Planning Process Description in the Laws

       The Russian Code spends most of its details on the technical processes   of creating plans and urban development documentation. Detail is included which is intended to guide the bureaucratic organizations and the planning institutes and professionals in the ways in which they should go about creating plans. This includes descriptions of the content of the mandatory section plans, interrelation of the urban development plans with other actions of governmental authorities as well as the processesof mandatory "expertization". Similarly, there are great details in describing the tasks and powers of bureaucratic units.

       In contrast the "western" laws contain very little detail about the technical methods by which plans are to be compiled and the specific authority of bureaucratic units to engage in tasks related to the planning work. It is assumed that these are technical and managerial issues to be treated in sub-legislation and worked out by the senior managers of the governmental administration.

        A strong example of these differences can be seen in the way the laws describe the municipal general plan. This is a common feature of all the laws and, in general terms the plans all have the same purpose. They link a spatial plan with a plan of infrastructure, transport and public facility needs.

       The spatial plan describes the best pattern of land uses from the standpoint of land capacity, density of settlement and good urban design. But the plan of infrastructure, transport and public facility needs is based on an estimation of economic calculations and efficient system design and functioning.

       Despite the differences, however, the planning and urban development laws of the "western" countries reflect similar concepts of lawdrafting and the structure of legislation. These can be characterized in the following ways:

       - the laws (as opposed to the sub-legislation and local regulation) accomplish two primary purposes: (1) they authorize or mandate the pertinent government administrations to engage in planning and land use regulation; (2) they define the status of these government actions in relation to the legal rights and responsibilities of landowners and land users, individuals and juridical entities and citizens generally;

       - the laws assume that the predominant form of landholding in urban area is private ownership and that most actions, which result in newdevelopment or redevelopment, are civil law/market transactions. Theplans and regulations are intended to guide these private actions, and the state and municipal investments in infrastructure and public facilities are to support them. Except in the special case of redeveloping obsolete areas, government actions are not intended to replace private actions to determine how and when to invest in the use and development of specific parcels of land;

       - the laws do not define the specific methodologies for planning or fix the content of plans, except with respect to broad categories of subject matter. These are technical issues, which the experts, local officials and citizens will work out. The laws anticipate that there will be disagreements; therefore, they provide procedures for coordination, mediation and public participation. The laws are not used to give one group of experts control over the planning process, excluding others;

       - the laws are not intended to fix the power relationship among subunits of the government administrations. These are management issues. The responsibilities to carry out planning and regulatory tasks are given to the chief executor (governor, mayor) or to one or more ministers. They have the responsibility to organize (or reorganize) the subordinate units to accomplish the tasks most efficiently.

4. Найдите синонимы среди следующих слов:

        Responsibilities, hinder, accumulate, income, revenue, pertinent, worth, available, obligations, discourage, dignity, collateral, secondary, compile.

5. Образуйте от данных слов антонимы при помощи отрицательных префиксов:

       in-: expensive, convenience, consistent, accessibleж

       dis-:. agree, comfort, vantage, agreement;

       un-: changeable, questioned, repeatable, seasonable, satisfactorily, shadowed, transportable, touchable.

6. Переведите следующие словосочетания с русского языка на английский:

       Описанный в Российских законах процесс, взаимосвязь планов городского развития, технические и управленческие вопросы, правительственная администрация, правовые и финансовые трудности, разрабатывать крупномасштабные территориальные планы, последующий ущерб, технический и государствен­ный обзор.

7. Переведите следующие предложения с русского языка на английский:

1. Чтобы регулировать городское развитие, Соединенные Штаты Америки приняли соответствующие законы. 2. Французский Кодекс опубликован в трех частях. 3. Говорят, земля является частью окружающей среды. 4. Законы Российской Федерации и западных   стран сильно отличаются. 5. Необходимо страховать недвижимость. 6. Пространственные планы показывают лучшие модели землепользования. 7. Подзаконные акты только что разработаны Думой. 8. Документация по городскому развитию постоянно регулируется Российским кодексом.

8. Переведите следующие предложения на русский язык, обращая внимание на инфинитивные обороты:

1. We expect them to do this work. 2. I want you to work hard. 3. We saw them work at urban development plan. 4. I know these laws to be applied the next year by all means.

9. Образуйте однокоренные слова от следующих прилагатель­ных:

       Local, different, constant, independent, confident, competent, evident, permanent, reliable, desirable, descriptive, valuable.

10. Заполните пропуски предлогами:

       1. The United States... America have adopted laws... regulate urban development.2. It's important... coordinate the expansion... urban territories. 3. Government administration elaborates schemes... major transport systems. 4.... contrast the "western" laws contain very little detail … the technical methods. 5. Generally... the "western" countries ' the systems... private ownership and other civil law rights... land and real property have been functioning... over a century.

11. Задайте вопросы к выделенным словам:

1. The City general plan is defined by the law. 2. The Russian Code spends most of its detail on urban development documentation. 3. In the "western" countries the systems of private ownership have been functioning for over a century. 4. The structure is done deliberately. 5.  In order to make them work in reality, the law also must deal with the financial aspects of planning and urban development.

12. Переведите предложения на русский язык, обращая внимание на сложное определение (именительный падеж с инфинитивом):

1. Aristotle is said to have defined a City "as a place where men live a common life for a noble end". 2. It's difficult to prognose which laws is likely to prove the most efficient. 3. Systems of planning and regulation definition is said to be necessary for urban development purposes. 4. Every green plant is considered to be a "factory". 5. The legislation proved to be useful. 6. He is said to work at the Ministry. 7. This problem is unlikely to be decided quickly. 8. He is supposed to have gone to virgin lands. 9. The work proved to be useful. 10. This plan is considered to be successful.

13. Ответьте на следующие вопросы:

1. Does the Russian Code spend most of its details on urban development documentation? 2. What does the spatial plan describe? 3. Is the plan of infrastructure based on an estimation of economic calculations? 4. Can French five-year moratorium work unless the municipality is able to borrow the capital funds? 5. What requires consideration of the economic impact on private owners? 6. Haveprivate property rights fully defined in the law? 7. Is it necessary to elaborate large area territorial plans and schemes? 8. Is there need for the Russian Federation to copy the "western" laws on urban development?

 

THEME 11

1. Прочитайте и переведите текст:

Land Property Relations

At any social and economic formation the society remains the principal owner of a territorial-land resource delegating to particular land users separate functions and open for modification rights on usage of the land property. Therefore all system of the land-property relations has mainly limitation character restraining the rights of separate owners in a favor to public interests.

The land-property relations are a part of a special social and economic category not only because of specificity of land as a unique plant of universal multiple-objective interests, but also by virtue of a duality of state of the land fund participating in public reproduction as the natural factor and goods at the same time. Accordingly the set of public interests concerning land can be divided into 2 groups: (1) interests concerning efficient assimilation of natural properties of a land resource (technological aspect); (2) interests concerning money-goods parameters of the landownership (social and economic aspect).

Allocating resources the first group of public interests is guided by parameters of functional-economic structure of land fund: scales, proportions and priorities of its allocation depending on a degree of economic assimilation; aspects and categories of lands; types of their target usage; intensity of maintenance and productivity of lands, their geological and ecological state. The public and individual interests of this group will usually be synchronized with maintaining the most efficient functional-economic structure of the territorial land fund, and the originating contraventions have non-antagonistic character. As a rule they are solved on the basis of market self-regulation.

The second group of public interests is directed to social and economic structures of the landownership depending on composition, combination and proportions of its particular forms. Here we talk about proportions of the landownership of the state, local authorities, different types of enterprise structures, different groups of the population, foreign land tenants. Thus interests of the society are oriented on optimal, from the point of view, usage of land resources, and interests of the owners by giving to them the acquired property rights on land irrespective of effectiveness of its maintenance. As a result of contravention between interests of different levels and groups of the population sometimes there are serious conflicts.

 

 

THEME 12

 

1. Прочитайте следующие слова:

Disturbed, ugliness, wildlife, beyond, purifying, widespread, endangering, associated, mean, significantly, jointly, wealthiest, emission, ozone, controversy, gully, splash, nuisance.

2. Прочитайте и переведите следующие словосочетания:

Widespread cries, gully erosion, chemicals and fertilizers, industry waters, great publicity, trust and support, ugliness of billboards and trash, strict pollution control, considerable improvement, wildlife reser­vation, beyond the concern of a single country, sheet and rill erosion, raindrop splash, the burning of fuels.

3. Прочитайте и переведите текст:

Environmental Protection

       Scientific and technological progress of the twenty-first century resulted in widespread mechanization, automated lines computerized management, spaceships, atomic power stations, pipelines, new roads and highways.

       But it can not be denied that the price for rapid industrial develop­ment is very high: natural resources are exhausted, the ecological balance of the planet is disturbed; some species of flora and fauna disappear;city and industry waters, chemicals and fertilizers are endangering lakes, rivers and ponds. Big cities have a problem with air pollution: the "Killer Smog" caused some 3 500 — 4000 deaths in London in December,1952. Progress can be blamed for all these environmental problems.

       In recent years the pollution problems have received great publicity. The Environmental movement associated with no political party has gained widespread trust and support. Environmental activities stress that the problem is caused by industrial pollution and the automobile. Long-established environmental groups warn that acid rains threaten many forests. The media's begun to campaign against the ugliness of billboards, tin cans and trash. Many people started to realize that to keepair and water clean, strict pollution control is necessary.

       The protection of natural resources and wildlife is becoming a political program in every country. Numerous antipollution acts passed in different countries led to considerable improvements in environment. In many countries purifying systems for treatment of industrial waters havebeen installed, measures have been taken to protect rivers and seas from oil waters. Wildlife reservation models of undisturbed nature are being developed in some parts of the world.

       But the environmental problems have grown beyond the concern of a single country. Their solution requires the cooperation of all nations.

 

 

4. Найдите синонимы среди следующих слов:

       Protect, trash, litter, defense, impoverish, exhaust, controversy, discussion, combat, fight, tillage, treatment.

5. Найдите антонимы среди следующих слов:

       Adoption, reduce, unbalanced, steep, management, unnoticed, mismanagement, non-adoption, gentle, balanced, reversible, increase, disturbed, noticed, irreversible, disappear, undisturbed, decomposition, appear, composition.

6. Переведите следующие словосочетания с русского языка на английский:

       Овражная эрозия, научный и технический прогресс, проблемы загрязнения, широко распространенное доверие и поддержка, экологический баланс, подвергать опасности, кислотные дожди, заповедник дикой природы, сотрудничество всех государств, быстрое промышленное развитие, обработка промышленных вод, консервные банки, компания против уродства досок для объявлений, очистительные системы.

7. Переведите следующие предложения с русского языка на английский:

       1. Проблемы загрязнения получили большую огласку. 2. Существуют разные виды эрозии. 3. Эрозия почвы увеличивается, если нет растительного покрова. 4. Меры консервации могут уменьшить опасность эрозии почвы как водной, так и ветровой. 5. Правильные методы обработки и земледелия могут решить проблемы эрозии почвы на фермах. 6. Почвенная эрозия - этоестественный процесс. 7. Ветровая эрозия зависит от разных факторов. 8. Овражная эрозия — наиболее драматическая демонстрация эрозии.

8. Определите, к какой части речи относятся следующие слова:

       Unnoticed, detachment, emission, improvement, industrial, disturbed, pollution, reservation, deforestation, depletion, environmental, twentieth, disappear, different, installation, requirement, considerable.

9. Составьте предложения, используя следующие слова:

       1. Many, in, purifying, been, have, installed, countries, systems. 2. Price, industrial, rapid, high, development, the, for, is, very. 3. Received, have, recently, the, great, pollution, publicity, problems. 4. Ecological, of, planet, the, disturbed, is, balance, the. 5. Been, to, measures, from, protect, have, and, rivers, sees, waters, taken, oil. 6. The, requires, nations, the, all, cooperation, solution, of. 7. Different, in, antipollution, countries, acts, passed.

10. Образуйте причастия настоящего и прошедшего времени данных глаголов:

То lead, to take, to grow, to exhaust, to mean, to protect, to lose,to occur, to cover, to have, to consider.

11. Задайте к каждому предложению по пять вопросов:

       1. Numerous antipollution acts passed in different countries. 2. Theenvironmental problems are caused by industrial pollution. 3. Purifying systems have been installed for treatment of industrial waters. 4. The solution requires the cooperation of all nations. 5. In recent years the pollution problems have received great publicity. 6. Measures have been taken to protect rivers and seas from oil water.

12. Преобразуйте предложения, изменив форму глаголов-сказуемых из действительного залога в страдательный:

       1.Specialists have just installed purifying systems for treatment of industrial waters. 2. Recently workers have taken necessary measures to protectrivers and seas from oil waters. 3. Acid rains threaten many forests.4. In some parts of the world people are developing wildlife reservation models of undisturbed nature now. 5. The solution of the environmental problems requires the cooperation of all nations.

13. Ответьте на следующие вопросы:

       1. What are advantages of industrial development? 2. What are dis­advantages of industrial development? 3. What do Environmental activists do? 4. What has been done to improve the environment in many countries?5. Why do the environmental problems require the coopera­tion of all nations?

 

 

THEME 13

 

1. Прочитайте следующие слова:

       Combustion, ignition, explosion, implicit, attenuation, hamper, priority, contamination, chemical, remediation, highlight, pollution, constraint, probability, delay, representation, cleaning-up, multifunctionality.

3. Прочитайте и переведите следующие словосочетания:

       Remediation strategy, pose no harm to humans, a growing aware­ness; chemical properties, planning constraint, dispersion of pollution, due to air emission, to restore multifunctionality, industrialized countries, increase in productivity, may hinder, specific developments, economic burden, environmental balance.