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Soil Pollution

       Soil pollution has become a priority in many industrialized countries after the inventory of various locations in which contamination was posing a risk to people and the environment.

       The effects of soil contamination are different:

       - soil pollution is a source of risk for humans and ecosystems, which are (potentially) affected by direct exposure to the contaminated surface or by indirect exposure, for instance through contaminated ground water;

       - soil contamination is a source of risk for ground work (like pipelines or utility network) due to the chemical properties of the contaminant and the risk of ignition and explosion, for instance for fuel соntamination;

       - for publicly owner sites, a polluted area is a severe planning constraint, since the site use may be impossible or limited to a specific soil functionality (e.g., an industrial storage facility);

       - for privately owned sites, a polluted area is a heavy economic burden of remediation expenditures (a net cost for the company) and of soil usage;

       - the presence of polluted areas may hinder and delay some specific developments which imply land use and ground work (like the provision or maintenance of infrastructures);

       - remediation expenditures do not offer any increase in productivity, merely the possibility of removing a source of risk and a planning constraint.

       The ultimate objective of the operations is to eliminate the risk to a man and the environment and to prevent the dispersion of pollution, that is to restore multifunctionality in the shortest possible time. Soil multifunctionality requires that the soil on the site after sanitation should pose no harm to humans, animals or plants, regardless of the use of the site, the type of soil, the type of pollutants and the local situation. This is a very demanding objective, totally driven by environmental quality considerations. There is, however, a growing awareness that other criteria should be included when assessing remediation strategies. One of the reasons is that the costs involved in multifunctional opera­tions are no longer political defendable. There is also a growing recognition that clean-up operations do not necessarily lead to a positive environmental balance. Soil remediation requires the use of resources (like energy and clean water) and may lead to a net transfer of contamination to other compartments (for instance, due to air emissions). Therefore, the single perspective implied by the multifunctionality may resultinto an approach which disregards many relevant concerns for soil remediation.

4. Найдите синонимы среди следующих слов:

       Properties, hinder, embrace, cover, purpose, merely, aim, characteristics, humper, simply, aim, objectives.

5. Найдите антонимы среди следующих слов:

       Directly, timely, private, unnecessarily, negative, said, public, positive, unregistered, untimely, systematic, indirectly, necessary, unsaid, registered, haphazard.

6. Переведите следующие словосочетания с русского языка на английский:

       Загрязнение почвы, непосредственная подверженность, повышение производительности, растущая осведомленность, земле­пользование, восстановление почвы, самое короткое время, тяжёлоеэкономическое бремя, источник риска, операции по очистке.

7. Переведите следующие предложения с русского языка на ан­глийский:

       1.Расходы на восстановление не предполагают никакого повышения в производительности. 2. Почвенная многофунк­циональность требует очистки почвы. 3. Загрязнение почвы — источник риска для земляных работ. 4. Конечная цель операции — устранить риск человека и окружающей среды. 5. Очень важно предотвратить распространение загрязнения. 6. Невоз­можно ограничить функциональность почвы. 7. Баланс восста­новления окружающей среды не может быть всегда положительным.

8. Образуйте имена существительные от следующих глаголов:

       То interpret, to know, to apply, to assume, to pollute, to consider, to recognize, to combine, to evaluate, to assess, to value, to represent,!o attach, to provide, to achieve, to depend, to treat, to improve, to assess, to pollute.

9. Составьте предложения, используя следующие слова:

       1. Requires, process, the, of, use, resources, remediation, natural. 2. Awareness, been, a, has, achieved, growing. 3. Multifunctionality, aimed, at, are, measures, these. 4. Computed, yearly, are, costs. 5. Clean-up, of, operations, Merit, the, based, are, evaluation, an, on, Environmental, Index. 6. Through, interviews, assessed, weights, are. 7. Approaches, some, are, fundamental, there.

10. Заполните пропуски предлогами:

       1. The overall environmental balance... remediation may not be always positive. 2. The application... remediation techniques may sig­nificantly cut costs, although leave many sites polluted... a considerable time. 3. These factors are the negative side... the remediation. 4.... clean-up polluted soil is necessary. 5. Remediation expenditures do not offer any increase... productivity.

11. Задайте к каждому предложению максимальное число вопросов:

       1. Soil pollution is a source of risk. 2. The presence of polluted areas may delay some specific developments. 3. To eliminate the risk to a man is the ultimate aim of the operations. 4. One should assess remediation strategy. 5. Clean-up operations lead to a positive environmental balance.

12. Перепишите предложения, заменив модальные глаголы эквивалентами. Переведите их на русский язык:

1. Soil remediation can lead to a net transfer of contamination to other compartments. 2. The polluted areas must delay some specific developments. 3. Scientists can consider multifunctionality as the soil- related interpretation of sustainability. 4. This framework could show how to combine risk reduction. 5. In order to respond to the application need a more comprehensive evaluation framework must be considered.