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Добавка: Учебное пособие Куппаевой Политология Лидерство

2017-05-20 315
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At all multidimensionality and many-sided nature of this phenomenon it is possible will reveal some the general directions in its studying, each of which has the merits and demerits.

The theory of lines has arisen under the influence of researches of the English scientist F.Galton trying at the beginning of a century to explain leadership on the basis of a heredity. Within the limits of this direction researches of ruling dynasties of the various nations have been undertaken, the analysis of marriages between governors etc. Basic idea of such approach - the belief that if the leader possesses the qualities distinguishing it from followers it is possible to allocate these qualities. Hundreds the qualities quite often mutually exclusive are thus listed. One consider that the leader should possess the big intelligence, greater insight, ability to fundamental thinking. Others, opposite underline that surpassing mind is not so obligatory, for it leads to doubts. Independently conceiving people, are capable to resist to group pressure, at times even become derelicts of a society.

There are many examples when those or other persons, did not possess "the major" lines, nevertheless, successfully cope with functions of the leader and, on the contrary, presence of these lines at any person no means always transforms it into the leader.

For the given theory the extrahistorical, abstract approach is characteristic. Communications between lines of leaders and concrete social conditions are ignored.

Situational theories of leadership. Occurrence of the leader is result of a place, time and circumstances.

The idea about innateness of qualities has been rejected, and instead of it other extreme measure - idea that the leader is better others can realise line inherent in it in a concrete situation is accepted.

Advantage of this theory consists that here though and in the limited volume the social context of leadership is entered. This theory belittles activity of the leader, including its tool of circumstances.

The theory of constituents (followers). This theory sees secret of leadership not in the person, and in inquiries, expectations of the followers conducted, accepting or rejecting leader. The leader in the given scheme no more, than the group tool. Persons conducted by the leader are considered as the central component of process of leadership.

The synthetic theory of leadership. This theory synthesises the previous theories of leadership. Lines of the leader, a condition, the purpose and a problem are considered. Three elements - the leader, a situation and conducted communicate.

The basic approaches to a substantiation of the nature of leadership

 

THE CONDITIONAL NAME OF THE THEORY ESSENCE BRIEFLY
The theory of lines of the leader Individuals with special personal lines (diligence, vigour, innovation, creative spirit, organising abilities etc.) become leaders
The situational concept Leadership qualities are relative: for each possible leader there are concrete circumstances (the certain moment, a place and a situation)
The theory of "the retinue doing the king» The leader not become independently: for the "necessary" leader search, find, «put on a throne» and its "founders" and adherents support
The psychoanalytic concept The people who suppressed libido and have directed liberated sex energy on active leadership activity become leaders

Types of leaders.

M.Veber's typology.

Traditional leadership.

Rational-legal leadership.

Charismatic leadership.

E.Dzheninngs's typology.

1. "Supermen" - those who breaks old and creates new usages.

2. "Heroes" - devote themselves to the great purpose.

3. "Princes" - simply aspire to dominate.

G.Blondel's typology is more profound activity considering style: leadership authoritative and democratic. Within the limits of this differentiation today all political fights also are conducted.

Leadership democratic is characterised valid in relation to supporters by style of a management. Democratic leadership is a trust and responsibility.

Authoritative style of leadership is a style of a command, rigid methods, high insistence, monopoly of the leader for all decisions.

K. Pleshakov has offered typology from the point of view national - epic archetypes. He considers that Stalin is George Pobedonosets, Khruschev - Ivan tsarevitch, Brezhnev - Emelja.

In relation to the power it is possible to allocate the leader oppositional and dominating. The oppositional type is subdivided into two subtypes: confrontationally - the oppositional, irreconcilable opponent of the given power, aspiring to dethrone it by all means, and it is constructive - oppositional, criticising the given power, but not aimed at its immediate overthrow.

M.Burns divides leaders on two categories: converters and businessmen. The first operate according to the concept of the social development, the second focus attention to details without formation of a deep sight at what should be a society finally.

The leader - the populist. Offers simple decisions of the challenges, using thus demagogical and irresponsible slogans. Meeting the core a populism nursery. Civil war, terror, dictatorship can be result of populism.


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