He is often laughed at.

 

Наиболее распространённые глаголы с предлогами:

 

hearof – слышать о                      sendfor – посылать за

laughat – смеяться над                speakof/about – говорить о

makefunof – насмехаться над     talkabout – говорить о

lookafter – ухаживать за             thinkof – думать о

lookat – смотретьна         payattentionto – обращать

внимание на

relyon – полагаться на                takecareof – заботиться о

 

В русском языке не все глаголы сохраняют предлог:

 

tolistento – слушать что-либо/кого-либо

tolookfor – искать что-либо

tooperateon – оперировать кого-либо

toprovidefor – обеспечить кого-либо чем либо

toexplainto – объяснять кому-либо

 

Например:

He was operated on last night.

Его оперировали прошлой ночью.

 

Глаголы tobe и tohave

 

to be	Present	Past	Future
1)«быть», «являться», “находиться” 2) вспомогательный глагол	Iam he/sheis we/you/theyare	was were	willbe

 

В вопросительной форме настоящего и прошедшего времени глагол tobe выносится на первое место перед подлежащим; отрицательная форма образуется при помощи отрицания not после глагола:

They are at home now.

Are they at home now?

They are not (aren’t) at home now.

 

to have	Present	Past	Future
1)«иметь» 2) вспомогательный глагол	I/you/we/they have he/she has	had	will have

 

Для образования вопросительной и отрицательной формы с глаголом tohave используется вспомогательный глагол do / don ’ t (does / doesn ’ t, did / didn ’ t):

He has three brothers. Do you have a brother?

I don’t have a brother.

Did you have a car when you lived in London?

В британском варианте have используется для обозначения обычного повторяющегося действия или состояния. Форма havegot употребляется в тех случаях, когда речь не идёт о привычных действиях. С havegot вспомогательный глагол do не используется:

She has longfairhair. У нее длинные волосы.

I’ vegot toothache. У меня болит зуб (сейчас).

Has she got a car? У неё есть машина (в настоящее время)?

Глагол have употребляется с большим количеством существительных, утрачивая своё значение (иметь), и обозначает действие:

I have a bath every morning. (= I take a bath)

He has tea every morning. (= Hedrinkstea)

 

Устойчивые выражения с глаголом have

 

have breakfast/dinner/lunch/a meal/a drink/tea/a cup of tea, coffee, etc:

have a walk/a rest/a holiday/a party/a good time/classes

have a wash/a shower/a bath/a swim/a shave/a haircut/a headache, etc

have a row/a quarrel/trouble/an idea/a look, etc

В этих сочетаниях глагол have может использоваться в форме Continuous.

 

Оборот thereis / thereare

 

Для выражения наличия в определённом месте (отрезке времени) лица или предмета (факта или явления) ещё неизвестного собеседнику употребляется особый тип простого сказуемого – оборот thereis / are со значением есть, существует, находится.

 

there is/are; there was/were; there will be; there have/has been; there had been

 

There are many English books in this library.

There was a meeting at the club yesterday.

There hasn’t been any rain for some days.

There will be a nice fire-place in the room.

 

В русском языке подобные предложения начинаются с обстоятельства места или времени. В английском языке эти обстоятельства, как правило, стоят в конце предложения.

Сравните:

 

Русский	Английский
В этой комнате есть (имеется) телефон. В саду (имеется) много цветов. Вчера в университете было собрание.	There is a telephone in this room. There are many flowers in the garden. There was a meeting at the university yesterday.