Exercise7. Analyze the italicized pronouns and state, whether they are relative, conjunctive or interrogative.

1. What was the matter with the fellow that he looked so happy?

2. Maybe he just forgot what it was like to be young.

3. Peter inquired sharply, ‘Who are you?’ — ‘Do you mean who or what?’

4. With a jerk the mechanism took hold and the elevator started down. ‘Which elevator is this?’ — ‘Number four.’

5. He shifted to the side window which overlooked the stableyard, and whistled down to the dog Balthasar, who lay for ever under the clock tower.

6. Who was there he could go to? (John Galsworthy)

7. He knew what was happening, of course.

8. ‘Allen, whose apartment is this?’ she said quietly. ‘Mine,if I want it.’ — ‘But who does it belong to now?’

9. Meantime, our young companion, who sat too removed from us to hear what was said, began to evince symptoms of uneasiness, probably repenting that he had denied himself the treat of Catherine’s society for fear of a little fatigue. (E. Bronte)

10. He got up from the window-seat and roamed in the big grey ghostly room, whose walls were hung with silvered canvas.

11. What passed at their meeting was not recorded in detail.

12. ‘Isn’t she Miss?’ said Gavin to his sister, with a gesture towards Faith. ‘Yes, that is what you would call me,’ said the latter.

13. ‘Who can it be?’ I thought. (E. Bronte)

14. He was very unorthodox, which frightened them.

15. What he saw seemed to satisfy him.

16. The first thing she asked him was what he thought of Avice Crichton.

17. He looked very well-bred, which indeed he was, and he had exquisite manners.

18. I often think of those people who used to cross our threshold and accept our hospitality.

19. It was too late to attempt an escape, which she would gladly have done had it been practicable. (E. Bronte)

20. The candles were still burning in the dining-room and the first thing he saw when he entered was what remained of the supper they had eaten, the two plates, the two cups and the frying-pan in which Mary had cooked eggs and bacon.

 

Exercise 8. Analyze the usage of that. State, whether it is a subordinating conjunction, or a relative/ conjunctive/ demonstrative pronoun.

1. He was the architect of this very house that we live in now.

2. All that was left, was to compose the letter.

3. I thought in Los Angeles that I had some sort of breakthrough. (Robert B. Parker)

4. When supper was over, Jane and a small brother were sent down to a brook that ran at the bottom of the meadow to fetch a pail of water for washing up.

5. You look wonderful! Try to keep that girlish form!

6. The servants couldn’t bear his tyrannical and evil conduct long: Joseph and I were the only two that would stay. (E. Bronte)

7. Everything that you just said is true. (Terry McMillan)

8. And then one day he saw that which moved him to uneasy wrath – two riders, in a glade of the park close to the Ham Gate, of whom she on the left hand was most assuredly Holly on the silver roan, and he on the right hand as assuredly that ‘squirt’ Val Dartie. (John Galsworthy)

9. Still, it would look well with the Court; and he would see that Dreamer brought it out. (John Galsworthy)

10. But they are judgments that have to be made; either he did it, or he didn’t, and there’s enough that’s bothersome about the hypothesis that he did, to make me at least consider that he didn’t. (Robert B. Parker)

11. There was in fact nothing in the house that suggested a life lived with exhilaration. (Robert B. Parker)

12. ‘I believe that you need to resolve your relationship with Richie.’

‘Might that not be a relationship rooted in love?’

‘It might,’ Julie said. ‘But the fact that you can’t be with him or without him suggests that there’s some pathology involved.’ (Robert B. Parker)

13. She refused; and I unwillingly donned a cloak, and took my umbrella to accompany her on a stroll to the bottom of the park: a formal walk which she generally affected if low-spirited – and that she invariably was when Mr Edgar had been worse than ordinary. (E. Bronte)

14. What the hell is this, a warning that you’re not going to try? (Robert B. Parker)

15. That evening he’d take her for a walk and they’d play ball and she’d sleep in bed with him in the room that looked out over the harbor, and filled with light when the sun came up. (Robert B. Parker)

16. You recall that I love Rosie. (Robert B. Parker)

17.  And you don’t trust me to make that decision? (Robert B. Parker)

18. Does it annoy you that I ask? (Robert B. Parker)

 

INDEFINITE PRONOUNS

Every/each

EACH (OF) and EVERY are used with singular countable nouns to mean all things or people in a group of two or more (each (of)) or three or more (every):

· The programme is on every (or each) weekday morning at 10.00.

· Each (or every) ticket costs £35.

We use a singular verb after each (of) and every:

· Following the flood, every building in the area needs major repair work.

However, when each follows the noun or pronoun it refers to, the noun and verb are plural:

· Every student is tested twice a year. They are each given a hundred questions to do.

NOTE They, their and them are used to refer back to phrases such as ‘each soldier’, ‘every candidate’ etc. which do not indicate a specific gender (male or female). Compare:

· Each woman complained that she (or they) had been unfairly treated.

· Every candidate said that they thought the interview was too long.

 

Often EVERY and EACH (OF) are used with little difference in meaning. However, EVERY is used:  

Ø with almost, nearly, virtually, just about, practically etc. that emphasise we are talking about a group as a whole:

· Almost every visitor stopped and stared;

Ø if we are talking about a large group with an indefinite number of things or people in it:

· Before I met Daniel, I thought every small child liked sweets! (rather than ...each…);

· Every new car now has to be fitted with seat belts. (rather than ...each...);

Ø after a possessive:

· I listened to his every word;

Ø with a plural noun when every is followed by a number:

· I go to the dentist every six months. (rather than ...each six months.);

Ø in phrases referring to regular or repeated events such as every other (kilometre), every single (day), every so often, every few (months), every now and again (= occasionally):

Ø with abstract uncountable nouns such as chance, confidence, hope, reason, right and sympathy toshow a positive attitude to what we are saying. Here every means ‘complete’ or ‘total’:

· She has every chance of success in her application for the job.

EACH is used:

Ø if we are thinking about the separate individuals in the group. Compare:

· We greeted each guest as they entered. (Emphasises that we greeted them individually)

· We greeted every guest as they entered. (Means something like ‘all the guests’).

Ø when we are talking about both people or things in a pair:

· I only had two suitcases, but each (one) weighed over 20 kilos;

Ø with of + noun:

· Each of them took far longer than expected;

· Each of the walkers was well over sixty;

Ø on its own:

· There were six people in the group, and each was determined to win the race (or each one/ each one of them)

Ø after nouns and pronouns for emphasis:

· John and Angela each had their own supply of biscuits.

· They each took a map with them.

 

When we use all (with plural or uncountable nouns) or every (with singular countable nouns) to talk about things or people in a group they have a similar meaning:

· Have you eaten all the apples? = He ate every apple in the house.

However, when we use all or every to talk about time, their meaning is usually different:

· John stayed all weekend. (= the whole of the weekend)

· John stayed every weekend when he was at university. (= without exception)

 

Exercise 9. Complete these sentences with every or each, whichever is correct or more likely. If you can use either every or each, write them both.

1. I try to visit my relatives in Spain ………. other year.

2. ………. day we went to work by bicycle.

3. There were tears streaming down ………. side of her face.

4. Don has to go overseas on business ………. six weeks or so.

5. In a football match, ………. team has eleven players.

6. This year I have visited virtually ………. European country.

7. From next year, ………. baby in the country will be vaccinated against measles.

8. The aeroplanes were taking off ………. few minutes.

9. I have………. confidence in his ability to do the job well.

10. She pronounced ……….name slowly and carefully as I wrote them down.

11. Rain is likely to reach ………. part of the country by morning.

12. I visited him in hospital nearly ………. day.

13. We have……….reason to believe that the operation has been a success.

14. When he took his gloves off, I noticed that ……….one had his name written inside.

15. He and ………. member of his family owned it wholly, sanely, secretly, without any more interference from the public than had been necessitated by their births, their marriages, their deaths. (John Galsworthy)

16. There were ten color photographs, ………. with a nightmarish quality of violated flesh. (S. Grafton)

17. Seven days glided away, ……….one marking its course by the henceforth rapid alteration of Edgar Linton’s state. (E. Bronte)

18. ‘And I suppose ………. time you see her you put your opinions into her mind.’ (John Galsworthy)

19. The stained glass windows were not elaborate. ………. was divided into six simple panels of pale gold with a scripture written across the bottom. (S. Grafton)

20. I have ……….faith in you. (Jack Higgins)