FROM THE HISTORY OF THE RADIO

1. New methods of detecting radio waves were invented in England, France, Russia and Italy, but the first practical use of the discovery was made by A. S. Popov and G. Marcony.

2. A. Popov, the great Russian scientist, was born in 1858. By the time he graduated from the Petersburg University (1883), he had already had a broad knowledge of electrical theory as well as* 9.1.2 a wide experience in that field.* 11.9

3. Popov was one of the first to pay attention** 7.1.2.1, 10.1 to the works of Hertz who proved by experiments the existence of electromagnetic waves. After many experiments Popov carried out together with his assistant Rybkin, the device they constructed *9.3.2 started receiving electromagnetic waves at a distance.

By means *11.12 of his receiver Popov could detect the waves at a distance of several meters and then several kilometers. While making experiments,*7.3.2.1 the scientist discovered that when a wire was connected to the receiver, the range of operation *11.8 increased. After that he connected his first receiver to the first antenna.

4. On April 25, 1895, Popov demonstrated his device at the Russian Physic-Chemical Society. Popov expressed hope that the device, after being perfected, would make it*4.1 possible to transmit signals at a distance by means of rapid electrical oscillations. In summer 1895, Popov´s invention was successfully tested and in the same year he attached to the device an apparatus used for recording telegrams over the wire telegraph. In the following year this receiver was used at an electric power station in Nizhny Novgorod.

5. In 1897, Popov successfully carried out his experiments at sea, having succeeded in effecting* 11.8 radio communication between the shore and the sea at a distance of 3 km. *7.3.2.2 In those days the future wireless* 1.3 communication between the continents was being founded.

6. The year of 1898 saw a new important invention made by Popov together with his assistants Rybkin and Troitsky - the reception of signals by means of a receiver. Successful experiments having been completed,*8.4 serious practical testing was started. In those days Popov´s radio telegraph helped to save the ship «General-Admiral Apraksin».

X. Письменно озаглавьте 4 и 6-й абзацы текста.

Вариант 3

I. Перепишите предложения и переведите их, принимая во внимание различные функции слов it, that (those), one (см. грамм. справ.: 4.1, 4.4, 4.3, а также ссылки после *).

1. It is necessary to reduce the load in the battery to a minimum.

2. It was in 1896 that Popov transmitted the first radiogram.

3. The biggest* 3.1 difficulty in designing* 7.2.2, 11.8 optical computers is that of miniaturization.

4. One should be careful when working* 7.3.2.1 with chemical substances.

II. Перепишите предложения и переведите их, учитывая особенности перевода на русский язык определительных блоков существительного с левым или правым определениями (см. грамм. справ.: 2.2, 2.3, 2.3.1, а также ссылки после *).

1. The problem of antenna design *11.8 is one of the most important problems in radio engineering.

2. Isotope power sources have some limitations.

3. The scales in common use today are the Fahrenheit, Kelvin and Centigrade.

III. Перепишите предложения, определите в каждом из них глагол-сказуемое, его видовременную форму и залог. Переведите предложения на русский язык (см. грамм. справ.: 5.,5.1, 5.2, 5.3, 5.4, 5.5, 5.5.1, 5.5.6, 11.13, а также ссылки после *).

1. Advances in microelectronic components led to the development of smaller *3.1 computers.

2. By the end of the nineteenth century the method of making*7.2.2 rockets had greatly developed.

3. These questions were answered in series of investigations.

IV. Перепишите предложения, подчеркните в каждом из них модальный глагол или его эквивалент. Переведите предложения на русский язык (см. грамм. справ.: 5.6, 5.6.1, 5.6.3.2, а также ссылки после *).

1. A rheostat is a resistor whose resistance may be varied.

2. The output power should be made as high as possible.

3. Transistor oscillations can be used for the same purposes as vacuum tubes.

4. The cathode-ray tube enabled scientists to control *11.8. electrons.

V. Перепишите и переведите предложения, учитывая различные функции глагола to be (см. грамм. справ. 6, 6.1, 6.2, 5.6.3, 5.6.3.1, 5.5.1, а также ссылки после *).

1. The next advantage is that there is no external electric field in the system.

2. The purpose of the detector in a receiver is to remove the desired communication from the carrier.

3. We are to finish with the experiments in two months at the most.* 3.2

4. Electronics was being used more and more to control industrial processes.

VI. Перепишите и переведите предложения, учитывая различные функции глагола to have (см. грамм. справ.: 6, 6.1, 6.3, 5.6.3, 5.6.3.1, 5.5.1, а также ссылки после *).

1. Ambient light has a very little effect upon communication link. Many years had passed before *9.2 (1) Faraday´s discovery of induction found practical application.

2. Investigating the nature of lightning Lomonosov had to risk his life.

3. Several attempts have been made to produce artificial rain.

VII. Перепишите и переведите предложения, обращая внимание на перевод парных союзов и многозначность некоторых служебных слов (см. грамм. справ.: 3.5, 9.1.2, 9.2, 11.6, 11.7, а также ссылки после *).

1. The longer and thinner a piece of wire the greater will be its resistance.

2. Ordinarily, single-phase motors are not self-starting, since the single-phase field does not revolve as does *4.2.3. the three-phase.

3. The energy which an object has because of its motion is called kinetic energy.

VIII. Перепишите и переведите предложения, обращая внимание на перевод устойчивых словосочетаний (см. грамм. справ.: 10, 10.1, 10.2, 10.3, 11.12).

1. We must take into consideration the amount of force applied.

2. In order to fit the power law model to data, it is necessary to estimate values for α and β.

IX. Прочтите и устно переведите текст, затем письменно переведите 1, 2 3 и 4-й абзацы текста.

HOW COMPUTERS WORK

1. A general purpose computer has four main sections: the arithmetic and logic unit (ALU), the control unit, the memory, and the input and output devices (collectively termed I/O). These parts are interconnected by busses, often made of groups of wires.

2. The control unit, ALU, registers, and basic I/O (and often other hardware closely linked with these) are collectively known as a central processing unit (CPU). Early СPUs were composed of many separate components but since the mid-1970s CPUs have typically been constructed on a single integrated circuit called a microprocessor.

3. The control unit (often called a control system or central controller) directs the various components of a computer. It reads and interprets (decodes) instructions in the program one by one. The control system decodes each instruction and turns it into a series of control signals that operate the other parts of the computer. Control systems in advanced computers may change the order of some instructions so as to improve performance.

4. The ALU is capable of performing two classes of operations: arithmetic and logic. The set of arithmetic operations that a particular ALU supports may be limited to adding and subtracting or might *5.6.1 include multiplying or dividing, trigonometry functions and square roots. Superscalar computers may contain multiple (зд.: много) ALUs so that they can process several instructions at the same time.

5. Magnetic core memory was popular main memory for computers through the 1960s until *9.2.(1) it was completely replaced by semiconductor memory. A computer´s memory can be viewed as a list of cells into which numbers can be placed or read. Each cell has a numbered «address» and can store a single number. In almost all modern computers, each memory cell is set up (зд.: иметь целью) to store binary numbers in groups of eight bits (called a byte). A computer can store any kind of information in memory as long as it can be somehow represented in numerical form.

X. Письменно озаглавьте 4 и 5-й абзацы текста.

Вариант 4

I. Перепишите предложения и переведите их, принимая во внимание различные функции слов it, that (those), one (см. грамм. справ.: 4.1, 4.4, 4.3, а также ссылки после *).

1. It is also important to achieve as low noise as possible.

2. It is the solid state switch that has become a natural application for the transistor.

3. The atomic weight of oxygen is greater* 3.1 than that of carbon.

4. One cannot well imagine a modern rocket or a satellite without a variety of transistors.

II. Перепишите предложения и переведите их, учитывая особенности перевода на русский язык определительных блоков существительного с левым или правым определениями (см. грамм. справ.: 2.2, 2.3, 2.3.1, а также ссылки после *).

1. Special signals are sent out by the television transmitter in addition to the picture impulses.

2. Low-energy radio waves are reflected and absorbed by the electrons and ions of the ionosphere.

3. Every computer now in existence must be told* 5.5.3, 5.5.4 what to do.

III. Перепишите предложения, определите в каждом из них глагол-сказуемое, его видовременную форму и залог. Переведите предложения на русский язык (см. грамм. справ.: 5, 5.1, 5.2, 5.3, 5.4, 5.5, 5.5.1, 5.5.6, 11.13).

1. Solar panels often power spacecraft.

2. In only a very short period of time computers have greatly changed the way in which many kinds of work are performed.

3. The problems of circuits will be dealt with from the point of view of radar engineering.

IV. Перепишите предложения, подчеркните в каждом из них модальный глагол или его эквивалент. Переведите предложения на русский язык (см. грамм. справ.: 5.6, 5.6.1, 5.6.3.2, а также ссылки после *).

1. Any information may be represented by the binary system.

2. Heat losses should be reduced constantly and effectively.

3. Popov`s apparatus was so sensitive that it could pick up even the weakest* 3.1 radio waves.

4. The device allows the characteristics of electrical signals to be displayed.* 7.1.2.1

V. Перепишите и переведите предложения, учитывая различные функции глагола to be (см. грамм. справ.: 6, 6.1, 6.2, 5.6.3, 5.6.3.1, 5.5.1).

1. There are always electrical discharges in the air.

2. The purpose of a huge solar collector is to convert solar energy into electrical energy.

3. These sources are to be linked up into a single network.

4. Memory chips are being used in many modern handsets which now are beginning to be popular.

VI. Перепишите и переведите предложения, учитывая различные функции глагола to have (см. грамм. справ.: 6, 6.1, 6.3, 5.6.3, 5.6.3.1, 5.5.1.).

1. Both microprocessors have a 128-bit data bus and up to 32KB of on-chip cache.

2. Popov has found practical application for Hertz`s great discovery.

3. Supercomputers have to operate like brain: all the computations proceed concurrently.

4. Multimeters have traditionally been used to measure voltage, current, and resistance.

VII. Перепишите и переведите предложения, обращая внимание на перевод парных союзов и многозначность некоторых служебных слов (см. грамм. справ.: 3.5, 9.1.2, 9.2, 11.6, 11.7, а также ссылки после *).

1. A bug is an error in either the syntax or the logic of a computer program.

2. Because of the very low density, it is difficult to measure directly the temperature of the upper atmosphere.

3. Since the end of World War II there has been *6.2(6) a rapid development of jet engines.

VIII. Перепишите и переведите предложения, обращая внимание на перевод устойчивых сочетаний (см. грамм. справ.: 10, 10.1, 10.2, 10.3, 11.12).

1. By means of the field rheostat the current in the field windings (зд.: обмотка возбуждения), and consequently the magnetic field and the electromotive force, may be regulated.

2. Until 1940, developments in electronics took place at a comparatively moderate space (зд.: в ограниченных областях).

IX. Прочтите и устно переведите тексты, затем письменно переведите второй из приведенных текстов.

CORDLESS TELEPHONES

1. Cordless telephones are devices that are employed mostly *3.2 within a home or office. Cordless *1.3 telephones have a very limited mobility – up to a hundred meters. They essentially serve as a wireless extension to the wiring that exists in a home or office because they are plugged (зд.: включаются) directly into the existing telephone jack. Cordless telephones operate over a pair of frequencies in the 46 – and 48 megahertz bands or over a single frequency in the 902–928-megahertz band.

2. The system based on satellite transmission is available through the use of geostationary-orbit satellites. Satellite-based systems have their specific properties: they are absolutely independent of ground stations. Thus, they may be employed anywhere in the world.

CELLULAR TELEPHONES

1. Cellular telephones are transportable be vehicle or personally portable devices that may be used in motor vehicles or by people. Cellular telephones communicate by radiowave in the 800–900-megahertz band. They allow a great degree of mobility within a service region that may occupy hundreds of square kilometers in area.

2. It should be noted that all communication with a mobile or portable device within a given cell is made to the base station that serves the cell. Because of the low transmitting power of battery-operated portable devices, specific sending and receiving frequencies of a cell may be reused in other cells within larger geographic areas. Thus, the spectral efficiency of a cellular system is increased by a factor equal to the number of times a frequency may be reused within its service area.

3. It is interesting to note that the first mobile and portable cellular systems were huge and heavy. But because of *9.2.(2) th progress in component technology, their weight and size were considerably decreased. For example, the weight of light portables in 1990 was equal to 310 grams. By 1994 their weight was reduced and became equal to 120 grams. This process is continuing. The weight of one of the models of cellular telephones produced in Russia-Motorola 70V – is only 81 grams!

X. Письменно озаглавьте 1 и 2-й абзацы первого из приведенных текстов.

Вариант 5

I. Перепишите предложения и переведите их, принимая во внимание различные функции слов it, that (those), one (см. грамм. справ.: 4.1, 4.4, 4.3, а также ссылки после *).

1. It will be *5.4 useful to explore some electrical properties of the tunnel diode.

2. It is these properties of crystals that are the most important. *3.1

3. This method is the one most widely used *7.3.2.2 for identifying computer users.

4. One should turn the knob until *9.2 (1) a click is heard.

II. Перепишите предложения и переведите их, учитывая особенности перевода на русский язык определительных блоков существительного с левым или правым определениями (см. грамм. справ.: 2.2, 2.3, 2.3.1, а также ссылки после *).

1. Transistor performance was steadily improved. *5.5.1

2. The radio equipment used operated from a 12-volt d. c. source.

3. Unfortunately, no identification system currently in use meets *11.9 all these requirements.

III. Перепишите предложения, определите в каждом из них глагол-сказуемое, его видовременную форму и залог. Переведите предложения на русский язык (см. грамм. справ.: 5, 5.1, 5.2, 5.3, 5.4, 5.5, 5.5.1, 5.5.6, 11.13, а также ссылки после *).

1. The tests will show how accurately the device is performing.

2. We have thus *10.3, 10.4 established a flow of collector current.

3. The period in which we live is frequently referred to as the «air age».

IV. Перепишите предложения, подчеркните в каждом из них модальный глагол или его эквивалент. Переведите предложения на русский язык (см. грамм. справ.: 5.6, 5.6.1, 5.6.3.2, а также ссылки после *).

1. Impurities may be introduced by the diffusion process.

2. Games can consume time that children should spend on other important activities.

3. In the near future there might be *6.2.(6), 5.6.1 a great demand for computer specialists.

4. Thomson`s experiments permitted the mass of an electron and its velocity to be measured.

V. Перепишите и переведите предложения, учитывая различные функции глагола to be (см. грамм. справ.: 6, 6.1, 6.2, 5.6.3, 5.6.3.1, 5.5.1, а также ссылки после * ).

1. There are two general methods of capacity measurement.

2. The function of the control unit is to supervise the operation *11.8 of the computer.

3. We are to consider in details how various parts of microprocessor communicate with one another.

4. A good deal of work is now being done on automated program optimization.

VI. Перепишите и переведите предложения, учитывая различные функции глагола to have (см. грамм. справ.: 6, 6.1, 6.2, 6.3, 5.6.3.1, 5.5.1, а также ссылки после *).

1. Besides these pluses the new product also has a number of *11.7 other advantages.

2. For people who have personal computers computer-to-computer communication has become very popular.

3. This is the problem that has to be solved.

4. Over the years, the device size has been reduced tremendously.

VII. Перепишите и переведите предложения, обращая внимание на перевод парных союзов и многозначность некоторых служебных слов (см. грамм. справ.: 3.5, 9.1.2, 9.2, 11.6, 11.7).

1. Neutrons not only cause fission; they produce other effects as well.

2. Once the reaction started it proceeded till completion.

3. Because so many companies produce IBM-compatible computer, there are many possible configurations.

VIII. Перепишите и переведите предложения, обращая внимание на перевод устойчивых словосочетаний (см. грамм. справ.: 10, 10.1, 10.2, 10.3, 11.12).

1. Every material body is made of one element or a combination of elements. Almost always, the latter is the case.

2. The first nuclear power station was put into operation in 1955.

IX. Прочтите и устно переведите текст, затем письменно переведите 1, 2, и 3-й абзацы текста.

HISTORY OF TELEVISION

1. Unlike digital computers – which started out as mechanical devices and then went through a brief electrical period during the 1930s, finally becoming electronic only in the 1940s - television was an electrical medium from the its very beginning.

2. Attempts to send images over distances with the use of electricity date to 1876, the year Alexander Graham Bell invented the telephone. At that time it was already known that the resistivity of selenium varied with the amount of light falling on it. Thus as soon as *9.2.(1) Bell made it* 4.1. clear that complex signals could be transmitted over a distance, inventors began trying to develop means *11.12 of «seeing by electricity», as *9.2.(1) the title of one paper put in (зд.: гласил) at the time.

3. The first television invention that had practical consequences was the «electrical telescope», patented by Paul Nipkow in 1884. At the heart of his camera was the now famous Nipkow disk. It had 24 holes. As the disk rotated, the sequence of holes scanned the image in a straight line. A lens behind the image region collected the sequential light samples (зд.: пятно, точка) and focused them on a single selenium cell. The cell produced a succession of currents, each proportional to the intensity of the light on a different element of the image.

4. The first all-electronic system was described by Alan Archibald Campbell-Swinton in a letter to Nature magazine on June 18, 1908. His system was based on the cathode-ray tube invented in 1897 by Karl Ferdinand Braun, in Strassburg. Campbell-Swinton proposed using CRTs as both the transmitter and *9.1.2 receiver.

5. One step closer *3.1 to reality was Boris Rosing of the Technological Institute of St. Petersburg University in Russia, who in 1907 developed a TV system that used mechanical scanning on the transmitting end and the Braun CRT as a receiver. One of his students, Vladimir Zworykin helped to develop television as we know it today. Zworykin invented the kinescope – a TV picture tube - thus becoming responsible for both the key transmitting and receiving elements of electronic television.

X. Письменно озаглавьте 4 и 5-й абзацы текста.

Задания для самостоятельной работы 2

Вариант 1

I. Перепишите предложения, подчеркните причастие, определите его форму, функцию и переведите предложения на русский язык (см. грамм. справ.: 7.3, 7.3.1, 7.3.2, 7.3.2.1, 7.3.2.2, а также ссылки после *).

1. Light falling on some metals will cause emission of electrons.

2. Some results obtained by the application of this technique are presented here.

3. Having connected the antenna one can* 4.3 tune the receiver to the carrier frequency.

4. When being rubbed, some substances produce electric charges.

II. Перепишите предложения и переведите их, обращая внимание на бессоюзное подчинение (см. грамм. справ.: 9.3.2).

1. All the diodes you see in the picture are active.

2. The current the wire consumes will be dissipated in the form of heat.

III. Перепишите предложения, подчеркните герундий и переведите предложения на русский язык (см. грамм. справ.: 7.2, 7.2.1, 7.2.2, а также ссылки после *).

1. Connecting people on the move is possible using a radiopaging service.

2. Switch S2 permits checking the diode in both *9.1.2 directions without removing it from test instrument.

IV. Перепишите предложения, определите, является ли инфинитив подлежащим или обстоятельством цели, переведите предложения на русский язык (см. грамм. справ.: 7.1, 7.1.1, 7.1.2).

1. To measure the velocity of cathode rays was one of the objects of Thomson`s work.

2. To convert the digital data to a form suitable for telephone lines a modem is required.

3. In the new system of digital recording a laser beam is used to create a digital electric system.

V. Перепишите предложения, подчеркните инфинитив в функции определения, переведите предложения на русский язык (см. грамм. справ.: 7.1.2.1).

1. The model of atoms to be discussed here was proposed by Niels Bohr.

2. Try to explain the phenomena to be described below.

VI. Перепишите предложения, содержащие конструкции «сложное дополнение» и «сложное подлежащее» (см. грамм. справ.: 8, 8.1, 8.2, а также ссылки после *). Переведите предложения на русский язык.

1. We know a vector quantity to be represented by means *10.2, 11.12 of a straight line.

2. An ion striking the cathode causes a molecule to be ejected and deposited (зд.: размещаться) on the substrate.

3. The electron is considered to be an electric charge carrier.

4. Mars is unlikely to have an atmosphere suitable for an earthman to breathe. *8.3

VII. Перепишите и переведите предложения, содержащие условные придаточные предложения (см. грамм. справ.: 9.2.1, 9.3.1, а также ссылки после *).

1. Should the signal become stronger *3.1, the d. c. detector output also goes up.

2. If the air were composed only of nitrogen, burning would be impossible.* 1..3

VIII. Определите значения английских слов исходя из контекста (см. грамм. справ.: 11.18, а также ссылки после *)

1. Эта операция consumes много времени.

2. Процессор is the brains * компьютера.

IX. Прочтите и устно переведите текст, затем письменно переведите 1 и 2-й абзацы текста.

AN IMAGINARY TOUR

1. Architects can now «walk» clients (зд.: водить клиентов) through a new building long before the foundation is even laid – thanks to new computer design *11.8 programs. Clients have the opportunity to make changes and to see the results almost instantly. Want three windows rather *10.2 than two? Wonder what the room would look like if the door was a little to the left? How would the room «feel» if the walls were brick rather than wood? Today it`s no problem.

2. The process of building a model of a room on a computer has several stages. First the architect sets the objects in space and defines their characteristics, such as shape of surface finish. Then a perspective on the room is chosen so the computer can orient the view it will create. What can and cannot be seen must be calculated, as well as *9.1.2 the angle, reflections, color, and intensity of light. The result can either be viewed on a computer screen, printed, or *9.1.2 put directly onto a color slide. The program can also let *5.6.3.2 people «walk» through famous buildings on the other side of the world.

3. Microcomputer images can be black and white (monochrome), grayscale, or full-colored pictures, depending on your equipment and the software used. The resolution and the number of colors in the file greatly affect file size; the quality and size of the image therefore *10.4 depend on the computer`s memory and disk space.

4. Presentation and multimedia applications use the images created in different programs, mixing images and text, sound, or video to produce an animated slide show that can be very impressive. Utility graphics software (сервисное программное обеспечение машинной графики) provides an easy method of producing greeting card, posters, calendars, and many other products with microcomputer-generated images.

X. Письменно озаглавьте 3 и 4-й абзацы текста.

Вариант 2

I. Перепишите предложения, подчеркните причастие, определите его форму, функцию и переведите предложения на русский язык (см. грамм. справ.: 7.3, 7.3.1, 7.3.2, 7.3.2.1, 7.3.2.2, а также ссылки после *).

1. The active electric circuit is the circuit containing one ore more sources of power.

2. Among other means *11.12 used to provide Internet services there are *6.2(6) amateur radio, cable TV wires, satellite and fibre optics.

3. Having invented the lightning conductor, Franklin continued working *7.2.2 on the problem of atmospheric electricity.

4. While working to isolate polonium, the Curies discovered a second radioactive element, calling it «radium».

II. Перепишите предложения и переведите их, обращая внимание на бессоюзное подчинение (см. грамм. справ.: 9.3.2, а также ссылки после *).

 

1. The germanium crystal diode we used is a rectifying *7.3.2.1 device.

2. We must know the quality of the material the cable is made of.

III. Перепишите предложения, подчеркните герундий и переведите предложения на русский язык (см. грамм. справ.: 7.2, 7.2.1, 7.2.2, а также ссылки после *).

1. Writing a program requires much labour of a programmer. *1.3

2. Satellites are very useful for making ecological surveys.

IV. Перепишите предложения, определите, является ли инфинитив подлежащим или обстоятельством цели, переведите предложения на русский язык (см. грамм. справ.: 7.1, 7.1.1, 7.1.2, а также ссылки после *).

1. To reduce power losses, thick wires should *5.6.1 be used.

2. To transmit a message requires some energy.

3. Many people rely directly on computers to perform their jobs.

V. Перепишите предложения, подчеркните инфинитив в функции определения, переведите предложения на русский язык (см. грамм. справ.: 7.1.2.1. а также ссылки после *).

1. The distance to be covered was equal to 100,000 miles.

2. The particular type of tube to be used will depend upon the voltage available for its grid.

VI. Перепишите предложения, содержащие конструкции «сложное дополнение» и «сложное подлежащее» (см. грамм. справ.: 8, 8.1, 8.2, а также ссылки после *). Переведите предложения на русский язык.

1. Democritus thought all substances to be made up of tiny particles or atoms.

2. Currents of great value make insulators conduct.

3. These types of tubes are expected to give considerable cost and space economy. *2.2

4. The surface temperature of Mars seems to range from 30° C down to – 60°C.

VII. Перепишите и переведите предложения, содержащие условные придаточные предложения (см. грамм. справ.: 9.2.1, 9.3.1, а также ссылки после *).

1. Provided that the colour television receiver is tuned to the frequency of the monochrome transmitter, it reproduces monochrome transmission.

2. Were the wire of a smaller *3.1 diameter, its resistance would be increased.

VIII. Определите значения английских слов, исходя из контекста (см. грамм. справ.: 11.18).

1. Обрабатывать большие amounts of информации.

2. Исследования в области промышленного использования материалов сталкиваются a different set of problems.

IX. Прочтите и устно переведите текст, затем письменно переведите 1, 2, 3 и 4-й абзацы текста.

COMMUNICATIONS SERVICES

1. Telephones connected by a network of cables, are commonly used for the two-way transmission of speech. The signals are switched from one line to another at switched centers known as telephone exchanges. Lines in a small area are switched by local exchanges, local exchanges are connected through trunk exchanges, and trunk exchanges are connected to other countries by international exchanges. Such a system is called a public Switching Telephone Network.

2. Modern digital telephone networks can use videophones to transmit video images as well as *9.1.2 speech. The telephone network is used by video-conferencing services to interconnect small television studios. In this way, business people can hold conferences at a distance.

3. Public telephone networks are used by many other data communications services. One of the oldest * 3.1 is the telex system. This enables * 5.6.3.2 messages, typed on teletype terminals, to be automatically printed by distant teleprinters. Telex can only transmit simple text containing capital letters and punctuation marks.

4. A newer, more advanced telex system, known as teletex, is also available. This uses VDU terminals to transmit a variety of text and graphics characters. High quality formats can be used and it is much faster than telex, operating at speeds up to 2,600 words per minute.

5. A facsimile (FAX) system allows the transmission of text, graphics and photographic images.

6. Contacting people on the move is possible using a radiopaging service. By carrying a small radio receiver called a radiopager, people can be contacted wherever they are. Keying their number in on a telephone causes* 8.1 the pager to beep. The person then goes to the nearest telephone to get on touch with the caller.

7. A telephone network can be used to connect personal computers to an electronic mail (e-mail) system. Messages sent from a personal computer are stored on a central computer. Users can read and reply to these messages using their own computer.

X. Письменно озаглавьте 6 и 7-й абзацы текста.

Вариант 3

I. Перепишите предложения, подчеркните причастие, определите его форму, функцию и переведите предложения на русский язык (см. грамм. справ.: 7.3, 7.3.1, 7.3.2, 7.3.2.1, 7.3.2.2, а также ссылки после *).

1. Phenomena occurring during solar flares are thoroughly uninvestigated.

2. The numbers stored in a data field *2.2 represent a calendar date. *2.2

3. Having transferred an electron, the adjacent atom creates a new hole.

4. Being heated magnetized steel loses its magnetism.

II. Перепишите предложения и переведите их, обращая внимание на бессоюзное подчинение (см. грамм. справ.: 9.3.2, а также ссылки после *).

1. Program is a set of instructions one should *4.3.,5.6.1 follow.

2. Radioactive isotopes differ from one another in the type and energy of the particles they emit.

III. Перепишите предложения, подчеркните герундий и переведите предложения на русский язык (см. грамм. справ.: 7.2, 7.2.1, 7.2.2, а также ссылки после *).

1. Entering text is done *5.5.1 through the keyboard.

2. As previously stated, the generator is really a machine for converting mechanical power into electrical power.

IV. Перепишите предложения, определите, является ли инфинитив подлежащим или обстоятельством цели, переведите предложения на русский язык (см. грамм. справ.: 7.1, 7.1.1, 7.1.2, а также ссылки после *).

1. To find the mass of the electron numerous experiments had to *6.3.(3) be made.

2. To complete this experiment will not take much time.

3. Active satellites are equipped to receive and retransmit signals.

V. Перепишите предложения, подчеркните инфинитив в функции определения, переведите предложения на русский язык (см. грамм. справ.: 7.1.2.1. а также ссылки после *).

1. The quality of speech signals to be transmitted may *5.6.1 degrade.

2. The information to be gained from the experiment is extremely valuable.

VI. Перепишите предложения, содержащие конструкции «сложное дополнение» и «сложное подлежащее» (см. грамм. справ.: 8, 8.1, 8.2, а также ссылки после *). Переведите предложения на русский язык.

1. We consider this discovery to be one of the greatest *3.1 of the XX th century.

2. Instrument failure *2.2 in high voltage circuits can cause dangerously high voltage to appear at unexpected points.

3. Computers were supposed to create «the paperless *1.3 office».

4. The problem of the origin of the Earth proved to be one of the most difficult *3.1 problems of astronomy.

VII. Перепишите и переведите предложения, содержащие условные придаточные предложения (см. грамм. справ.: 9.2.1, 9.3.1, а также ссылки после *).

1. Do not install* 4.2.1 software unless you know it is safe.*9.3.2

2. If these electric and magnetic fluxes could actually be seen, the wave would have the appearance indicated in Fig. 2.

VIII. Определите значения английских слов, исходя из контекста (см. грамм. справ.: 11.18).

1. Компьютеры – complicated машины.

2. Микропроцессор состоит из set of units.

IX. Прочтите и устно переведите текст, затем письменно переведите 1, 2, 3, 4-й абзацы текста.

COMPUTER SECURITY

1. Computer Security techniques are being developed to protect single computers and network-linked computer systems from accidental or intentional harm, including destruction of computer hardware, loss of data, deliberate invasion of data by unauthorized individuals.

2. Computers and the information they contain *9.3.2 are considered confidential systems because their use is typically restricted to a limited number of users.

3. A variety of simple techniques can prevent computer crime. For example, destroying printed information, protecting computers screens from observation, keeping printed information and computers in locked cabinets. But more sophisticated (зд.:сложные) methods are also necessary to prevent computer crimes.

4. One technique to prevent confidentiality is encryption. Information can be scrambled and unscrambled using mathematical equations and a secret code called a key. Two keys are usually employed, one to encode and the other to decode the information. The key that encodes the data, called the private key, is possessed by only the sender. The key that decodes the data, called the public key, may be possessed by several receivers. The keys are modified periodically.

5. Another technique to prevent computers crime is to limit access of computer data files to approved users. Access-control software verifies computer users and limits their privileges to view and alter files.

6. Passwords are confidential sequences of characters that give users access to computers. Password must be difficult to guess. Effective passwords contain a mixture of characters and symbols that are not real words.

7. Computer networks, multiple computers linked together, are particularly vulnerable to computer crimes. Information on networks can be protected by a firewall, a computer placed between the networked computers and the network. The firewall also ensures that information received from an outside source does not contain computer viruses.

X. Письменно озаглавьте 5 и 6-й абзацы текста.

Вариант 4

I. Перепишите предложения, подчеркните причастие, определите его форму, функцию и переведите предложения на русский язык (см. грамм. справ.: 7.3, 7.3.1, 7.3.2, 7.3.2.1, 7.3.2.2, а также ccылки после *).

1. A graph is given showing the dependence of pressure on temperature.

2. The films *11.8 used in our laboratory were mechanically strong.

3. Having evaluated the data we shall turn *5.4 to their interpretation.

4. It is well known that a solid body emits light when heated to a high enough temperature

II. Перепишите предложения и переведите их, обращая внимание на бессоюзное подчинение (см. грамм. справ.: 9.3.2).

1. At the receiving end a photodetector produces an electrical signal in accordance with the variations of light it receives.

2. The capacity of a computer memory is the volume of data the memory unit can hold.

III. Перепишите предложения, подчеркните герундий и переведите предложения на русский язык (см. грамм. справ.: 7.2, 7.2.1, 7.2.2).

1. Loading a motor always results in a reduction in speed.

2. We can increase the current by reducing the resistance of the circuit.

IV. Перепишите предложения, определите, является ли инфинитив подлежащим или обстоятельством цели, переведите предложения на русский язык (см. грамм. справ.: 7.1, 7.1.1, 7.1.2, а также ссылки после *).

1. To meet *11.9 these extra demands for electrical power, the underground transformer capacities had to *6.3(3) be increased.

2. To convert an analog signal into digital form requires a process of sampling.

3. There are *6.2(6) a number of *11.7 requirements to achieve the numerous advantages of digital representation of speech signals.

V. Перепишите предложения, подчеркните инфинитив в функции определения, переведите предложения на русский язык (см. грамм. справ.: 7.1.2.1).

1. The computer to be made will have a cycle time (время выполнения одной операции) of two nanoseconds.

2. The primary factors to be considered are signals power and noise power.

VI. Перепишите предложения, содержащие конструкции сложное дополнение и сложное подлежащее (см. грамм. справ.: 8, 8.1, 8.2, а также ссылки после *). Переведите предложения на русский язык.

1. Scientists believe the development of microminiature circuits to have a promising *7.3.2.1 future.

2. The magnetic field causes these particles to develop tremendous speeds.

3. The air in the «standard» atmosphere was assumed to be perfectly dry.

4. Ion rocket is likely to be used for space travel in future.

VII. Перепишите и переведите предложения, содержащие условные придаточные предложения (см. грамм. справ.: 9.2.1, 9.3.1).

1. The density of a body can be found, providing that its mass and volume are known.

2. If thin wires had been used in this installation, the wires would have melted.

VIII. Определите значения английских слов, исходя из контекста (см. грамм. справ.: 11.18).

1. Связь должна be set должным образом.

2. Демокрит считал, that matter состоит из потока minute частиц, которые он назвал атомами.

IX. Прочтите и устно переведите текст, затем письменно переведите 1 и 3-й абзацы текста.

ENERGY-CONVERTING PLASTIC FILM *11.8

1. More than 100 years ago, the French scientists Pierre and Jacques Curie observed that certain crystalline materials, such as quartz, produced an electrical charge when subjected to pressure. For decades *11.8 thereafter (с этого времени) this reversible energy conversion phenomenon * 2.2 known as piezoelectricity has found a number *11.7 of limited applications in sonar and radio equipment, scientific instruments*11.8 and, perhaps most familiarly, wristwatches (ручные часы). Recently, piezoelectric properties have been designed into thin, pliable plastic films that resemble transparent kitchen wrapping material. The versatility of this material promises to open up a wide variety of new piezoelectric applications for consumer and industrial products.

2. One of the new piezoelectric films, developed*7.3.2.2 over the last years is called Kynar Piezo Film. Though it`s lightweight and pliant, the material is actually *11.8 a rugged engineering plastic that has been specifically treated to give it *4.1 piezoelectric properties. As a replacement for electromagnetic switches, the piezoelectric film offers a number of advantages. It can be cut, bent and formed into almost any shape or size.

3. Currently, Kynar Piezo Film and others like it are finding applications in lightweight, miniature speakers and microphones for audio equipment and flat switches on office-equipment and control-panel keyboards. Kynar Piezo Film has another property that makes it unique: It is also pyroelectric, which means that it produces electrical current when exposed *7.3.2.2 to heat. As such, it is ideal for use in security equipment such as fire detection.

4. Yet the greatest *3.1 range of applications for piezoelectric films certainly lies ahead. Right now research is being conducted on the use of piezoelectric film as a tactile sensor for robots. Ultimately, the scientists say, piezoelectric film may be the key to providing a bionic sense of touch to artificial skin for humans.

X. Письменно озаглавьте 2 и 4-й абзацы текста.

Вариант 5

I. Перепишите предложения, подчеркните причастие, определите его форму, функцию и переведите предложения на русский язык (см. грамм. справ.: 7.3, 7.3.1, 7.3.2, 7.3.2.1, 7.3.2.2).

1. The transmitting aerial used in line-of-sight links needs to be very directional.

2. The transistor described in this chapter is called an «npn transistor».

3. Having divided the distance by the time which is required to cover it, we obtain the average speed of the car.

4. Subsequent observation showed a high degree of variability, indicating that the X-ray emission changes considerably throughout the sunspot cycle.

II. Перепишите предложения и переведите их, обращая внимание на бессоюзное подчинение (см. грамм. справ.: 9.3.2, а также ссылки после *).

1. The choice of a variable capacitor depends on the range of frequencies it is necessary to cover.

2. The most important *3.1 effect the Moon has on the Earth is the production of tides.

III. Перепишите предложения, подчеркните герундий и переведите предложения на русский язык (см. грамм. справ.: 7.2, 7.2.1, 7.2.2, а также ссылки после *).

1. Translating from one language to another has been accomplished *5.5.1, 5.5.2 by automatic computer.

2. A car is capable of accelerating to a speed of 100 km/h.

IV. Перепишите предложения, определите, является ли инфинитив подлежащим или обстоятельством цели, переведите предложения на русский язык (см. грамм. справ.: 7.1. 7.1.1, 7.1.2, а также ссылки после *).

1. To prevent the metal parts of cables from being corroded, *7.2.1, 7.2.2 various protecting materials are being widely used. *5.5.1

2. To connect two plates with copper wire means to form a path for electron flow.

3. At the receiver the pulses are detected and used to reconstruct the original *11.8 wave.

V. Перепишите предложения, подчеркните инфинитив в функции определения, переведите предложения на русский язык (см. грамм. справ.: 7.1.2.1, а также ссылки после *).

1. The generator to be connected to the bus must be in synchronism with the line.

2. There are *6.2.(6) several measures to be provided for detecting and correcting errors in transmitted *7.3.2.2 data.

VI. Перепишите предложения, содержащие конструкции сложное дополнение и сложное подлежащее (см. грамм. справ.: 8, 8.1, 8.2, а также ссылки после *). Переведите предложения на русский язык.

1. We assume the simple waveform to act on *11.9 the antenna.

2. Electromotive force (emf) is the force or pressure that causes electric current to flow.

3. Communication is supposed to have no limits nowadays.

4. The transmission line appeared to be demagnetized.

VII. Перепишите и переведите предложения, содержащие условные придаточные предложения (см. грамм. справ.: 9.2.1, 9.3.1, а также ссылки после *).

1. Unless the cathode is water cooled, it will overheat and emit gases.

2. If the acid were purified the reaction would take part. *11.12

VIII. Определите значения английских слов, исходя из контекста (см. грамм. справ.: 11.18).

1. Информация is fed или выводится через input-output ports.

2. The challenge заключалась в том, чтобы провести опыт очень осторожно.

IX. Прочтите и устно переведите текст, затем письменно переведите 1, 2 и 3-й абзацы текста.

BLU-RAY DISK

1. In 1997, a new technology emerged that brought digital sound and video into homes all over the world. It was called DVD, and it revolutionized the movie industry.

2. Since 2006 another revolution with the introduction of Blu-ray Discs (BD) has taken place. *10.1 The Blu-ray name is a combination of «blue», for the color of the laser that is used, and «ray», for optical ray. With their high storage capacity, Blu-ray disks can hold and play back large quantities of high-definition video and audio, as well as *9.1.2 photos, data and other digital content.

3. A current, single-sided, standard DVD can hold 4.7 GB (gigabytes) of information. That`s about the size of an average two-hour, standard-definition movie. But a high-definition movie, which has a much clearer *3.1, 3.4 image, takes up about five times more bandwidth and therefore requires a disc with about five times more storage. As *9.2(1, 2) TV sets and movie studios make the movies to high definition, consumers are going *5.4.2. to need playback systems with a lot more storage capacity.

4. Blu-ray is the next generation digital video disc. The advantage to Blu-ray is the amount of information it can hold. A single-layer Blu-ray disc, which is roughly the same size as a DVD, can hold up to 27 GB of data - that`s more than two hours of high-definition video or about 13 hours of standard video. A double-layer Blu-ray disc can store up to 50 GB, enough to hold about 4.5 hours of high-definition video or more than 20 hours of standard video. And there are even plans to develop a disc with twice that amount of storage.

5. Blu-ray discs not only have more storage capacity than traditional DVDs, but they also offer a new level of interactivity. Users will be able *5.6.3.2 to connect to the Internet and instantly download subtitles (скачивать/загружать программу сопровождения кадров фильма субтитрами) and other interactive movie features. With Blu-ray, you can record high-definition television (HDTV) without any quality loss, instantly skip to any spot on the disk, record one program while watching another on the disc, edit or reorder programs recorded on the disc, automatically search for an empty space on the disc to avoid recording over a program, access the Web to download subtitles and other extra features.

X. Письменно озаглавьте 4 и 5-й абзацы текста.

Приложение 1