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Understanding cultural differences

2021-02-05

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We live in a culturally diverse world. People encounter individuals from different races, religions, and nationalities. Communicating across language and cultural barriers at home and abroad may be rather challenging.

Here are some guidelines to help you in cross cultural communication and understanding.

Be aware of differing communication styles: do you favour direct or indirect communication? Being able to say ‘no' in your culture means you have a direct way of communicating. Some cultures have many ways to say ‘yes,' most of them meaning ‘no'!

Be aware of differing social values, status symbols and how to demonstrate them. In hierarchical cultures every degree of ‘superiority' needs to be recognised and respected.

Be aware of decision making customs: not all people like to make decisions quickly and efficiently.

Be aware of concepts of time: not all people see time as money or as a commodity.

Be aware of silences, body language and personal space: people from different cultures have different ‘comfort zones'. Learn the basic differences in the way people supplement their words with body movement.

Be aware of acceptance (or not) of strangers: different cultures have differing attitudes towards outsiders, some are openly hostile, some maintain a detached aloofness, and others are friendly and cooperative toward strangers.

Be aware of cultural ‘contexts': people from cultures called ‘high-context cultures' (Far Eastern, Arab) rely far less on verbal communication and more on the context of nonverbal actions to convey meaning. People from ‘low-context cultures' such as the USA and Northern European cultures rely more on direct, verbal communication: they say is what they mean.

Be aware of different etiquette rules or manners: what is polite in one culture may be considered rude in another; watch and learn. If in doubt, ask.

Be aware that political correctness, morality and ethical behaviour differ around the world.

2. Ознакомьтесь с информацией о видах деловых писем, правилах и особенностях их написания (Приложение 1). Письменно переведите деловое письмо и выполните задание к нему (Приложение 2).

3. Ознакомьтесь с информацией о правилах подготовки деловой презентации, особенностях выступления с публичной речью перед аудиторией (Приложение 3), а также с полезной лексикой, типовыми фразами для подготовки презентации (Приложение 4).

Составьте письменный текст презентации. Тематика презентации – описание компании, в которой работает студент, либо другой известной компании. Образец текста презентации о компании представлен в Приложении 5.

4. Ознакомьтесь с информацией о правилах написания резюме, его структуре и особенностях оформления (Приложение 6). Подготовьте в письменном виде резюме на английском языке для устройства на работу. Образец резюме представлен в Приложении 7. Резюме оформляется в печатном виде на листе A4.

Вариант 8.

1.Выполните работу с текстом.

а). Прочитайте и письменно переведите текст.

б). Составьте словарик к тексту.

в). Сформулируйте основное содержание текста в нескольких предложениях.

Business Small Talk

Even if you're meeting to discuss business, ease into the conversation with small talk, which helps you establish rapport with your companions. Some people also consider it rude to launch immediately into "shop talk." Start with icebreaker topics like the weather, books, movies and sports.

The topics of small talk conversations are generally less important than their social function. The selected topic usually depends on any pre-existing relationship between the two people, and the circumstances of the conversation. In either case, someone initiating small talk will tend to choose a topic for which they can assume a shared background knowledge, to prevent the conversation being too one-sided.

Topics can be summarised as being either direct or indirect. Direct topics include personal observations such as health or looks. Indirect topics refer to a situational context such as the latest news, or the conditions of the communicative situation. Some topics are considered to be "safe" in most circumstances: the weather, recent shared experiences (for example " Good weather last night, wasn't it? "), television and films, sports.

The level of detail offered should not overstep the bounds of interpersonal space. When asked, " How are you? " by an acquaintance they do not know well, a person is likely to choose a simple, generalised reply such as, " Fine, thank you. " In this circumstance it would probably not be appropriate for them to reply with a list of symptoms of any medical conditions they were suffering from. To do so would assume a greater degree of familiarity between the two people than is actually the case, and this may create an uncomfortable situation.

Small talk rules and topics can differ widely between cultures. Weather is a common topic in regions where the climate has great variation and can be unpredictable. Questions about the family are usual in some Asian and Arab countries. In cultures or contexts that are status-oriented, such as China and Japan, small talk between new acquaintances may feature questions that enable social categorization of each other. In many European cultures it is common to discuss the weather, politics or the economy, although in some countries personal finance issues such as salary are considered taboo.

Keep your conversation professional and stay away from gossip and from topics with the potential to be controversial or offensive. Whether you are with clients or coworkers, don't discuss politics or religion, which can lead to a heated debate instead of a friendly exchange, and don't tell jokes that could be interpreted as racist, sexist or otherwise off-color. You’d better stay away from personal topics such as someone's financial situation. Height, weight, clothing size, age, mental and physical health and marital situations are other topics to avoid.

Вариант 9.

1.Выполните работу с текстом.

а). Прочитайте и письменно переведите текст.

б). Составьте словарик к тексту.

в). Сформулируйте основное содержание текста в нескольких предложениях.

Business Letters

A letter of enquiry is a formal letter that makes an approach to an individual or organization either speculatively or in response to printed public domain material whereby you are requesting some information.

It is a general term used for a number of different kinds of business letters addressed to a company. An enquiry is sent when a businessman wants some information. The letter is drafted to get some more information which is not available on website, brochures, literature of the product.

The letter is written by a customer to the company seeking some information about a new product or service, especially about supply of goods, leaflets or catalogues, quotation or prices, samples, terms and discounts, availability of goods, delivery terms and deadlines, method of transportation, insurance.

Offers are sent in reply to an enquiry or without a preceding enquiry. They state the nature and description of the goods offered, the quantity, the price, the terms of payment, and the time and place of delivery. The sales-conscious businessman wants to draw the attention of customers and new customers to a special product or range of goods. He will take the opportunity to stimulate his correspondent’s interest in his goods or services by including sales messages and the assurance that the customer will receive personal attention.

Offers may be firm (binding) or without engagement. A firm offer is subject to certain conditions, a deadline for the receipt of orders, or a special price for certain quantities. If the Buyer accepts the offer in full within the stipulated time, the goods are considered to have been sold to him at the price and on the terms stated in the offer. According to the British and American law, a person/company making a firm offer has the right to revoke it at any time before it has been accepted. According to the Russian law, a person/company making an offer is bound by it until the expiration of the time stated in the offer.

An order letter, also known as a PO or purchase order letter, is written to provide the vendor with detailed instructions for fulfilling an order. Letters dealing with orders and payments for merchandise form a bulk of business activity.

Proper care should be taken in drafting of the order to eliminate all doubts resulting in loss of time and possibly of the market. The letter usually includes the following: details about what you are ordering or reserving; directions for shipment; manner of payments. In the letter of order, the main idea in the first paragraph is what it is that we are reserving or ordering. The explanatory paragraphs give whatever details the order requires – about quantity, colour, style, size, price, payment, location, shipment data, place, plus any specific instructions your reader might need. The last paragraph invites prompt shipment and dated action, if desired.

Вариант 10.

1.Выполните работу с текстом.

а). Прочитайте и письменно переведите текст.

б). Составьте словарик к тексту.

в). Сформулируйте основное содержание текста в нескольких предложениях.

Types of Business Letters

A letter of enquiry is a formal letter that makes an approach to an individual or organization when a businessman or a customer is seeking some information about a new product or service, especially about supply of goods, leaflets or catalogues, quotation or prices, samples, terms and discounts, availability of goods, delivery terms and deadlines, method of transportation, insurance.

An order letter is written to provide the vendor with detailed instructions for fulfilling an order. Letters dealing with orders and payments for merchandise form a bulk of business activity.

A complaint letter is written to show one that an error has occurred and that needs to be corrected as soon as possible. The letter can be drafted as a document used for warning the reader. An effective complaint letter is brief and to the point and includes documentation. Several things should be kept in mind when writing this kind of letter.

Sufficient detail should be included to back up your claim and to show that you have thoroughly researched the subject. However, omit irrelevant details. Maintain a firm but respectful tone, and avoid aggressive, accusing language. Send only photocopies of receipts and other documents, and retain all originals. Keep a copy of the complaint letter for your records. If a company has repeatedly given you bad service and refuses to correct the situation and you feel that your only recourse is to pursue legal action, voice your feelings in a tactful but firm way. Include your contact information (your name, address, phone number, and e-mail address, if desired, so that the other party can reach you to discuss any questions or concerns).

Вариант 11.

1.Выполните работу с текстом.

а). Прочитайте и письменно переведите текст.

б). Составьте словарик к тексту.

в). Сформулируйте основное содержание текста в нескольких предложениях.

Making business calls

The telephone is often the first point of contact a customer or client will have with a company so it is very important that you make a good impression when you’re answering the phone.

Unless you are working in a busy call centre or on a switchboard, be as prompt as possible in answering the phone. Potential clients and many customers lead busy lives and if you let the phone ring too long before answering, they might have already hung up and taken their business elsewhere.

Always greet the caller according to the time of day and identify yourself with either a first name or first name and surname and the company name followed by establishing the reason for the call.

You never know how simple or complex the nature of call might be so it’s important that you’re prepared and know how to handle the call.

If you’re working on a busy switchboard, you’ll need to understand how to transfer calls internally and you should also keep a pen and pad handy so you can jot down details of the call.

Speak slightly more slowly on the phone than you would if you were having a general face-to-face conversation. Important details can get overlooked if you speak too quickly and it also saves you from having to repeat yourself. This is especially true if you have a very pronounced regional accent

People hate being put on hold although most of them do understand that it is sometimes inevitable. If you need to place a caller on hold for any reason, firstly tell them why and ask them if they object to being placed on hold.

Before ending the call, you should always try to recap what you’ve discussed, if appropriate, and ask the caller if there is anything else you can help them with before saying ‘goodbye’ and hanging up. It’s also good practice to let the caller hang up before you do.

If you’ve been asked to pass a message on to a work colleague, always do so as soon as possible. The longer you leave it, the more likely you will either forget to do so or you’ll pass on incorrect details of the call.

In general, however, if you’re friendly, courteous and helpful, answering the phone should not present you with too many problems.

Вариант 12.

1.Выполните работу с текстом.

а). Прочитайте и письменно переведите текст.

б). Составьте словарик к тексту.

в). Сформулируйте основное содержание текста в нескольких предложениях.

E-mail

E-mail is an informal way to send messages as long as you retain the same boundaries of propriety you would use if dealing with the person face-to-face. For example, if you address the CEO of the company by surname in person, do not switch to the first name when sending e-mail. There are a few general guidelines to keep in mind when communicating online:

1. All messages should be as short and concise as possible. If the message is more than a few lines long, divide the text into paragraph-sized “chunks” so it is easier to read.

2. Use a meaningful subject line. If a busy professional cannot figure out what an e-mail is about from the subject line, the message usually gets ignored or deleted.

3. Keep messages relevant. Make sure all messages posted are relevant to the subject at hand. When replying to someone quote the parts of the original message that pertain to your reply.

4. Stick to plain text. It is great to send out beautifully formatted messages with special italics, bold type, but, unfortunately, some mail systems will not deliver the message in the same format as it was sent. A plain text message may not look as pretty as you want, but it will not look worse than it did when you sent it.

5. Pay attention to grammar, spelling, and punctuation. Proper grammar, spelling, and punctuation make the message more easily understood, not to mention professional. Virtually every e-mail program today has a spelling and grammar check feature, so there is no reason not to use it. Another option would be to type your message in Microsoft Word, check for any spelling, punctuation, or grammar errors, then cut and paste the message into the body of the e-mail.

6. Avoid jokes and punctuation faces. In a business setting, it is best to avoid sending jokes and punctuation faces.

7. Remember you are communicating with other people. Sending e-mail does not give you the benefit of facial expressions and gestures that normally give additional meaning to a conversation. Without these nonverbal cues, you have to take care in what you are saying so the meaning is not misconstrued. Do not post your entire message in all capitals. This can be interpreted as screaming or shouting on the Internet.

9. Taking too long to respond. Everyone knows how busy some people can get. That is not an excuse to ignore e-mail or not respond in a timely manner. It is disrespectful not to reply quickly to potential employer. Not responding quickly implies a lack of interest on your part. Check your e-mail a minimum of once a day if you are actively searching for employment.

Вариант 13.

1.Выполните работу с текстом.

а). Прочитайте и письменно переведите текст.

б). Составьте словарик к тексту.

в). Сформулируйте основное содержание текста в нескольких предложениях.

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