The field of material science

The field of materials science involves the discovery and design of new materials, with an emphasis on solids. Researchers began to use analytical thinking from chemistry, physics, and engineering to understand observations in metallurgy and mineralogy long ago. Materials science still includes elements of physics, chemistry, and engineering. Beginning in the 1940s, materials science began to be more widely recognized as a specific field of science and engineering, and major technical universities around the world created respective schools of the study.

Materials science is a discipline combining metallurgy, ceramics, solid-state physics, and chemistry. Many of the most pressing scientific problems people currently face are due to the limits of the materials that are available. Thus, breakthroughs in materials science are likely to affect the future of technology significantly.

Materials scientists investigate how the history of a material (its processing) influences its structure, and thus the material's properties and performance. The understanding of processing-structure-properties relationships is called the materials paradigm. This paradigm is used to advance understanding in a variety of research areas, including nanotechnology, biomaterials, and metallurgy. Once a materials scientist knows about this structure-property correlation, they can then go on to study the relative performance of a material in a given application. The major determinants of the structure of a material and thus of its properties are its constituent chemical elements and the way in which it has been processed into its final form. These characteristics, taken together and related through the laws of thermodynamics and kinetics, govern a material's microstructure, and thus its properties.

Materials science is also an important part of forensic engineering and failure analysis - investigating materials, products, structures or components which fail or which do not operate or function as intended, causing personal injury or damage to property. Such investigations are key to understanding, for example, the causes of various aviation accidents and incidents.

5. Translate the sentence and comment on the use of the equivalent of the modal verb must:

Thus, breakthroughs in materials science are likely to affect the future of technology significantly.

6. Join the halves of the sentences in the columns:

Materials science still includes elements of	metallurgy, ceramics, solid-state physics, and chemistry.
Materials science is a discipline combining	the limits of the materials that are available.
Many of the most pressing scientific problems are due to	physics, chemistry, and engineering.
Materials science is also an important part of	forensic engineering and failure analysis.

7. Answer the questions:

What is the subject of material science?

The elements of what sciences does material science include?

When was material science widely recognized?

Why are people interested in designing new materials?

What is the materials paradigm? Why is it important?

What does failure analysis study?

8. Read the text and choose the best title for it:

Studying the rates of a system’s change

The role of diffusion in kinetics

Chemical kinetics as a part of materials science

Make sure that you know the following words and word combinations:

Rate – скорость

Equilibrium - равновесие

Text B.

Chemical kinetics is the study of the rates at which systems that are out of equilibrium change under the influence of various forces. When applied to materials science, it deals with how a material changes with time (moves from non-equilibrium to equilibrium state) due to application of a certain field. It details the rate of various processes occurring in materials including shape, size, composition and structure. Diffusion is important in the study of kinetics as this is the most common mechanism by which materials undergo change. Kinetics is important in processing of materials because, among other things, it details how the microstructure changes with application of heat.

Part II

1. Learn the words:

to mention	упоминать
length	длина
scale	размер; шкала
to deal with	иметь дело с
to arise (arose, arisen)	возникать; появляться
way	способ
to bond	связывать; сцеплять
behaviour	поведение
prepared surface	обработанная поверхность
thin foil	тонкая фольга
to reveal	раскрывать
magnification	увеличение
to be broadly classified	классифицировать в общих четрах
strength	прочность
toughness	жесткость; ударная вязкость
ductility	вязкость
hardness	твердость
corrosion resistance	коррозионная устойчивость
high/low temperature	высокая/низкая температура
wear resistance	износоустойчивость
to manufacture	изготавливать
perfect	совершенный
to contain	содержать
precipitate	выделившаяся фаза
grain boundary	граница зерна
impossible	невозможный
interstitial atom	межузельный атом
vacancy	вакансия (в кристаллической решетке)
substitutional atom	атом замещения
to reveal	раскрывать
naked eye	невооруженный глаз

2. Guess the meaning of the words and word combinations:

Component; atomic scale; diffraction with X-rays; neutron; macro scale; energy dispersive spectroscopy; chromatography; thermal analysis; electron microscope analysis; atomic structure; molecule; crystal; angstrom; scale; nanostructure; an object; to agglomerate; microstructure; ceramic; fundamental, polymeric, composite.

3. Identify the part of speech and translate the words:

To examine, examination, exam, examiner; important, importance; to arrange, arrangement; to form, formation; to define, definition, definite; to classify, classifying, classification; influence, influenced; to manufacture, manufacturer, manufacturing; to contain, container; vacant, vacancy, vacation; possible, impossible; substitute, substitution, substitutional; defect, defective; to appear, to disappear, appearance, disappearance; strength, strong, strengthen; prepare, preparation, prepared.