Учебное пособие для обучающихся 3 курса  

Мануйлова О.В.

 

ОГСЭ. 03 АНГЛИЙСКИЙ ЯЗЫК

Учебное пособие для обучающихся 3 курса  

По специальности 21.02.05 Земельно-имущественные отношения

 

 

 

2016-2017 уч.год

УДК 802.0(072.32)

ББК – 81. 2 Англ я723я722

М 24

 

Рассмотрено и рекомендовано на заседании ЦМК общих гуманитарных дисциплин «»                     2016 г. Протокол №           Председатель ЦМК ________________О.Э.Юнанова

Одобрено методическим советом техникума «____» ____________ 2016 г. Протокол № ______ Председатель методсовета ___________В.П.Марунич

Мануйлова О.В. Английский язык [Текст]: учебное пособие по дисциплине ОГСЭ.03 Английский язык для обучающихся 3 курса   по специальности 21.02.05. Земельно-имущественные отношения/ О.В. Мануйлова. - Армавир: ГБПОУ КК АЮТ. - 2016. - С.43.

 

Учебное пособие состоит из 13 тем, каждая из которых содержит тематически подобранный текст для чтения и перевода и упражнения. Пособие нацелено на формирование умения читать и переводить оригинальную литературу по специальности, навыков устной речи в пределах пройденной тематики.

Рецензент:

Юнанова О.Э. – преподаватель иностранного языка государственного бюджетного профессионального образовательного учреждения Краснодарского края «Армавирский юридический техникум». Квалификация по диплому: учитель английского и немецкого языков

 

Ответственный за выпуск:

Мельникова Н.С. – методист ГБПОУ КК АЮТ

 

^© ГБПОУ КК АЮТ 2016

^©Мануйлова О.В., 2016

Пояснительная записка

       Учебное пособие по английскому языку предназначено для обучающихся 3 курса специальности 21.02.05 Земельно-имущественные отношения. Его цель - сформировать умение читать и переводить оригинальную литературу и развить навыки устной речи на английском языке в пределах пройденной тематики. В результате изучения терминологии по землеустройству и кадастрам обучающиеся расширят запас профессионально-ориентированной лексики по своей специальности.

       Тематика учебных материалов затрагивает такие вопросы, как землеустройство, земельный и городской кадастры, проблемы рынка земли, недвижимости и загрязнения окружающей среды.

       Пособие состоит из 13 тем. Все темы снабжены упражнениями и текстами по специальности для чтения и перевода с английского языка со словарем и без словаря, что поможет закрепить наиболее часто употребляемый лексико-грамматический материал. По материалам текстов составлены грамматические упражнения и упражнения на словообразование. Они направлены на овладение навыками чтения, перевода специализированных текстов по землеустройству и кадастрам. Для облегчения работы перед каждым текстом даны предтекстовые лексические упражнения.

Содержание

THEME 1. 5

 THEME 2. 9

 THEME 3. 13

 THEME 4. 17

 THEME 5. 21

 THEME 6. 23

 THEME 7. 27

 THEME 8. 31

 THEME 9. 36

 THEME 10. 40

 THEME 11. 45

 THEME 12. 47

 THEME 13. 51

Список использованной литературы.. 55

 

THEME 1

1. Прочитайте следующие слова:

Land, inhabitants, development, planning, provide, profoundly, gift, use, surveying, basis, nature, qualified, directly, ownership, prosperous, skills, peasant, important.

2. Прочитайте и переведите следующие словосочетания:

Land use, land use planning, land surveying, a land surveyor, pro­foundly educated, land information, advanced countries, to sustain life, to pose a question, opposite situation, a simple answer, individual basis, an aspect of survival, land ownership.

Прочитайте и переведите текст

The Individual and Society

It is obvious that any textbook on land use planning begins by posing the question, "What is land use planning about?" It is not a difficult problem to give a simple answer to this basic question. Land use plan­ning or land surveying is a process of managing the use and develop­ment of land resources in a sustainable way. It is essentially a study of the methods in which land use planners apply their knowledge, skills and efforts to the gifts of nature in order to satisfy their needs and wants.

Effective land use planning is impossible without land information. Such information includes land resource capacity, land tenure, land ownership and land use.

Even in the prosperous, economically advanced countries there is an aspect of survival. Land helps people to survive. That's why lands are very important resources for men.

Some people have the abilities to sustain life without outside assist­ance. But a large percentage of the human race of the third world still lives in very small self-sufficient peasant communities. These people experience great poverty, but they provide on an individual basis, for their own survival. They have a degree of economic independence.

The inhabitants of cities are totally incapable of providing for themselves,directly, the means of survival. Here we can observe the opposite situation — a high level of living together with an extreme economic dependence. Such people depend upon the efforts and cooperation of manythousands of specialist workers, among them land use planners. Land use planning is concerned with land cadastre, land relations, land improvement, agriculture, soil sciences, law, geodesy, geography, com­puter science, etc. To solve these problems land use planners must be not only qualified but profoundly educated specialists.

4. Найдите синонимы среди следующих слов:

Skill, trucks, land use planning, make, a land surveyor, community, compel, society, automobiles, a land use planner, land surveying, level, knowledge, standard.

5. Найдите антонимы среди следующих слов:

Capable, independence, possible, easy, directly, impossible, large, incapable, difficult, dependence, small, indirectly.

6. Переведите следующие словосочетания с русского языка на английский:

Глубоко образованный специалист, большой процент, ставить вопрос, регулировать землеустройство, простой ответ, решать проблему, информация о земле, помощь извне, трудный вопрос, экономическая независимость, поддерживать жизнь, средство вы­живания, противоположная ситуация, для того, чтобы удовлетво­рить нужды.

7. Переведите следующие предложения с русского языка на ан­глийский:

1. Землеустройство — древняя наука. 2. Информация о земле включает землевладение, землепользование и потенциал земель­ных ресурсов. 3. Эффективное землеустройство невозможно без информации о земле. 4. Люди используют свои знания и навыки, чтобы удовлетворить свои нужды. 5. Даже в процветающих стра­нах существует аспект выживания.  6. Землеустроитель может дать правильные ответы на многие вопросы.

8. Заполните пропуски соответствующей формой глагола to be:
1. Who... the best specialist? 2. There... vast land resources in Russia. 3. Last year there... the highest crop in this region. 4. Next year … …. a land use planner. 5. I... a second year student. 6. Land use planning... concerned with different sciences. 7. In future effective land
use planning impossible without land information.

9. Поставьте предложения в вопросительную и отрицательную формы:

1. It is a difficult matter to give a simple answer to the basic ques­tion. 2. Land use planning is impossible without land information. 3. Such information includes land resources capacity et al. 4. Lands are very important resources for men. 5. People of the third world experi­ence great poverty. 6. We observe a high level of living in some devel­oped countries. 7. They have a degree of economic independence.

10. Заполните пропуски предлогами:

1. Land use planning is a process... managing the use and develop­ment... land resources... a sustainable way. 2. Land helps people... survive. 3. Many textbooks begin... posing the basic question. 4. It is not a difficult problem... give a right answer... the main question. 5.... order... satisfy men's needs and wants people apply their knowledge... the gifts... nature.

11. Задайте вопросы к выделенным словам:

1. A land surveyor solves many problems. 2. The inhabitants decide problems of survival. 3. This information includes land ownership and land tenure. 4. Some people have the ability to sustain life without out­side assistance. 5. A large percentage of the human r асе still lives in very small self-sufficient peasant communities.

12. Заполните пропуски, используя глаголы, данные в скобках:

1. This textbook... by posing the basic question (to begin). 2. Effec­tive land use planning... impossible without land information (to be). 3. Some people... knowledge and skills to satisfy their wants (to apply). 4. Land... people to solve different problems (to help). 5. Nature... men's needs and wants in many ways (to satisfy).

13. Ответьте на следующие вопросы:

1. What do most textbooks on land use planning begin by?

2. Why do people apply their knowledge and skills?

3. What is effective land use planning impossible without?

4. Are lands very important resources for men?

5. How does a large percentage of the human race still live?

6. What does land information include?

7. Do we observe a high level of living in large cities?

8. Is it important to have economic independ­ence?

 

THEME 2

1. Прочитайте следующие слова:

       Border, elimination, soil, protection, waste, establishment, research­ing, connect, pollution, certificate, restoration, boundary, site, sub­stances, conduction, estimation, carry out, researchers.

Land Use Planning Activity

The basic directions of land use planning in Russia include:

       - development of federal and regional forecasts, programmes of use.and protection of land resources, a scheme of land use planning in view of town-planning, ecological, economic and other features of the territory;

       - survey with establishment (restoration) on land the borders of administrative-territorial formations, the borders of land sites under gen­eral state system and their technical registration;

        - drawing up new land use planning projects, existing landed prop­erties and land uses ordering with elimination of inconveniences in the arrangement of land;

        - delimitation of the land areas, establishment of borders and allotment of land sites in districts, registration of plans (drawings) of borders, preparation for the certificate of rights to the land sites;

       - development of the projects for reclaiming the tilled soils, soil protection from water and wind erosion, mudflow, landslides, flooding, bogging, pollution by waste products of manufacture, chemical and radioactive substances, for improvement of agricultural lands, for devel­opment of new areas, preservation and increase of soil fertility;

       - substantiation of borders accommodation and establishment of especially protected territories;

       - fixing and change on district of city, country and rural settlements boundaries;

       - conducting topographical and geodetic, cartographical, soil, agrochemical, geobotanical, historical,  cultural and other researching work;

       - development of land use planning documents connected with es­timation of resources, use and protection of land, preservation and development of historically used economic activities of small peoples and ethnic groups;

       - drawing up maps and atlases of land resources conditions and use;

       - land inventory, regular revealing unused, irrationally used, areas used not on a special-purpose designation.

       Land use planning activity is carried out in all areas irrespective of their special-purpose designation and forms of ownership according to scientifically proved, publicly discussed and in accordance with estab­lished order authorized by land use planning documentation (including forecasts, programmes, schemes and projects, materials of inspections and researches).

4. Найдите синонимы среди следующих слов:

       Activity, regulation, particular, demarcation, work, special, order, define, arrangement, organizing, delimitation, determine.

5. Найдите антонимы среди следующих слов:

         Misunderstanding, natural, irregular, legal, understanding, unnatural, regular, respective, illegal, irrespective.

6. Переведите следующие словосочетания с русского языка на английский:

       Защита почвы от эрозии, установление границ, материалы проверок и исследований, целевое назначение, улучшение с/х земель, этнические группы, публично обсужденные проблемы, опись (инвентаризация) земли, основные средства, земельные площади, в соответствии с, равные права, компьютерная наука, детальные топографические исследования.

7. Переведите следующие предложения с русского языка на английский:

1. В России существуют основные направления землеустроительных работ. 2. Разработка землеустроительных документов связана с оценкой земли. 3. Этнические группы используют и сохраняют свою землю. 4. Землеустройство — это правильная организация земельных ресурсов. 5. Компьютеры широко используются в землеустройстве. 6. Землеустроители решают топографические и картографические вопросы каждый день. 7. Законодательные и правовые акты определяют правильное использование земель. 8. Пользователи земли и собственники участвуют в землеустроительной работе.

8. Определите, к какой части речи относятся следующие слова:

        Arrangement, proprietor, management, worker, specialist, user, government, legislation, administration, citizenship, designation.

THEME 3

1. Прочитайте следующие слова:

       Adopt, option, top-down, encourage, rural, recreational, activities, between, wildlife, matching, framework, target, weighting, participa­tion, impact, resolve, agricultural, overexploitation.

2. Прочитайте и переведите следующие словосочетания:

Systematic assessment, without degrading, social aspect, implementation and monitoring of plans, assistance to decision makers, most beneficial, the most satisfying results, the planning cycles, erosion haz­ard, local targets, popular awareness, agricultural land use planning, wider framework, both advantages and disadvantages, higher level sup­port.

3. Прочитайте и переведите текст:

THEME 4

1. Прочитайте следующие слова:

       Integrated, dialogue, initiating, conceivable, iterative, appropriate, impose, groundwater, support, pollution, traffic, addition, society, su­perfluous, view, expense, core, designed.

Задайте 4 вопроса к тексту.

12. Определите, к какой части речи относятся следующие слова:

       Responsibility, define, political, development, invest, implement, measures, conditions, try, particularly, responsibly, conciliation, rural, support, exact, implementation.

13. Ответьте на следующие вопросы:

1. How is land use planning stated? 2. What is land use planning based on? 3. Does land use consider only production? 4. What cases does land use planning deal with? 5. Do national authorities intervene in land use planning? 6. Is land use planning used in rural regional development? 7. Is land use planned in all cases or not? 8. What func­tions does land use planning have?

 

 

THEME 5

1. Прочитайте и переведите текст:

THEME 6

1. Прочитайте следующие слова:

       Parcel, data, management, right, purposes, assist, up-to-date, improvement, legal, establishment, location, responsibilities, mortgage, jurisdiction, satellite, implementation, description, supervise.

What Is Land Cadastre

       A Cadastre is normally a parcel based and up-to-date land information system. It contains a record of interests in land (e.g. rights, restrictions and responsibilities). It usually includes a description of land parcels linked to other records describing the nature of the interests, and ownership or control of those interests. The Cadastre often describes the value of the parcel and its improvements. It may be established for fiscal purposes (e.g. valuation and equitable taxation), legal purposes (conveyancing), to assist in the management of land and land use for planning and other administrative purposes. The Cadastre enables sustainable development and environmental protection. Cadastral reform is concerned with the improvement of cadastral systems.

       The Land Cadastre encompasses such information as land resource capacity, land tenure, land ownership and different land uses. The Сadastre provides:

       - information identifying those people who have interests in parcels of land;

       - information about those interests, e.g. land duration of rights, restrictions and responsibilities;

       - information about the parcel, e.g. location, size, improvement, value.

       Land tenure is concerned with the rights, restrictions and responsi­bilities that people have with respect to the land. The Cadastre may record different forms of land tenure such as ownership, leasehold, easements, mortgages and different types of common, communal or customary land tenure.

       The Surveyor undertakes different roles in different countries in re­lation to the establishment and maintenance of the Cadastre. The Surveyor may be responsible for:

- cadastral surveying and mapping;

- cadastral information recording;

- land valuation;

- land use planning;

- management of both the graphic and textual cadastral data bases;

- resolving land disputes;

       - custody and supply of cadastral information.

       Modern technology, such as up-to-date survey instruments, satellite position fixing (Global Positioning System — GPS), aerial photography and photogrammetry can offer new possibilities to increase the speed and lower the costs for cadastral reform. Computer technology can usually provide better access to information, better manipulation of cadastral data, better quality, and better legal and physical security. To fully utilize modern technology it is important to have trained personnel and facilities to maintain the equipment. Unfortunately this infrastructure is not found in many countries, thereby limiting the use of modern technology.

4. Найдите синонимы среди следующих слов:

Costs, deal, dispute, immediately, exact, transaction, sporadically, modern, ground, accurate, up-to-date, discussion, land, expenses.

5. Найдите антонимы среди следующих слов:

Informal, start, unfortunately, finish, partner, enemy, formal, fortunately.

6. Переведите следующие словосочетания с русского языка на английский:

       Разные страны, правительственные органы, обмен информацией, правовые вопросы, земельная регистрация, различные обстоятельства, организационные структуры, свободно доступный, лучшие манипуляции, новые возможности, систематический подход, перераспределение земли, надежная информация, рынок земли.

7. Переведите следующие предложения с русского языка на английский:

       1.Регистрация земли — это часть кадастровой системы. 2. Ка­дастр — это основное средство обеспечения информации о земле. 3. Землеустроители играют важную роль в различных странах.4. Современный кадастр включает геометрическое описание земельных участков. 5. Специалисты должны проводить оценку земли. 6. Физическая демаркация на земле определяет границ участков.

8. Образуйте причастия настоящего времени от данных ниже глаголов. Составьте предложения, используя эти причастия в различных функциях:

То control, to establish, to improve, to assist, to use, to undertake, to find, to connect, to consider, to make, to promote, to increase, to protect, to allocate, to rely.

9. Переведите предложения на русский язык, определите функцию причастия настоящего времени:

       1. All European countries are working today on the problem of automating land records. 2. This is what is now happening in the most countries. 3. Utilities such as water, sewerage, electricity and telecommunication are becoming more complex. 4. Starting with the most highly urbanized area, the cadastral maps are increasingly being digitized. 5. Soil damaging utilities must not be used. 6. Demands for efficient maintenance and management are increasing. 7. The Cadastre provides information identifying those people who have interests in parcels of land.

10. Заполните пропуски предлогами:

       1. A land use planner undertakes different roles... different countries. 2. Modern technology can offer new possibilities... lower the costs... cadastral reforms. 3. A parcel can be an area... land with a particular type... land use. 4. Land registration is the official recording... legally recognized interests... land. 5. Cadastre helps... avoid duplication.

11. Задайте вопросы к выделенным словам:

       1. A land use planner plays different roles in different countries. 2. A surveyor is responsible for recording cadastral information. 3. Computer technology offers better access to information. 4. Limit of trained personnel restricts the use of modern technology. 5. Aerial photography and photogrammetry offer new possibilities to lower the costs for cadastral reforms.

12. Заполните пропуски, используя глаголы, данные в скобках:

       1. A land use planner... different roles in different countries (to undertake). 2. Modern survey instruments... new possibilities (to offer) 3. The Cadastre... in the management of land and land use (to assist) 4. The Cadastre... different forms of land tenure (to record). 5. A successful Cadastre... reliable information at low cost (to provide).

13. Ответьте на следующие вопросы по тексту:

       1. What is a Cadastre? 2. What role does a land use planner play in different countries? 3. What is a land use planner responsible for? 4. Can computer technology provide better access to information? 5. Is it necessary to make careful investigation for cadastral reforms? 6. What kind of modern technology do you know? 7. Why should the Cadastre be managed by the government? 8. Is Cadastral Reform concerned with the improvement of cadastral systems?

THEME 7

1. Прочитайте следующие слова:

       Institutions, characteristics, title, multipurpose, register, assume, jurisdiction, cause, faulty, public, private, experience, financial, computerization, originally, weakness, flexible, cheap.

2. Прочитайте и переведите следующие словосочетания:

       Vast amount, particular purposes, accurate information, a sustainable basis, modern society, long traditions, faulty registration, public and private sectors, negative effect, civil law system, property registration, low degree of coverage, further indications, legal support.

3. Прочитайте и переведите текст:

THEME 8

1. Прочитайте следующие слова:

       Methodically, colleagues, boundary, certain, majesty, zoom, announce, complete, widespread, digital, session, authority, Gazetteer, consequence, emerge, arrange, aforementioned, validity.

The UK «Cadastre»

       The word cadastre is generally used to describe "a methodically arranged public inventory of data concerning properties, within a certain country or district, based upon a survey of their boundaries”. There are numerous models however for its use and implementation throughout Europe. Taking the land parcel as its foundation, the cadastre is used to record information about land rights, valuation, land use, etc.

       There is no UK Cadastre — the word cadastre is not one commonly used in the UK, where for historical reasons the development of land administration institutions has taken place in a different way from the rest of Europe. While mapping remains the basis for those activities considered as "cadastral", in the UK there is no single organization responsible for the cadastre.

       Ordnance Survey, as a national mapping agency, maintains large scale mapping for England, Scotland, and Wales. In Northern Ireland this is the responsibility of Ordnance Survey Northern Ireland. The detailed digital mapping maintained by these two Government Agencies provides the definitive framework upon which other organizations can "hook" and manage their data. Another difference with most mainland European countries is that the base mapping in UK is topographic — it shows features that exist on the ground but not the fixed boundary points and monuments usually associated with a cadastre.

       Ordnance Survey has made Great Britain one of the few countries in the world to have a complete digital national topographic database, including complete large scale data for all urban areas. Recently Ordnance Survey Northern Ireland has completed the UK picture with large scale digital data covering the entire province. Within Great Britain there is now widespread use of digital mapping across many user sectors, in one of the most developed markets in Europe.

       Over the last twelve months Ordnance Survey has embarked on a number of projects under the umbrella of a new "e-Business strategy", the vision of which is: "Ordnance Survey and its partners will be the content provider of choice for location based information in the new knowledge economy". As a part of its new e-Business strategy, Ordnance Survey is developing its digital mapping products and services within a coherent infrastructure known as the Digital National Framework. A unique 16 digit topographic identifier is used for all points, lines, and areas, and provides a common link that will allow different data to reference the same feature allowing users to cross reference data in a way that should help to release the potential and value of their data.

       The Nation Land Information Service (NLIS) is a part of the UK Government "modernizing government" initiative. It is a project being jointly developed by Her Majesty Land Registry (HMLR) and Local Government. It features private sector partners that provide access to a National Land and Property Gazetteer.

       In conclusion, while there is no cadastre in the United Kingdom the activities normally considered to be a part of the cadastre on continental Europe are performed by a variety of agencies. Although the organizational frameworks are different, many of the issues facing UK institutions are similar to those faced by our colleagues involved in cadastre in other parts of Europe. There is a need to create coordination of efforts in a way described in the UK as "joined-up government" in order to maximize the efficiency of effort and to provide the best value and service to the citizen.

4. Найдите синонимы среди следующих слов:

Reason, need, best, maximize, purpose, necessity, excellent, link, similar, bind, increase, same.

5. Образуйте от данных слов антонимы при помощи отрицательных префиксов:

       In-: significance, separable, official, subordinate, sufferable, urban(e), appropriate, supportable, dependence, dependant.

       Un-: limited, steady, suitable, known, reasonable, thinking, trained, suspected.

6. Переведите следующие словосочетания с русского языка английский:

       Основная схожесть, несмотря на организационные рамки, правительственные структуры (агентства), картирование остается основой, оценка имущества (недвижимости), электронная бизнес-стратегия, уникальный цифровой определить (идентификатор), инициатива модернизации правительства, полевые заметки, в  соответствии с количеством участков, «объединенное правительство», бывшие колонии, степень безопасности и надежности, должен обратиться к регистратору.

7. Переведите следующие предложения с русского языка на английский:

       1. Важной характерной чертой разработки является связь между кадастром и регистрацией земли. 2. Франция — колыбель (родоначальник) кадастра. 3. Французский кадастр был определён Наполеоном в начале XIX века. 4. В Соединенном Королеве нет кадастра. 5. В Англии два агентства, которые несут ответственность за запись прав на землю. 6. Англия имеет полную цифровую государственную топографическую базу данных. 7. Уникальный топографический определитель используется для всех площадей. 8. Дания имеет всестороннюю кадастровую карту, охватывающую всю страну.

8. Заполните пропуски соответствующими модальными глаголами:

       1.You... go to the Agency by bus. 2. This is an easy text on land cadastre. You... translate it without a dictionary. 3. The students … work hard. 4. Information... be organized in integrative form. 5. Work... be based on sound cadastral survey. 6. The computerization... have much place in land use planning.

9. Замените модальные глаголы их эквивалентами:

       1. The Government Agencies can "hook" and manage data. 2. Researches must look at the possibilities of different services. 3. The results of the trial couldn't be announced. 4. The providers may use digital topographic identifier. 5. This system must provide proper information. 6. Cadastre must have basis for further modernization. 7. Completely new land records must be compiled.

10. Заполните пропуски предлогами:

       1. There are numerous models... cadastre. 2. The cadastre is used … record information... land rights, valuation, land use, etc. 3. There is no single organization responsible... the cadastre... the UK. 4. National Mapping Agency maintains large scale mapping... England, Scotland, and Wales. 5. The detailed digital mapping is maintained... two Government Agencies.

11. Задайте вопросы к выделенным словам:

       1. The basic principles should consist of two parts. 2. These programmes must provide interesting results. 3. Researches must have basis for further development. 4. The Spanish cadastral system must provide national coverage. 5. The cadastre is developing gradually.

12. Переведите предложения на русский язык, обращая внимание на многозначность слова one.

       1. One of them is a land use planner. 2. Another cadastre emerged parallel to this one. 3. One should know all these rules. 4. In all Western European countries, cadastral maps are used for many purposes besides the original one. 5. One of the greatest achievements of the Napoleonic cadastre was that it provided a complete record of all land units.

13. Ответьте на следующие вопросы по тексту:

       1. Is there the UK cadastre? 2. Are there models of its use and implementation throughout Europe? 3. How many Government Agencies providing digital mapping are there in the UK? 4. What organization providesa wealth of free mapping on web site? 5. What is "e-business strategy"?6. Can the Government Agencies "hook" and manage data? Mav the providers use digital topographic identifier? 8. Must National Mapping Agency maintain large scale mapping for England, Scotland, and Wales?

 

THEME 9

 

1. Прочитайте следующие слова:

Multipurpose, revenue, guarantees, collection, private, tax, correspondence, user, mortgage, urban, grid, benchmarks, features, link, registration, subdivision, broker, title, stockholders.

What Is an Urban Cadastre?

An urban cadastre is a physical description of the land and real estate tenure in a city. It contains graphic and textual information. Graphic information includes the description of each individual parcel and building, topographic features such as roads, rivers, contour lines, additional information such as cartographic grids, geodetic benchmarks, etc. Textual information includes names of owners or occupants, names of streets or areas of specific interest, main characteristics of each parcel or building such as the area, the fiscal value, the associated urban certificates, etc. Both types of information are linked together and managed in a system known as a cadastral information system.

Most of the time, the cadastre is integrated with the property registry, the legal registration of land and real estate property. Integration of the cadastre with the registry creates a parcel based registry or a legal cadastre. This guarantees the exact correspondence between physical and legal ownership. In other words, wherever there is a parcel orbuilding, there are the corresponding titles or "legal tenure documents” registered in the property registry, and respectively, wherever there are registered titles, there is a unique parcel corresponding to it. This is technically permitted by a unique identification number that links unilaterally the parcel or the building to the title.

We can identify two categories of stockholders involved in the maintenance and use of cadastral information: information providers and information users. Information providers include cadastral and registry services as well as private surveyors and notaries. The former are responsible for the systematic production and maintenance of the information, the latter generally intervene for day to day individual demands, such as private utility and facility companies that would produce and need data for their own purposes like water tax collection. Information users include the private individual users, municipalities and local communities, public and private investors, banks, real estate and mortgage brokers, etc.

The successful urban cadastre depends upon legal frameworks, the social assessment and participation as well as use of new technologies.

4. Найдите синонимы среди следующих слов:

       Unsafe, local, indigenous, framework, ancillary, justice, additional, dangerous, fairness, stockholders, limiting, shareholders.

5. Образуйте от данных слов антонимы при помощи отрицатель­ных префиксов:

       Ir-: respective, repairable, responsibility, rational, regular, reclaimable, recoverable, recognizable.

       im-: patible, mobile, movability, perfection, movable, possibility, penetrability, police.

6. Переведите следующие словосочетания с русского языка на английский:

       Описание участка, топографические черты, дополнительная информация, городской сертификат, уникальный опознаватель­ный номер, 2 категории акционеров, пользователь информации, поставщик информации, правовые рамки, увеличить доступ, уст­ранить напряженность, дальнейший анализ, перепись владельцев, безопасность недвижимости.

7. Переведите следующие предложения с русского языка на английский:

       1. Городской кадастр должен содержать физическое описание земли и недвижимости в городе. 2. Городской кадастр включает графическую и текстовую информацию. 3. Информационные провайдеры и пользователи — 2 категории акционеров. 4. Городской кадастр должен иметь список владельцев. 5. Новые технологии уже решили старые проблемы. 6. Я только что зарегистрировал своюнедвижимость. 7. К концу следующего года моя недвижимость будет уже построена. 8. Правовые рамки уже четко определили распределение обязанностей между земельным агентством и агентством недвижимости.

8. Образуйте 3 формы следующих глаголов:

       То identify, to feel, to make, to impact, to accompany, to give, to vary, to understand, to equip, to computerize, can, to train, to teach, to see, to send, to improve.

9. Переведите следующие предложения на русский язык, обращая внимание на разные значения глагола tohave:

       1.The staff of this firm has been trained to maintain the computerized technology system. 2. You have to know everything about textual and graphic information. 3. Each city has urban cadastral maps. 4. Most of the countries have almost finished capturing cadastral textual information. 5. European countries have understood the importance of linking the property registries or mortgage books with the cadastre. 6. Every day I have dinner at 12 o'clock. 7. Recently the European Union has conducted a comparison of the European cadastres.

10. Образуйте прилагательные от следующих существительных:

       Investigation, administration, prosecution, communication, comparison, danger, science, confidence, base, history science, importance, registration, decision, difference.

11. Задайте вопросы к выделенным словам:

       1. The social assessment and participation have required innovative approaches. 2. There have been three technical steps for the rapid technological evolution. 3. The European countries have understood the importance of the cadastre. 4. The staff has already been trained to maintain the system. 5. You have to stem lessons from a technical comparison of European cadastral systems.

12. Используйте глаголы, данные в скобках, в соответствующей форме:

       1. Recently we (to receive) the textual information. 2. We just (toprepare) the map of this city. 3. He (to be) to use graphic information. 4. By the end of this week the report (to write). 5. They already (to see) this information. 6.The European countries (to understand) the importance of property registration.

13. Ответьте на следующие вопросы:

       1. What is an urban cadastre? 2. What does textual information include? 3. What categories of stockholders do you know? 4. Is integration of the cadastre with the registry so important? 5. Will use of new technologies solve old problems? 6. What have you to do when preparing a cadastre? 7. Should the legal framework provide a clear distribution of responsibilities between land and real estate agencies? 8. Will the field data acquisition process be governed by population participation?

 

 

THEME 10

1. Прочитайте следующие слова:

       Urban, bureaucratic, engage, assume, permit, accommodate, buying out, relocating, subordinate, transfer, consistently, envision, guide, insure, relationship,inconsistent, self-government, borrow.

2.  Прочитайте и переведите на русский язык следующие словосочетания:

       Russian Code, technical process, bureaucratic organization, mandatory “expertization",issues to be treated in sub-legislation, the spatial plan, density of settlement, land relation, a great variety of ways, broad principlesof public participation, soil contamination, immovable and movable items, mortgage financing system, criminal violations.

THEME 11

1. Прочитайте и переведите текст:

Land Property Relations

At any social and economic formation the society remains the principal owner of a territorial-land resource delegating to particular land users separate functions and open for modification rights on usage of the land property. Therefore all system of the land-property relations has mainly limitation character restraining the rights of separate owners in a favor to public interests.

The land-property relations are a part of a special social and economic category not only because of specificity of land as a unique plant of universal multiple-objective interests, but also by virtue of a duality of state of the land fund participating in public reproduction as the natural factor and goods at the same time. Accordingly the set of public interests concerning land can be divided into 2 groups: (1) interests concerning efficient assimilation of natural properties of a land resource (technological aspect); (2) interests concerning money-goods parameters of the landownership (social and economic aspect).

Allocating resources the first group of public interests is guided by parameters of functional-economic structure of land fund: scales, proportions and priorities of its allocation depending on a degree of economic assimilation; aspects and categories of lands; types of their target usage; intensity of maintenance and productivity of lands, their geological and ecological state. The public and individual interests of this group will usually be synchronized with maintaining the most efficient functional-economic structure of the territorial land fund, and the originating contraventions have non-antagonistic character. As a rule they are solved on the basis of market self-regulation.

The second group of public interests is directed to social and economic structures of the landownership depending on composition, combination and proportions of its particular forms. Here we talk about proportions of the landownership of the state, local authorities, different types of enterprise structures, different groups of the population, foreign land tenants. Thus interests of the society are oriented on optimal, from the point of view, usage of land resources, and interests of the owners by giving to them the acquired property rights on land irrespective of effectiveness of its maintenance. As a result of contravention between interests of different levels and groups of the population sometimes there are serious conflicts.

 

 

THEME 12

 

1. Прочитайте следующие слова:

Disturbed, ugliness, wildlife, beyond, purifying, widespread, endangering, associated, mean, significantly, jointly, wealthiest, emission, ozone, controversy, gully, splash, nuisance.

2. Прочитайте и переведите следующие словосочетания:

Widespread cries, gully erosion, chemicals and fertilizers, industry waters, great publicity, trust and support, ugliness of billboards and trash, strict pollution control, considerable improvement, wildlife reser­vation, beyond the concern of a single country, sheet and rill erosion, raindrop splash, the burning of fuels.

3. Прочитайте и переведите текст:

Environmental Protection

       Scientific and technological progress of the twenty-first century resulted in widespread mechanization, automated lines computerized management, spaceships, atomic power stations, pipelines, new roads and highways.

       But it can not be denied that the price for rapid industrial develop­ment is very high: natural resources are exhausted, the ecological balance of the planet is disturbed; some species of flora and fauna disappear;city and industry waters, chemicals and fertilizers are endangering lakes, rivers and ponds. Big cities have a problem with air pollution: the "Killer Smog" caused some 3 500 — 4000 deaths in London in December,1952. Progress can be blamed for all these environmental problems.

       In recent years the pollution problems have received great publicity. The Environmental movement associated with no political party has gained widespread trust and support. Environmental activities stress that the problem is caused by industrial pollution and the automobile. Long-established environmental groups warn that acid rains threaten many forests. The media's begun to campaign against the ugliness of billboards, tin cans and trash. Many people started to realize that to keepair and water clean, strict pollution control is necessary.

       The protection of natural resources and wildlife is becoming a political program in every country. Numerous antipollution acts passed in different countries led to considerable improvements in environment. In many countries purifying systems for treatment of industrial waters havebeen installed, measures have been taken to protect rivers and seas from oil waters. Wildlife reservation models of undisturbed nature are being developed in some parts of the world.

       But the environmental problems have grown beyond the concern of a single country. Their solution requires the cooperation of all nations.

 

 

4. Найдите синонимы среди следующих слов:

       Protect, trash, litter, defense, impoverish, exhaust, controversy, discussion, combat, fight, tillage, treatment.

5. Найдите антонимы среди следующих слов:

       Adoption, reduce, unbalanced, steep, management, unnoticed, mismanagement, non-adoption, gentle, balanced, reversible, increase, disturbed, noticed, irreversible, disappear, undisturbed, decomposition, appear, composition.

6. Переведите следующие словосочетания с русского языка на английский:

       Овражная эрозия, научный и технический прогресс, проблемы загрязнения, широко распространенное доверие и поддержка, экологический баланс, подвергать опасности, кислотные дожди, заповедник дикой природы, сотрудничество всех государств, быстрое промышленное развитие, обработка промышленных вод, консервные банки, компания против уродства досок для объявлений, очистительные системы.

7. Переведите следующие предложения с русского языка на английский:

       1. Проблемы загрязнения получили большую огласку. 2. Существуют разные виды эрозии. 3. Эрозия почвы увеличивается, если нет растительного покрова. 4. Меры консервации могут уменьшить опасность эрозии почвы как водной, так и ветровой. 5. Правильные методы обработки и земледелия могут решить проблемы эрозии почвы на фермах. 6. Почвенная эрозия - этоестественный процесс. 7. Ветровая эрозия зависит от разных факторов. 8. Овражная эрозия — наиболее драматическая демонстрация эрозии.

8. Определите, к какой части речи относятся следующие слова:

       Unnoticed, detachment, emission, improvement, industrial, disturbed, pollution, reservation, deforestation, depletion, environmental, twentieth, disappear, different, installation, requirement, considerable.

9. Составьте предложения, используя следующие слова:

       1. Many, in, purifying, been, have, installed, countries, systems. 2. Price, industrial, rapid, high, development, the, for, is, very. 3. Received, have, recently, the, great, pollution, publicity, problems. 4. Ecological, of, planet, the, disturbed, is, balance, the. 5. Been, to, measures, from, protect, have, and, rivers, sees, waters, taken, oil. 6. The, requires, nations, the, all, cooperation, solution, of. 7. Different, in, antipollution, countries, acts, passed.

10. Образуйте причастия настоящего и прошедшего времени данных глаголов:

То lead, to take, to grow, to exhaust, to mean, to protect, to lose,to occur, to cover, to have, to consider.

11. Задайте к каждому предложению по пять вопросов:

       1. Numerous antipollution acts passed in different countries. 2. Theenvironmental problems are caused by industrial pollution. 3. Purifying systems have been installed for treatment of industrial waters. 4. The solution requires the cooperation of all nations. 5. In recent years the pollution problems have received great publicity. 6. Measures have been taken to protect rivers and seas from oil water.

12. Преобразуйте предложения, изменив форму глаголов-сказуемых из действительного залога в страдательный:

       1.Specialists have just installed purifying systems for treatment of industrial waters. 2. Recently workers have taken necessary measures to protectrivers and seas from oil waters. 3. Acid rains threaten many forests.4. In some parts of the world people are developing wildlife reservation models of undisturbed nature now. 5. The solution of the environmental problems requires the cooperation of all nations.

13. Ответьте на следующие вопросы:

       1. What are advantages of industrial development? 2. What are dis­advantages of industrial development? 3. What do Environmental activists do? 4. What has been done to improve the environment in many countries?5. Why do the environmental problems require the coopera­tion of all nations?

 

 

THEME 13

 

1. Прочитайте следующие слова:

       Combustion, ignition, explosion, implicit, attenuation, hamper, priority, contamination, chemical, remediation, highlight, pollution, constraint, probability, delay, representation, cleaning-up, multifunctionality.

3. Прочитайте и переведите следующие словосочетания:

       Remediation strategy, pose no harm to humans, a growing aware­ness; chemical properties, planning constraint, dispersion of pollution, due to air emission, to restore multifunctionality, industrialized countries, increase in productivity, may hinder, specific developments, economic burden, environmental balance.

Soil Pollution

       Soil pollution has become a priority in many industrialized countries after the inventory of various locations in which contamination was posing a risk to people and the environment.

       The effects of soil contamination are different:

       - soil pollution is a source of risk for humans and ecosystems, which are (potentially) affected by direct exposure to the contaminated surface or by indirect exposure, for instance through contaminated ground water;

       - soil contamination is a source of risk for ground work (like pipelines or utility network) due to the chemical properties of the contaminant and the risk of ignition and explosion, for instance for fuel соntamination;

       - for publicly owner sites, a polluted area is a severe planning constraint, since the site use may be impossible or limited to a specific soil functionality (e.g., an industrial storage facility);

       - for privately owned sites, a polluted area is a heavy economic burden of remediation expenditures (a net cost for the company) and of soil usage;

       - the presence of polluted areas may hinder and delay some specific developments which imply land use and ground work (like the provision or maintenance of infrastructures);

       - remediation expenditures do not offer any increase in productivity, merely the possibility of removing a source of risk and a planning constraint.

       The ultimate objective of the operations is to eliminate the risk to a man and the environment and to prevent the dispersion of pollution, that is to restore multifunctionality in the shortest possible time. Soil multifunctionality requires that the soil on the site after sanitation should pose no harm to humans, animals or plants, regardless of the use of the site, the type of soil, the type of pollutants and the local situation. This is a very demanding objective, tota