Typology of political systems

The variety of the political systems existing in the modern world, specifies that process of their formation and functioning is influenced by set of factors: historical traditions, culture, economic development, a maturity of a civil society, geopolitical conditions etc. Prevalence of those or other factors causes their features and originality. However theoretical and practical interest represents that pulls together them, allows to reveal a role of universal mechanisms and laws of their functioning. Practical value of classifications of political systems consists in definition of sufficiency of the conditions allowing to political institutes effectively to function and successfully to carry out the political roles.

The typology of political systems is carried out on the basis of the account of various signs (bases). One of the first classifications (типологий) proceeds из характера their mutual relations with environment. By this criterion political systems are subdivided on closed and opened. The closed political systems have the limited communications with environment, are unreceptive to values of other systems and are self-sufficient, that is development resources find in such systems. Open systems actively exchange resources with an external world, successfully acquire the advanced values of other systems, are mobile and dynamical. As examples of the closed systems the former countries of a socialism (the USSR, Hungary, Bulgaria, etc.) can serve. The developed democratic states of the West represent an example of open political systems.

Enough classification of political systems by a political mode, that is on the basis of character and ways of interaction of the power, the person and a society is widespread. By this criterion totalitarian, authoritative and democratic political systems are allocated. For totalitarian political system full submission of the person and a power society, a regulation and control over all spheres of life of people is characteristic from the state. The authoritative political system is based on an absolute power of one person or a group of persons at preservation of some economic, civil, spiritual freedom

таций, ideals, the values inherent in any class, ethnos, group, party. Therefore division of political roles and functions occurs not in society scales, and in a class, group, party etc. However presence of diverse subcultures does not prevent to find the consent as there is a general cultural basis - liberal values in a society.

Доиндустриальные and partially industrial political systems have the mixed political culture. It consists of local political subcultures in which basis values of a clan, sorts, communities, a tribe lie. Therefore to find the consent and the compromise here, without resorting to violence, it is almost impossible. Integration of a society by means of violence leads to concentration of the power and influence in hands of a narrow circle of persons.

Totalitarian political systems function on the basis of a priority of class, national or religious values. The power is concentrated in hands exclusively party in power or a group of persons. It supervises all parties of ability to live of a society and the individual.

There are also other classifications (typology) of political systems, but they are much less known.

Political system of Russia

Political system of the Soviet type

After October revolution of 1917 in Russia the political system of the Soviet type characterised by a number of distinctive signs has been established. First, it was closed from the point of view of character of mutual relations with environment and functioned on the basis of a class principle: it was declared that the political system reflects interests of workers, first of all, proletariat. Everything that did not correspond to interests of working class, admitted hostile.

Secondly, methods of revolutionary violence in realisation of imperious functions that has been caused by adverse external and internal conditions of formation of political system (intervention of the western countries against Russia, civil war), low level of the general and political culture of workers prevailed, etc. It was expressed in existence of the branched out retaliatory system.

Thirdly, the political system of the Soviet type was based on principles of combination and concentration of political roles and functions in hands of ruling communist party, aversion of political pluralism and an interdiction of activity of opposition.

It was supposed that political means probably to create economic, cultural and other preconditions for socialism construction.

Fourthly, a link of political system of the Soviet type, its bearing design was exclusively dominating party which united state structures, social movements and subordinated to their decision of specific targets. Special value of party and its exclusive ideology was caused by absence of other integration tools of a society (such, for example, as economic interest), except politiko-ideological and compulsory.

Fifthly, at the heart of the mechanism of formation and power functioning in political system of the Soviet type the nomenclature principle lay. The nomenclature was the closed system, to get in which it was not simple, but it is very prestigious. It possessed the absolute economic, political and ideological power. Becoming a new class of a society, she has subordinated to herself all parties, and with them - and all society. The political system of this kind is capable to function in the presence of force majeure (danger of external intervention, existence of internal enemies etc.), the big abundance of power, financial and other resources, and also the branched out system of brain washing of the population.