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| Cardinal (количественные числительные) | |||||
| one | eleven | twenty-one | |||
| two | twelve | twenty-two, …, | |||
| three | thirteen | thirty | |||
| four | fourteen | forty | |||
| five | fifteen | fifty | |||
| six | sixteen | sixty | |||
| seven | seventeen | seventy | |||
| eight | eighteen | eighty | |||
| nine | nineteen | ninety | |||
| ten | twenty | a (one) hundred | |||
| a (one) hundred and one | 1,000 | a thousand | 100,00 | a (one) hundred thousand | |
| two hundred | 2,000 | two thousand | 1,000,000 | a (one) million | |
| Ordinal (порядковые числительные) | |||||
| 1st | first | 11th | eleventh | 21st | twenty-first |
| 2nd | second | 12th | twelfth | ||
| 3d | third | 13th | thirteenth | 30th | thirtieth |
| 4th | fourth | 14th | fourteenth | 40th | fortieth |
| 5th | fifth | 15th | fifteenth | 50th | fiftieth |
| 6th | sixth | 16th | sixteenth | 60th | sixtieth |
| 7th | seventh | 17th | seventeenth | 70th | seventieth |
| 8th | eighth | 18th | eighteenth | 80th | eightieth |
| 9th | ninth | 19th | nineteenth | 90th | ninetieth |
| 10th | tenth | 20th | twentieth | 100th | a (one) hundredth |
Table 6
WORD FORMATION
| Prefixes / Префиксы | |||
| Prefix | Meaning/Значение | Example | Пример |
| arch- | главный, старший | archbishop | (архи) епископ |
| co- | вместе, с- (со-) | co-exist co-author | (со) существовать (со) автор |
| contra- | против | contradict | противоречить |
| dis- | отсутствие чего-то, не- | disorder distrust | беспорядок не доверять |
| ex- | бывший | ex-minister | бывший министр |
| mis- | неправильный, не- | misunderstanding mistake misuse | непонимание ошибка неправильное употребление |
| non- | не- | non-existent | несуществующий |
| pre- | пред-, до- | pre-war | довоенный |
| re- | снова (обратно), пере- | recapture reread | взять обратно перечитать |
| sub- | под- | subway submarine | подземка подводная лодка |
| un- | не- | unimportant | неважный |
| uni- | один, единый | uniform unique | униформа (единая для всех) уникальный (единственный) |
| vice- | заместитель | vice-president viceroy | вице-президент вице-король |
| in | не- | indirect | косвенный |
| il | не- | illogical | нелогичный |
| im | не- | impossible | невозможный |
| Verb Prefixes | |||
| over- | пере- | overwork | перетрудиться |
| under- | недо- | underplay | низко оплачивать, недоплатить |
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| Suffixes/ Суффиксы | |||
| Suffixes | Meaning/Значение | Example | Пример |
| Noun suffixes /Суффиксы существительных | |||
| -ance | important | importance | важность |
| -dom | wise free king | wisdom freedom kingdom | мудрость свобода королевство |
| -er | bake paint | baker painter | пекарь художник |
| -or | direct | director | директор |
| -ess (жен.) | act | actress | актриса |
| -ence | different | difference | трудность |
| -hood | child | childhood | детство |
| -ian | music library | musician librarian | музыкант библиотекарь |
| -ist | physics | physicist | физик |
| -ment | develop | development | развитие |
| -ness | full shy | fullness shyness | полнота скромность |
| -ship | friend member | friendship membership | дружба членство |
| -ure | press | pressure | давление |
| Adjective Suffixes /суффиксы прилагательных | |||
| -able | change | changeable | изменчивый |
| -al | music practice | musical practical | музыкальный практичный, практический |
| -en | wood silk | wooden silken | деревянный шелковистый |
| -ful | use success | useful successful | полезный успешный |
| -ible | terror | terrible | ужасный |
| -ic | hero | heroic | героический |
| -ish | child self | childish selfish | детский эгоистичный |
| -less | harm | harmless | безвредный |
| -y | cloud | cloudy | облачный |
| Adverb suffixes /суффиксы наречий | |||
| -ly | happy comic | happily comically | счастливо комично, комически |
| -ward(s) | back | backward | назад |
| Verb suffixes /суффиксы глаголов | |||
| -en | ripe deaf | ripen deafen | созревать оглохнуть |
| -ify | simple | simplify | упрощать |
| -ize | symbol | symbolize | символизировать |
Table 7
DEGREES OF COMPARISON
| Positive | Comparative | Superlative | |
| Односложные | long large easy | longer larger easier | the longest the largest the easiest |
| Многосложные | beautiful impossible | more beautiful moreimpossible | the most beautiful the mostimpossible |
 Исключения
| good bad little many much far | better worse less more farther(further) | the best the worst the least the most the farthest (furthest) |
Table 8
MODAL VERBS
Can, May, Must, Should, Ought to, Need.
| Present Настоящее время | Past Прошедшее время | Equivalents Заменители | |
| Can | мочь, уметь | could | be able to |
| May | мочь (разрешение) | might | be allowed to be permitted to |
| Must | должен | ___ | have to be to |
| Should Ought to | должен, следует (совет, моральный долг) | ------ | ------ |
| Need | должен, обязан, нет необходимости | ----- | ----- |
| Affirmative | Interrogative | Negative | |||
   I
He/she/it
We
You
They
| can go could go may go must go should go ought to go need go | can could may must should ought need | I go? he/she/it go? we go? you go? they go? they to go? they go? | I He/she/it We You They | cannot (can’t) go. could not (couldn’t) go. may not go. must not (mustn’t) go. should not (shouldn’t) go ought not to (oughtn’t to) go needn't go |
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Table 9
TO BE
SIMPLE TENSES
| Present | Past | Future | |||||
       Affirmative form
| I he she it we you they | am… is are | I he she it we you they | was were | I he she it we you they | shall will shall will | be |
       Negative form
| I he she it we you they | am … is not are | I he she it we you they | was not were not | I he she it we you they | shall will shall will | not be |
      Interrogative form
| is are | am I …? he…? she…? it…? we…? you…? they…? | was were | I…? he…? she…? it…? we…? you…? they…? | shall will shall will | I he she it we you they | be? |
Table 10
TO HAVE
SIMPLE TENSES
| Present | Past | Future | ||||
       Affirmative form
| I he she it we you they | have has … have … | I he she it we you they | had | I he she it we you they | shall will shall will | have |
   Negative form
| I he she it we you they | have has no have | I he she it we you they | had no | I shall he she it we you they | will shall will | have no |
     Interrogative form
| have has have | I …? he…? she…? it…? we…? you…? they…? | had | I…? he…? she…? it…? we…? you…? they…? | shall will shall we will | I he she it you they | have? |
Table 11
THERE IS / ARE
| There | is ‘s | a book | on the table | |||||
| are ‘re | some books | ||||||||
| There | is no is not isn’t | book a book a book | on the table | |||||
| are no aren’t | books any books | ||||||||
| Is | there | a book | on the table? | Yes, there is No, there isn’t | ||||
| Are | books any books | Yes, there are No, there aren’t (any) | |||||||
| What | is | there | on the table? | There is a book on the table |
Table 12
ACTIVE VOICE
to work – worked – worked – working
to write – wrote –written – writing
| Present | Past | Future | |||||||||||||
 
| every day, usually, every year, seldom… | yesterday, last time, last year, a week ago, when? | tomorrow, next time, next year, in a week… | ||||||||||||
                  Simple
| I you we they he she | work write works writes | I you we they he she | worked wrote | I we you he she they | shall will | work write | ||||||||
| Do Does | I you we they he she | work? write? | Did | I you we they he she | work? write? | Shall Will | I we you they he she | work? write? | |||||||
| I you we they he she | do not does not | work write | I you we they he she | did not | work write | I We you they he she | shall not will not | work, write | |||||||
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| Present | Past | Future | ||||||||||||
| at this moment, now | at that time yesterday, at 5 o’clock, when he came | tomorrow at this time, this time next Monday | ||||||||||||
                         Continuous (be + Ving)
| I you we they he she | am are is | working writing | I she he you we they | was were | working writing | I we you he she they | shall will | be working be writing | |||||
| Are Is | you we they he she | working? writing? | Was Were | I he she you we they | working? writing? | Shall Will | I we you they he she | be working? be writing? | ||||||
| I you we they he she | am not are not is not | working writing | I he she you we they | was not were not | working writing | I we you he she they | shall now will not | working writing | ||||||
| Present | Past | Future | |||||||||||
| today, this week (month, year), already, never, yet recently, since (then) | By 5 o’clock, last Monday, be the end of …, when (before) he came | By this time next Monday, as soon as he comes | |||||||||||
                  Perfect (have + Vз)
| I you we they he she | have has | worked written | I she he you we they | had | worked written | I we you he she they | shall will | have worked have written | ||||
| Have Has | I you we they he she | worked? written? | Had | I You we they he she | worked? written? | Shall Will | I we you they he she | have worked? have written? | |||||
| I you we they he she | have not has not | worked written | I he she you we they | had not | worked written | I we you he she they | shall not will not | have worked have written | |||||
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Table 13.
PASSIVE VOICE
| Simple | Continuous | Perfect | ||||||||
| be + V3 | be being + V3 | have been + V3 | ||||||||
        Future Past Present
| am is are | asked | спрашивают обычно всегда каждый день | am is are | being asked | спрашивают сейчас все еще | have has | been asked | спросили уже (результат) | |
| was were | asked | спросили был спрошен вчера когда-то в прошлом | was were | being asked | спрашивали когда я приехал | had | been asked | спросили был спрошен (к тому моменту, уже) | ||
| will (shall) | be asked | спросят, будет спрошен завтра | Вместо отсутствующей формы Future Continuous –употребляется форма Future Simple | will | have been asked | спросят, будет спрошен (к тому моменту) | ||||
Table 14
PARTICIPLE
Forms
 Voice
Tense
| Active | Passive |
| Present (Participle I) | seeing stopping driving denying | being seen being stopped being driven being denied |
| Perfect | having seen having stopped having driven having denied | having been seen having been stopped having been driven having been denied |
| Past | seen stopped driven denied |
PARTICIPLE I
Functions
| Attribute | 1. The investigating officer is at the crime scene now. Следователь (расследующий офицер) сейчас находится на месте преступления. 2. The crime being investigated now deals with smuggling Преступление, которое расследуется сейчас, связано с контрабандой. |
| Part of the Predicate | He is investigating the crime now. Сейчас он расследует преступление. |
| Adverbial modifier | 1. (While) investigating the crime, he interviewed a lot of witnesses. Расследуя (когда он расследовал) преступление он опросил много свидетелей. 2. Having investigated the crime, the officer collected a lot of evidence. Расследовав преступление, офицер собрал много улик. |
Table 15
PARTICIPLE CONSTRUCTIONS
| Objective – with – the Present Participle | after the verbs: to feel, to find, to hear, to listen, to notice, to see, to watch |
N (Common Case)
+ Participle I
Pronoun (Objective Case)
| |
| The kidnapper heard the child crying Похититель слышал, как плакал ребенок. |
| Nominative-with-the Participle | after the verbs: to feel, to find, to hear, to listen, to notice, to see, to watch |
N (Common Case)
+ Participle I
Pronoun (Nominative Case)
| |
| The child was heard crying in the next room. Слышали, как плакалребенок в соседней комнате. |
| Absolute Participial Construction |
| 1. The investigation being completed, the criminal was brought to court. Так как (когда; поскольку; после того как) расследование было закончено, дело было передано в суд. 2. The search of the scene was completed, two suspects being named. Осмотр места преступления был завершен, причем (и) назвали двух подозреваемых. |
Table 16
PARTICIPLE II
Functions
| Attribute | 1. Everybody spoke about the crime committed by a group of young people. Все говорили о преступлении, совершенном группой молодых людей. |
| Part of the Predicate | 1. The police have just apprehended a shoplifter. Полиция только что арестовала магазинного вора. 2. The criminal was apprehended by the police some days ago. Преступник был арестован полицией несколько дней тому назад. |
PARTICIPLE CONSTRUCTION
| Objective –with-the-Past Participle | after the verbs: to have, to want, to wish, to watch, to find, to get, to see |
N (Common Case)
+ Participle II
Pronoun (Objective Case)
| |
| Some people saw the criminal apprehended. Несколько человек видели, как арестовали преступника. |
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Table 17
INFINITIVE
Forms
 Voice
Tense
| Active | Passive |
| Indefinite Continuous Perfect Perfect Continuous | to ask to be asking to have asked to have been asking | to be asked - to have been asked - |
Functions
| Subject | To detect the criminal is very often not an easy task. Разыскать преступника – это очень часто нелегкая задача. To elect and to be elected is the right of every citizen. Избирать и быть избранным – право каждого гражданина |
| Part of the Predicate | The main duty of militia officers is to fight crime. Главная обязанность сотрудника милиции – это бороться с преступностью. |
| Object | At our College we are also taught to find evidence. В институте нас также учат находить улики. |
| Attribute | He had no intention to commit a criminal act. У него не было намерения совершать преступное деяние. The case to be investigated by this officer is rather difficult. Дело, которое должно быть расследовано этим офицером, довольно трудное |
| Adverbial Modifier | I entered the law institute (in order) to become a good lawyer. Я поступил в юридический институт, чтобы стать хорошим юристом. |
Table 18
INFINITIVE CONSTRUCTIONS
| Complex Object | after the verbs: a) to want, to suppose, to expect, to consider, to believe, to think, to wish, to know; b) to see, to hear, to notice, to watch, to feel. |
|
N (Common Case)
+ Infinitive
Pron (Objective Case)
| |
| a) The judge believed the convict to confess. Судья полагал, что обвиняемый сознается. b) The witness saw the criminal enter the house. Свидетель видел как преступник вошел в дом. |
| Complex Subject | after the verbs: a) to want, to suppose, to expect, to consider, to believe, to think, to wish, to know, to see, to hear, to notice, to watch, to feel; b) to be likely, to be unlikely, to be sure; c) to prove, to happen, to seem. |
N (Common Case)
+ Infinitive
Pron (Nominative Case)
| |
| a) He is said to study at the university. Говорят, что он учится в университете. Books by Conan Doyle are known to have been translated in our country. Известно, что книги Конан Дойля переведены в нашей стране. b) This case is unlikely to be investigated quickly. Маловероятно, что это дело будет расследовано быстро. c) He seems to be investigating that complicated case. Кажется, он расследует то сложное дело. |
|
N (Common Case)
For + Infinitive
Pronoun (Objective Case)
it | is was will be would be | hard easy important impossible necessary difficult | for somebody to do smth. |
| It would be best for her to give evidence. Для нее было бы лучше дать показания. For him(an interrogator)to interview the witnesses was very important. Ему (следователю) было важно опросить свидетелей. |
Table 19
IRREGULAR VERBS
| Infinitive | Past Simple | Participle II | Participle I | |
| be | was/were | been | being | быть |
| beat | beat | beaten | beating | бить |
| become | became | become | becoming | становиться |
| begin | began | begun | beginning | начинать |
| bend | bent | bent | bending | сгибаться |
| bet | bet | bet | betting | держать пари |
| bite | bit | bitten | biting | кусать |
| blow | blew | blown | blowing | дуть, цвести |
| break | broke | broken | breaking | ломать |
| bring | brought | brought | bringing | приносить |
| build | built | built | building | строить |
| burst | burst | burst | bursting | раздражаться, взрывать(ся) |
| buy | bought | bought | buying | покупать |
| catch | caught | caught | catching | ловить |
| choose | chose | chosen | choosing | выбирать |
| come | came | come | coming | приходить |
| cost | cost | cost | costing | стоить |
| cut | cut | cut | cutting | резать |
| deal | dealt | dealt | dealing | иметь дело |
| dig | dug | dug | digging | копать |
| do | did | done | doing | делать |
| draw | drew | drawn | drawing | тащить, рисовать |
| drink | drank | drank | drinking | пить |
| drive | drove | driven | driving | гнать, ехать |
| eat | ate | eaten | eating | есть |
| fall | fell | fallen | falling | падать |
| feed | fed | fed | feeding | кормить |
| feel | felt | felt | feeling | чувствовать |
| fight | fought | fought | fighting | сражаться |
| find | found | found | finding | находить |
| fly | flew | flown | flying | летать |
| forbid | forbade | forbidden | forbidding | запрещать |
| forget | forgot | forgotten | forgetting | забывать |
| forgive | forgave | forgiven | forgiving | прощать |
| freeze | froze | frozen | freezing | замерзать |
| get | got | got | getting | получать, достигать |
| give | gave | given | giving | давать |
| go | went | gone | going | идти, уходить |
| grow | grew | grown | growing | расти |
| hang | hung | hung | hanging | висеть, вешать |
| have | had | had | having | иметь |
| hear | heard | heard | hearing | слышать |
| hide | hid | hidden | hiding | прятать |
| hit | hit | hit | hitting | ударять, падать |
| hold | held | held | holding | держать, проводить |
| hurt | hurt | hurt | hurting | причинять вред, боль |
| keep | kept | kept | keeping | хранить |
| know | knew | known | knowing | знать |
| lay | laid | laid | laying | класть |
| lead | led | led | leading | вести |
| leave | left | left | leaving | оставлять |
| lend | lent | lent | lending | одалживать |
| let | let | let | letting | пускать |
| lie | lay | lain | lying | лежать |
| light | lit | lit | lighting | освещать |
| lose | lost | lost | losing | терять |
| make | made | made | making | делать, заставлять |
| mean | meant | meant | meaning | значить |
| meet | met | met | meeting | встречать |
| pay | paid | paid | paying | платить |
| put | put | put | putting | класть, ставить |
| read | read | read | reading | читать |
| ride | rode | ridden | riding | ехать верхом |
| ring | rang | rung | ringing | звонить |
| rise | rose | risen | rising | подниматься |
| run | ran | run | running | бегать |
| say | said | said | saying | говорить, сказать |
| see | saw | seen | seeing | видеть |
| seek | sought | sought | seeking | искать |
| sell | sold | sold | selling | продавать |
| send | sent | sent | sending | посылать |
| set | set | set | setting | устанавливать |
| shake | shook | shaken | shaking | трясти |
| shine | shone | shone | shining | светить(ся), сиять |
| shoot | shot | shot | shooting | стрелять |
| show | showed | shown | showing | показывать |
| shrink | shrank | shrunk | shrinking | сокращать(ся) |
| shut | shut | shut | shutting | закрывать |
| sing | sang | sung | singing | петь |
| sit | sat | sat | sitting | сидеть |
| sleep | slept | slept | sleeping | спать |
| speak | spoke | spoken | speaking | говорить |
| spend | spent | spent | spending | тратить |
| split | split | split | splitting | расщеплять(ся) |
| spread | spread | spread | spreading | распространять |
| spring | sprang | sprung | springing | вскакивать, возникать |
| stand | stood | stood | standing | стоять |
| steal | stole | stolen | stealing | красть(ся) |
| stick | stuck | stuck | sticking | колоть, приклеиваться |
| strike | struck | struck | striking | ударять(ся) |
| swear | swore | sworn | swearing | клясться |
| sweep | swept | swept | sweeping | мести |
| swim | swam | swum | swimming | плавать |
| swing | swung | swung | swinging | качать(ся) |
| take | took | taken | taking | брать |
| teach | taught | taught | teaching | учить |
| tear | tore | torn | tearing | рвать |
| tell | told | told | telling | рассказывать |
| think | thought | thought | thinking | думать |
| throw | threw | thrown | throwing | бросать |
| understand | understood | understood | understanding | понимать |
| wake | woke | woken | waking | просыпаться, будить |
| wear | wore | worn | wearing | носить(ся) (одежда) |
| win | won | won | winning | выигрывать, |
| write | wrote | written | writing | писать |
VOCABULARY
| A | |
| a good deal | много |
| abolish v | отменять |
| abuse n, v | злоупотребление, злоупотреблять |
| accept v | принимать |
| accident n | несчастный случай |
| accomplice n | сообщник |
| according to prep | в соответствии с |
| accountable a | подотчетный, ответственный, объяснимый |
| accurate a | точный |
| accuse (sb. of smth) v | обвинять (кого-либо в чем-либо) |
| accused a | обвиняемый |
| achieve v | достигать |
| acquit v | оправдать, признать невиновным |
| activity n | деятельность |
| adjudication n | решение суда, вынесение судебного приговора |
| adult n | взрослый, совершеннолетний человек |
| advise v | советовать |
| affect v | влиять |
| against prep | против |
| age n | возраст |
| agree v | соглашаться |
| aid n give first ~ to | помощь оказывать первую помощь |
| aim at v | целиться |
| alarm n burglar-~ | тревога сигнализация |
| alienation n | отчуждение |
| allege v | утверждать, заявлять |
| alliance n | союз |
| alone a | один, одинокий |
| already adv | уже |
| also adv | также |
| although cj | хотя, несмотря на то, что |
| altogether adv | в общем |
| ambassador n | посол |
| ambulance n | скорая помощь |
| appeal n file an ~ | апелляция подавать апелляционную жалобу |
| appear v | появляться |
| applicant n | податель заявления, претендент |
| appoint v | назначать |
| apprehend v | арестовывать |
| approve v | одобрять |
| arm v | вооружать |
| armed a | вооруженный |
| arraignment n | предъявление обвинения |
| arrive v, n | прибывать, прибытие |
| arson n | поджог |
| art n work of ~ | искусство произведение искусства |
| article n | раздел, статья, предмет |
| ascertain v | определять |
| aside from prep | помимо |
| assailant n | нападающий |
| assassin n | убийца по политическим мотивам или по найму |
| assemble v | созывать, собирать |
| Assembly n General ~ | Ассамблея Генеральная Ассамблея |
| assistance n | помощь, содействие |
| associate v ( with ) | соединять, общаться, объединяться |
| attempt n, v | попытка, пытаться |
| attention n | внимание |
| attitude n | отношение |
| authority n legal ~ | власть, полномочие правовой документ, авторитетный специалист по праву |
| available a | доступный, имеющийся в наличии |
| avoid v | избегать |
| B | |||||
| badge n | значок | ||||
| bail n, v leave on ~ | залог, поручительство; брать на поруки
освободить из заключ
 История создания датчика движения: Первый прибор для обнаружения движения был изобретен немецким физиком Генрихом Герцем...  История развития хранилищ для нефти: Первые склады нефти появились в XVII веке. Они представляли собой землянные ямы-амбара глубиной 4…5 м...  Индивидуальные очистные сооружения: К классу индивидуальных очистных сооружений относят сооружения, пропускная способность которых...  Биохимия спиртового брожения: Основу технологии получения пива составляет спиртовое брожение, - при котором сахар превращается... © cyberpedia.su 2017-2024 - Не является автором материалов. Исключительное право сохранено за автором текста. |
