ГЛАВА I. Публичная речь как средство воздействия на аудиторию

Введение

 

Для современного этапа развития лингвистики характерен особый интерес к проблемам речевого общения и речевого взаимодействия как его компонента. Воздействуя через речь, можно повлиять на мысли и чувства слушателя, побудить его к каким-либо действиям.

Несмотря на то, что риторика как наука имеет многовековую историю, исследование проблем ораторского искусства особенно интенсивно ведется во второй половине XX века. Изучение ораторской речи всегда привлекало внимание исследователей, тем не менее именно в настоящее время лингвисты и психологи как за рубежом, так и в России предпринимают попытки углубленного изучения проблем ораторской речи. Ведь именно язык играет ключевую роль в публичных выступлениях политических лидеров, в парламентских дебатах, в дипломатических переговорах, в газетных и журнальных аналитических статьях политического характера. Современные технологии речевого воздействия позволяют оказывать реальное влияние на сознание и поведение целевой аудитории, влиять на результаты выборов, создавать определенный имидж тех или иных политических деятелей или партий. Конечная цель любого оратора или автора статьи, его коммуникативное намерение заключается в том, чтобы убедить адресата в своей правоте, побудить его к каким-либо действиям. Очевидно, что достижение этой цели осуществимо в значительной степени за счет использования эмоционально-насыщенной речи, которая, безусловно, обладает наибольшей силой воздействия на аудиторию. Именно поэтому в политическом дискурсе так широко использование разнообразных языковых средств.

Очевидно, что основным стимулом увеличения исследований является решение прагматической задачи - поиска эффективных способов воздействия публичной речью на слушателей, на их чувства, мысли, поведение.

Общепризнанным является тот факт, что речевое воздействие должно рассматриваться в русле прагматики. Как известно, в прагматике рассматриваются те языковые средства и закономерности речи, которые используются для воздействия на мысли, чувства, волю и, как следствие, поведение партнеров по коммуникации. Для лингвистической прагматики, рассматривающей речевую коммуникацию как одну их форм целенаправленной деятельности, является естественным стремление выявить механизмы, обеспечивающие успешность речевого воздействия, то есть достижения говорящим определенной целей.

Известно, что публичная речь может иметь целью передачу новой информации. Однако передача речевых сообщений никогда не является конечной целью публичной речи, она является конечной целью публичной речи, она является только средством достижения других целей, конечной из которых является цель управления деятельностью, мышлением слушателя. В этом и заключается прагматический аспект речи.

В связи с тем, что в настоящее время особое внимание уделяется вопросам прагмалингвистики, изучение прагматического аспекта публичной речи представляется достаточно актуальным.

Итак, актуальность данного исследования обусловлена интересом современной науки к изучению публичной речи как риторического и языкового явления, в частности, к вопросам, связанным с участием языковых средств в процессе убеждения. Важным для исследования современной публичной речи является установление роли как лингвистических и экстралингвистических средств в реализации воздействия речи на слушателей, выявление лексико-грамматических и стилистических характеристик в зависимости от вида публичной речи.

Вышеизложенное позволило сформулировать цели и задачи настоящего исследования.

Целью данной работы является изучение приемов, с помощью которых достигается максимальный прагматический эффект публичной речи. Для достижения максимального прагматического эффекта речи необходимо учитывать такие факторы, как: ситуация произнесения речи, социальный статус оратора и слушателей, уровень интеллектуального, профессионального, культурного, эмоционального развития слушателей, отношение аудитории к оратору и другие. Учет вышеперечисленных и других факторов обеспечит положительный прагматический эффект речи.

Исходя из вышеизложенного, можно сформулировать следующие задачи настоящей работы:

рассмотреть историческое развитие ораторского искусства;

изучить целевые установки этапов речи и способы их реализации;

проанализировать средства коммуникативной стратегии оратора и способы их речевого и неречевого воздействия на аудиторию;

определить: факторы, влияющие на степень прагматического воздействия речи, остановившись на характеристиках убеждающей речи;

В ходе исследования были использованы следующие методы:

обобщение, анализ, синтез.

Объектом исследования является процесс выявления риторических средств в текстах речей ораторов.

Предмет: речи и видеозаписи выступлений ораторов, политиков, общественных деятелей.

Гипотеза исследования использование риторических средств в публичной речи способствует созданию прагматически максимального эффекта.

Материалом для исследования послужили случаи использования риторических средств, представленные в газетных и журнальных статьях политической направленности в британской и американской качественной прессе, тексты выступлений известных политических деятелей.

Теоретическая и практическая значимость работы определяется возможностью с помощью примеров убедиться в эффективности средств воздействия на сознание адресата, что, в свою очередь, является конечной целью речи оратора.

В процессе исследования использовались следующие методы: анализ научной литературы по изучаемой проблеме; просмотр видео, работа с текстами известных ораторов, выявление риторических средств на примере текстов речей и их последующий анализ;

Данная дипломная работа структурно представлена введением, тремя главами, заключением, списком использованной литературы, приложением.

Во введении обосновывается актуальность выбранной темы, определяются цель и задачи работы, объект и предмет исследования, методы исследования, раскрываются научная новизна, теоретическая и практическая значимость исследования.

В первой главе рассматривается публичная речь как средство воздействия на аудиторию.

Во второй главе мы рассматриваем выбор коммуникативной стратегии публичной речи.

Глава третья представляет <http://text.tr200.biz/referat_inostrannyj_jazyk/?referat=144657&page=1>факторы, определяющие степень прагматического воздействия публичной речи.

В заключении содержатся общие выводы по данному исследованию.

 

Виды публичной речи

 

Существует большое количество классификаций публичных выступлений по различным параметрам. (Левонтина, 2000,Ганеев, 2004.) Для практического обучения искусству публичного выступления наиболее важным является подразделение публичных выступлений на виды по их функции, то есть согласно цели, которую ставит оратор в своем выступлении.

Согласно Левонтиной, можно выделить четыре основные функции (цели) выступлений:

Соблюсти некоторый протокол или ритуал, то есть в этом случае речь идет о протокольно-ритуальном выступлении, например, приветствие официальной делегации, официальное поздравление юбиляра, вступительное слово перед официальным мероприятием, выступление с оценкой заслуг человека или организации и др.

Развлечь собравшихся. Имеются в виду развлекательные выступления, например: тосты, речи на банкетах и др.

Сообщить некоторую информацию, то есть такая речь носит название информационной. Информационный жанр используется в научном докладе, лекции перед студентами, в монологе учителя при объяснении, в рассказе о случае или при описании некоторого явления. Сообщение инструкций, объявление о предстоящем событии тоже относится к данному жанру - информационному выступлению.

Убедить. Убеждающая речь призвана показать правильность занимаемой оратором позиции, укрепить или изменить мнение аудитории по этому вопросу. Типичные случаи убеждающих выступлений - выступления в научных и политических дискуссиях, выступления за круглым столом.

Побудить к действию. Побуждающая речь призывает слушателей к новому действию, продолжению или прекращению старого действия. Такие речи проходят на митинге, на предвыборном собрании, на любом мероприятии, где решается вопрос о том, что необходимо предпринять.

Убеждающие и побуждающие выступления иногда объединяют в один тип и называют агитационными. Разница между ними заключается в том, что убеждающая речь направлена на мнение, а побуждающая - на поступок.

Цели, которые ставит перед собой оратор, могут сочетаться и тогда выступления приобретают комплексный характер. Можно, например, говорить об информационно-этикетных, информационно-развлекательных, информационно-убеждающих выступлениях, возможны и другие смешанные типы.

 

Заключение

 

В данной дипломной работе была предпринята попытка теоретически исследовать практически проиллюстрировать особенности прагматического воздействия публичной речи, оказываемой на слушателей.

В результате исследования были сделаны следующие выводы:

. Любое выступление преследует несколько целей, основной из которых является оказание прагматического воздействия на мысли, чувства и поведение слушателей.

. Для достижения положительного прагматического воздействия речи оратору необходимо определить тему и цель выступления с учетом состава слушателей и ситуации произнесения речи.

. Четкая композиция публичной речи, включающая вступление, основную часть и заключение, позволяет эффективно воздействовать на восприятие слушателей.

. Большую роль в композиции речи играют законы логики: тождества, непротиворечия, исключенного третьего и достаточного основания, соблюдение которых обеспечивают публичной речи четкость, последовательность и логичность.

. Для повышения эмоциональности речи следует использует, как просодические средства оформления высказываний(интонацию, ритм паузы, ударение), так и паралингвистические средства воздействия воздействия(жесты, мимику, позу).

. Такие характеристики публичной речи, как четкость, ясность, доходчивость, выразительность, простота позволяет оратору добиться положительного прагматического воздействия речи.

. Проведенные исследования показали, что отдельные характеристики образ оратора(личные и коммуникативные),а также общее отношение к нему аудитории влияют на эффективность воздействия его речи.

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Приложение №1

Broadcast 2001year 2001 saw large-scale terrorist attacks on New York and Washington, killing around 3,000 people, the outbreak of foot-and-mouth disease in the UK's farming community, and famine in Sudan. The Queen's Christmas Broadcast for that year stressed the importance of communities working to respond to problems and disasters together.many people all over the world, the year 2001 seems to have brought them more than their fair share of trials and disasters.have been storms and droughts as well as epidemics and famine. And this country has not been spared, with the floods this time last year, and Foot and Mouth, which has had such devastating consequences for our farmers and rural communities.and others whose livelihoods have been affected continue to suffer hardship and anxiety long after the newspaper headlines have moved on.whilst many of these events were of natural origin, it was the human conflicts and the wanton acts of crime and terror against fellow human beings which have so appalled us all.terrorist outrages in the United States last September brought home to us the pain and grief of ordinary people the world over who find themselves innocently caught up in such evil.the following days we struggled to find ways of expressing our horror at what had happened. As so often in our lives at times of tragedy - just as on occasions of celebration and thanksgiving - we look to the Church to bring us together as a nation or as a community in commemoration and tribute.is to the Church that we turn to give meaning to these moments of intense human experience through prayer, symbol and ceremony.these circumstances so many of us, whatever our religion, need our faith more than ever to sustain and guide us. Every one of us needs to believe in the value of all that is good and honest; we need to let this belief drive and influence our actions.the major faiths tell us to give support and hope to others in distress. We in this country have tried to bring comfort to all those who were bereaved, or who suffered loss or injury in September's tragic events through those moving services at St Paul's and more recently at Westminster Abbey.these occasions and during the countless other acts of worship during this past year, we came together as a community - of relations, friends and neighbours - to draw strength in troubled times from those around us.believe that strong and open communities matter both in good times as well as bad. Certainly they provide a way of helping one another. I would like to pay tribute to so many of you who work selflessly for others in your neighbourhood needing care and support.also give us an important sense of belonging, which is a compelling need in all of us. We all enjoy moments of great happiness and suffer times of profound sadness; the happiness is heightened, the sadness softened when it is shared.there is more than that. A sense of belonging to a group, which has in common the same desire for a fair and ordered society, helps to overcome differences and misunderstanding by reducing prejudice, ignorance and fear.all have something to learn from one another, whatever our faith - be it Christian or Jewish, Muslim, Buddhist, Hindu or Sikh - whatever our background, whether we be young or old, from town or countryside.is an important lesson for us all during this festive season. For Christmas marks a moment to pause, to reflect and believe in the possibilities of rebirth and renewal.'s birth in Bethlehem so long ago remains a powerful symbol of hope for a better future. After all the tribulations of this year, this is surely more relevant than ever.we come together amongst family and friends and look forward to the coming year, I hope that in the months to come we shall be able to find ways of strengthening our own communities as a sure support and comfort to us all - whatever may lie ahead.I, in this my fiftieth Christmas message to you, once again wish every one of you a very happy Christmas.Broadcast 20022002 The Queen celebrated her Golden Jubilee (50 years as Queen). She also lost her mother and sister within a few weeks of each other. The Queen's Christmas Broadcast in 2002 reflected on the celebrations which had taken place around the UK and Commonwealth, and looked forward to the challenges of the future.I look back over these past twelve months, I know that it has been about as full a year as I can remember. But Christmas itself still remains a time for reflection and a focus of hope for the future.great religions have such times of renewal, moments to take stock before moving on to face the challenges which lie ahead.of you will know only too well from your own experience, the grief that follows the death of a much loved mother or sister. Mine were very much part of my life and always gave me their support and encouragement.my own sadness was tempered by the generous tributes that so many of you paid to the service they gave to this country and the wider Commonwealth.such a difficult time this gave me great comfort and inspiration as I faced up both to my own personal loss and to the busy Jubilee summer ahead.are important events in all our lives. Christmas is the anniversary of the birth of Christ over two thousand years ago, but it is much more than that. It is the celebration of the birth of an idea and an ideal.a different way I felt that the Golden Jubilee was more than just an anniversary. The celebrations were joyous occasions, but they also seemed to evoke something more lasting and profound - a sense of belonging and pride in country, town, or community; a sense of sharing a common heritage enriched by the cultural, ethnic and religious diversity of our twenty-first century society.hope it also provided an occasion to acknowledge the progress of the past fifty years and the contributions of those who have done so much to make this country what it is today - their leadership and example, their achievements in science, the arts and many other fields.celebrations also gave opportunities to recognise the valuable work undertaken by so many people in service of their communities. It was a time to remind ourselves, as the Christmas story does every year, that we must never forget the plight of the disadvantaged and excluded, that we must respond to the needs of those who may be in distress or despair.modern world places such heavy demands on our time and attention that the need to remember our responsibilities to others is greater than ever. It is often difficult to keep this sense of perspective through the ups and downs of everyday life - as this year has constantly reminded me.know just how much I rely on my own faith to guide me through the good times and the bad. Each day is a new beginning, I know that the only way to live my life is to try to do what is right, to take the long view, to give of my best in all that the day brings, and to put my trust in God.others of you who draw inspiration from your own faith, I draw strength from the message of hope in the Christian gospel.by this and the support you have given throughout the last twelve months which has meant so much to me, I look forward to the New Year, to facing the challenges and opportunities that lie ahead, and to continuing to serve you to the very best of my ability each and every day.Happy Christmas to you all.Broadcast 20032003 many British servicemen and women were stationed in Iraq. The Queen's Christmas Broadcast that year was recorded entirely on location at Combermere Barracks in Windsor, the first time in the history of the broadcast that an outside location was used for the message. The theme of the message was teamwork, and recognition of the professionalism of the Armed Services, and of voluntary services.am sure that most of you will be celebrating Christmas at home in the company of your families and friends, but I know that some of you will not be so lucky.year I am speaking to you from the Household Cavalry Barracks in Windsor because I want to draw attention to the many Servicemen and women who are stationed far from home this Christmas.am thinking about their wives and children, and about their parents and friends. Separation at this time is especially hard to bear.is not just a matter of separation. The men and women of the Services continue to face serious risks and dangers as they carry out their duties. They have done this brilliantly.think we all have very good reasons for feeling proud of their achievements - both in war, and as they help to build a lasting peace in troublespots across the globe.of this can be achieved without paying a price. I know that all our thoughts at this time are with the families who are suffering the pain of bereavement. All those who have recently lost a close relative or friend will know how difficult Christmas can be.individual Servicemen and women are our neighbours and come from our own towns and villages; from every part of the country and from every background.process of training within the Navy, the Army and the Air Force has moulded them together into disciplined teams.have learnt to take responsibility and to exercise judgement and restraint in situations of acute stress and danger. They have brought great credit to themselves and to our country as a whole.had an opportunity recently at the Barracks to meet some of those who played their part with such distinction in the Iraq operations. I was left with a deep sense of respect and admiration for their steadfast loyalty to each other and to our nation.believe there is a lesson for us all here. It is that each of us can achieve much more if we work together as members of a team. The Founder of the Christian Faith himself chose twelve disciples to help him in his ministry.was reminded of the importance of teamwork as I presented, for the first time last summer, The Queen's Awards for Voluntary Service by groups within the community.have been struck by how often people say to me that they are receiving their award on behalf of a team and that they do not deserve to be singled out. This annual award recognises the team rather than the individual.this country and throughout the Commonwealth there are groups of people who are giving their time generously to make a difference to the lives of others.we think of them, and of our Servicemen and women far from home at this Christmas time, I hope we all, whatever our faith, can draw inspiration from the words of the familiar prayer:

"Teach us good Lordserve thee as thou deservest;give, and not to count the cost;fight, and not to heed the wounds;toil, and not to seek for rest;labour, and not to ask for any reward;that of knowing that we do thy will."is this knowledge which will help us all to enjoy the Festival of Christmas.happy Christmas to you all.Broadcast 2004her Christmas Broadcast of 2004 The Queen addressed the theme of religious tolerance.is for most of us a time for a break from work, for family and friends, for presents, turkey and crackers. But we should not lose sight of the fact that these are traditional celebrations around a great religious festival, one of the most important in the Christian year.and culture are much in the news these days, usually as sources of difference and conflict, rather than for bringing people together. But the irony is that every religion has something to say about tolerance and respecting others.me as a Christian one of the most important of these teachings is contained in the parable of the Good Samaritan, when Jesus answers the question "who is my neighbour".is a timeless story of a victim of a mugging who was ignored by his own countrymen but helped by a foreigner - and a despised foreigner at that.implication drawn by Jesus is clear. Everyone is our neighbour, no matter what race, creed or colour. The need to look after a fellow human being is far more important than any cultural or religious differences.of us have learned to acknowledge and respect the ways of other cultures and religions, but what matters even more is the way in which those from different backgrounds behave towards each other in everyday life.is vitally important that we all should participate and cooperate for the sake of the wellbeing of the whole community. We have only to look around to recognise the benefits of this positive approach in business or local government, in sport, music and the arts.is certainly much more to be done and many challenges to be overcome. Discrimination still exists. Some people feel that their own beliefs are being threatened. Some are unhappy about unfamiliar cultures.all need to be reassured that there is so much to be gained by reaching out to others; that diversity is indeed a strength and not a threat.need also to realise that peaceful and steady progress in our society of differing cultures and heritage can be threatened at any moment by the actions of extremists at home or by events abroad. We can certainly never be complacent.there is every reason to be hopeful about the future. I certainly recognise that much has been achieved in my lifetime. I believe tolerance and fair play remain strong British values and we have so much to build on for the future.was for this reason that I particularly enjoyed a story I heard the other day about an overseas visitor to Britain who said the best part of his visit had been travelling from Heathrow into Central London on the tube.British friends were, as you can imagine, somewhat surprised, particularly as the visitor had been to some of the great attractions of the country. What do you mean they asked?, he replied, I boarded the train just as the schools were coming out. At each stop children were getting on and off - they were of every ethnic and religious background, some with scarves or turbans, some talking quietly, others playing and occasionally misbehaving together - completely at ease and trusting one another.lucky you are, said the visitor, to live in a country where your children can grow up this way.hope they will be allowed to enjoy this happy companionship for the rest of their lives.Happy Christmas to you all.Broadcast 2005the twelve months following the 2004 Christmas broadcast, the world suffered a number of terrible natural disasters, including a huge tsunami in South East Asia, a series of hurricanes in the Caribbean, disastrous floods in New Orleans, and an earthquake in Pakistan and India which killed over 70,000 people and made millions homeless. July also saw terrorists strike in London, killing commuters. In her Christmas Broadcast in 2005 The Queen reflected on the year's tragedies and praised the work of those involved in providing humanitarian assistance.day after my last Christmas message was broadcast, the world experienced one of the worst natural disasters ever recorded.devastating tsunami struck countries around the Indian Ocean causing death and destruction on an unprecedented scale. This was followed by a number of vicious hurricanes across the Caribbean and the inundation of the city of New Orleans. Then in the autumn came the massive earthquake in Pakistan and India.series of dreadful events has brought loss and suffering to so many people - and their families and friends - not only in the countries directly affected, but here in Britain and throughout the Commonwealth.if these disasters were not bad enough, I have sometimes thought that humanity seemed to have turned on itself - with wars, civil disturbances and acts of brutal terrorism. In this country many people's lives were totally changed by the London bombings in July.Christmas my thoughts are especially with those everywhere who are grieving the loss of loved ones during what for so many has been such a terrible year.natural and human tragedies provided the headline news; they also provoked a quite remarkable humanitarian response. People of compassion all over the world responded with immediate practical and financial help.may be an instinct in all of us to help those in distress, but in many cases I believe this has been inspired by religious faith. Christianity is not the only religion to teach its followers to help others and to treat your neighbour as you would want to be treated yourself.has been clear that in the course of this year relief workers and financial support have come from members of every faith and from every corner of the world.is no doubt that the process of rebuilding these communities is far from over and there will be fresh calls on our commitment to help in the future.the need for selflessness and generosity in the face of hardship is nothing new. The veterans of the Second World War whom we honoured last summer can tell us how so often, in moments of greatest trial, those around them seemed able to draw on some inner strength to find courage and compassion. We see this today in the way that young men and women are calmly serving our country around the world often in great danger.last year has reminded us that this world is not always an easy or a safe place to live in, but it is the only place we have. I believe also that it has shown us all how our faith - whatever our religion - can inspire us to work together in friendship and peace for the sake of our own and future generations.Christians this festival of Christmas is the time to remember the birth of the one we call "the Prince of Peace" and our source of "light and life" in both good times and bad. It is not always easy to accept his teaching, but I have no doubt that the New Year will be all the better if we do but try.hope you will all have a very happy Christmas this year and that you go into the New Year with renewed hope and confidence.Broadcast 2008Queen's 2008 Christmas Broadcast focused on celebration and reflection in the year that The Prince of Wales celebrated his 60th birthdayis a time for celebration, but this year it is a more sombre occasion for many. Some of those things which could once have been taken for granted suddenly seem less certain and, naturally, give rise to feelings of insecurity.are touched by events which have their roots far across the world. Whether it is the global economy or violence in a distant land, the effects can be keenly felt at home. Once again, many of our service men and women are serving on operations in common cause to bring peace and security to troubled places.this ninetieth year since the end of the First World War, the last survivors recently commemorated the service and enormous sacrifice of their own generation. Their successors in theatres such as Iraq and Afghanistan are still to be found in harm’s way in the service of others. For their loved ones, the worry will never cease until they are safely home.such times as these we can all learn some lessons from the past. We might begin to see things in a new perspective. And certainly, we begin to ask ourselves where it is that we can find lasting happiness.the years, those who have seemed to me to be the most happy, contented and fulfilled have always been the people who have lived the most outgoing and unselfish lives; the kind of people who are generous with their talents or their time. There are those who use their prosperity or good fortune for the benefit of others whether they number among the great philanthropists or are people who, with whatever they have, simply have a desire to help those less fortunate than themselves.they offer comes in the form of what can easily be recognised as service to the nation or service to the wider community. As often as not however, their unselfishness is a simply-taken-for-granted part of the life of their family or neighbourhood.tend to have some sense that life itself is full of blessings, and is a precious gift for which we should be thankful. When life seems hard, the courageous do not lie down and accept defeat; instead, they are all the more determined to struggle for a better future.think we have a huge amount to learn from individuals such as these. And what I believe many of us share with them is a source of strength and peace of mind in our families and friends. Indeed, Prince Philip and I can reflect on the blessing, comfort and support we have gained from our own family in this special year for our son, The Prince of Wales.years ago, he was baptised here in the Music Room at Buckingham Palace. As parents and grandparents, we feel great pride in seeing our family make their own unique contributions to society. Through his charities, The Prince of Wales has worked to support young people and other causes for the benefit of the wider community, and now his sons are following in his footsteps.Christmas, we feel very fortunate to have our family around us. But for many of you, this Christmas will mean separation from loved ones and perhaps reflection on the memories of those no longer with us.hope that, like me, you will be comforted by the example of Jesus of Nazareth who, often in circumstances of great adversity, managed to live an outgoing, unselfish and sacrificial life. Countless millions of people around the world continue to celebrate his birthday at Christmas, inspired by his teaching. He makes it clear that genuine human happiness and satisfaction lie more in giving than receiving; more in serving than in being served.can surely be grateful that, two thousand years after the birth of Jesus, so many of us are able to draw inspiration from his life and message, and to find in him a source of strength and courage. I hope that the Christmas message will encourage and sustain you too, now and in the coming year.wish you all a very happy Christmas.Broadcast 2010four hundred years ago, King James the Sixth of Scotland inherited the throne of England at a time when the Christian Church was deeply divided. Here at Hampton Court in 1604, he convened a conference of churchmen of all shades of opinion to discuss the future of Christianity in this country. The King agreed to commission a new translation of the Bible that was acceptable to all parties. This was to become the King James or Authorized Bible, which next year will be exactly four centuries old.as a masterpiece of English prose and the most vivid translation of the scriptures, the glorious language of this Bible has survived the turbulence of history and given many of us the most widely-recognised and beautiful descriptions of the birth of Jesus Christ which we celebrate today.King James Bible was a major cooperative endeavour that required the efforts of dozens of the day’s leading scholars. The whole enterprise was guided by an interest in reaching agreement for the wider benefit of the Christian Church, and to bring harmony to the Kingdoms of England and Scotland.hundred years later, it is as important as ever to build communities and create harmony, and one of the most powerful ways of doing this is through sport and games. During this past year of abundant sporting events, I have seen for myself just how important sport is in bringing people together from all backgrounds, from all walks of life and from all age-groups.the parks of towns and cities, and on village greens up and down the country, countless thousands of people every week give up their time to participate in sport and exercise of all sorts, or simply encourage others to do so. These kinds of activity are common throughout the world and play a part in providing a different perspective on life.from developing physical fitness, sport and games can also teach vital social skills. None can be enjoyed without abiding by the rules, and no team can hope to succeed without cooperation between the players. This sort of positive team spirit can benefit communities, companies and enterprises of all kinds.the success of recent Paralympics bears witness, a love of sport also has the power to help rehabilitate. One only has to think of the injured men and women of the Armed Forces to see how an interest in games and sport can speed recovery and renew a sense of purpose, enjoyment and comradeship.around the world, people gather to compete under standard rules and, in most cases, in a spirit of friendly rivalry. Competitors know that, to succeed, they must respect their opponents; very often, they like each other too.and women often speak of the enormous pride they have in representing their country, a sense of belonging to a wider family. We see this vividly at the Commonwealth Games, for example, which is known to many as the Friendly Games and where I am sure you have noticed that it is always the competitors from the smallest countries who receive the loudest cheers.are capable of belonging to many communities, including a religious faith. King James may not have anticipated quite how important sport and games were to become in promoting harmony and common interests. But from the scriptures in the Bible which bears his name, we know that nothing is more satisfying than the feeling of belonging to a group who are dedicated to helping each other:

‘Therefore all things whatsoever ye would that men should to do to you, do ye even so to them’.wish you, and all those whom you love and care for, a very happy ChristmasBroadcast 2012past year has been one of great celebration for many. The enthusiasm which greeted the Diamond Jubilee was, of course, especially memorable for me and my family. It was humbling that so many chose to mark the anniversary of a duty which passed to me sixty years ago. People of all ages took the trouble to take part in various ways and in many nations. But perhaps most striking of all was to witness the strength of fellowship and friendship among those who had gathered together on these occasions.Philip and I were joined by our family on the River Thames as we paid tribute to those who have shaped the United Kingdom's past and future as a maritime nation, and welcomed a wonderful array of craft, large and small, from across the Commonwealth. On the barges and the bridges and the banks of the river there were people who had taken their places to cheer through the mist, undaunted by the rain. That day there was a tremendous sense of common determination to celebrate, triumphing over the elements.same spirit was also in evidence from the moment the Olympic flame arrived on these shores. The flame itself drew hundreds and thousands of people on its journey around the British Isles, and was carried by every kind of deserving individual, many nominated for their own extraordinary service.London hosted a splendid summer of sport, all those who saw the achievement and courage at the Olympic and Paralympic Games were further inspired by the skill, dedication, training and teamwork of our athletes. In pursuing their own sporting goals, they gave the rest of us the opportunity to share something of the excitement and drama.were reminded, too, that the success of these great festivals depended to an enormous degree upon the dedication and effort of an army of volunteers. Those public-spirited people came forward in the great tradition of all those who devote themselves to keeping others safe, supported and comforted.carol, 'In the Bleak Midwinter', ends by asking a question of all of us who know the Christmas story, of how God gave himself to us in humble service: 'What can I give him, poor as I am? If I were a shepherd, I would bring a lamb; if I were a wise man, I would do my part'. The carol gives the answer, 'Yet what I can I give him - give my heart'.wish you all a very happy Christmas.

 

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Elizabeth II Speech Death of Princess Dianathe Death of Princess Diana Famous Speech by Queen Elizabeth II
September 9, 1997last Sunday's dreadful news we have seen, throughout Britain and around the world, an overwhelming expression of sadness at Diana's death.
We have all been trying in our different ways to cope. It is not easy to express a sense of loss, since the initial shock is often succeeded by a mixture of other feelings: disbelief, incomprehension, anger -- and concern for those who remain.
We have all felt those emotions in these last few days. So what I say to you now, as your queen and as a grandmother, I say from my heart., I want to pay tribute to Diana myself. She was an exceptional and gifted human being. In good times and bad, she never lost her capacity to smile and laugh, nor to inspire others with her warmth and kindness. I admired and respected her -- for her energy and commitment to others, and especially for her devotion to her two boys.week at Balmoral, we have all been trying to help William and Harry come to terms with the devastating loss that they and the rest of us have suffered.
No one who knew Diana will ever forget her. Millions of others who never met her, but felt they knew her, will remember her.for one believe that there are lessons to be drawn from her life and from the extraordinary and moving reaction to her death.share in your determination to cherish her memory.is also an opportunity for me, on behalf of my family, and especially Prince Charles and William and Harry, to thank all of you who have brought flowers, sent messages, and paid your respects in so many ways to a remarkable person. These acts of kindness have been a huge source of help and comfort.thoughts are also with Diana's family and the families of those who died with her. I know that they too have drawn strength from what has happened since last weekend, as they seek to heal their sorrow and then to face the future without a loved one.hope that tomorrow we can all, wherever we are, join in expressing our grief at Diana's loss, and gratitude for her all-too-short life.is a chance to show to the whole world the British nation united in grief and respect.Elizabeth II Speech Death of Princess Diana

Введение

 

Для современного этапа развития лингвистики характерен особый интерес к проблемам речевого общения и речевого взаимодействия как его компонента. Воздействуя через речь, можно повлиять на мысли и чувства слушателя, побудить его к каким-либо действиям.

Несмотря на то, что риторика как наука имеет многовековую историю, исследование проблем ораторского искусства особенно интенсивно ведется во второй половине XX века. Изучение ораторской речи всегда привлекало внимание исследователей, тем не менее именно в настоящее время лингвисты и психологи как за рубежом, так и в России предпринимают попытки углубленного изучения проблем ораторской речи. Ведь именно язык играет ключевую роль в публичных выступлениях политических лидеров, в парламентских дебатах, в дипломатических переговорах, в газетных и журнальных аналитических статьях политического характера. Современные технологии речевого воздействия позволяют оказывать реальное влияние на сознание и поведение целевой аудитории, влиять на результаты выборов, создавать определенный имидж тех или иных политических деятелей или партий. Конечная цель любого оратора или автора статьи, его коммуникативное намерение заключается в том, чтобы убедить адресата в своей правоте, побудить его к каким-либо действиям. Очевидно, что достижение этой цели осуществимо в значительной степени за счет использования эмоционально-насыщенной речи, которая, безусловно, обладает наибольшей силой воздействия на аудиторию. Именно поэтому в политическом дискурсе так широко использование разнообразных языковых средств.

Очевидно, что основным стимулом увеличения исследований является решение прагматической задачи - поиска эффективных способов воздействия публичной речью на слушателей, на их чувства, мысли, поведение.

Общепризнанным является тот факт, что речевое воздействие должно рассматриваться в русле прагматики. Как известно, в прагматике рассматриваются те языковые средства и закономерности речи, которые используются для воздействия на мысли, чувства, волю и, как следствие, поведение партнеров по коммуникации. Для лингвистической прагматики, рассматривающей речевую коммуникацию как одну их форм целенаправленной деятельности, является естественным стремление выявить механизмы, обеспечивающие успешность речевого воздействия, то есть достижения говоря