Translate into Russian the sentences given below paying attention to the absolute participle constructions.

1. The article having been translated, he could read some book for pleasure.

2. All the documents and letters received that day having been looked through, he called his secretary.

3. She showed us a list of the newly published books.

4. Lake Baikal is known to be the deepest lake in the world, 336 rivers flowing into it.

5. The sun having risen, they continued their way.

6. The talks between the two countries were conducted behind the closed doors, measures having been taken that no reporter should receive any information.

7. The goods having been loaded, the workers left the port.

8. The weather being cold, he put on his overcoat.

9. Radio was invented in Russia, its inventor being the Russian scientist Alexander Stepanovich Popov.

Participle I or Gerund? герундий или причастие I?

Причастие – неличная форма глагола, промежуточная между глаголом и прилагательным: The man smoking a pipe is my brother.'Человек, курящий трубку, - мой брат'.	Герундий – неличная форма глагола, промежуточная между существительным и глаголом: Smoking is forbidden. 'Курение запрещено'.
Причастие — в большей степени прилагательное по своим функциям	Герундий — существительное
Причастие употребляется	Герундий употребляется
	1)в качестве подлежащего: Swimming is pleasant. 'Купание приятно'.
	2) как часть сказуемого после глаголов to finish, to start, to continue, to go on, to keep и др.: He finished reading the newspaper. 'Он закончил чтение газеты'.
	3) как предложное дополнение: I am fond of reading. 'Я обожаю чтение'.
'	4) как прямое дополнение: Do you mind my smoking here? 'Ты не возражаешь против моего курения?'
1) в качестве определения (обычно без предлога): Let sleeping dogs lie. 'Не будите спящую собаку'. In the corridor he saw some people waiting for him. ' В коридоре он увидел несколько человек, ожидающих его '	5) как определение (обычно после предлога): There are different methods of teaching English to foreigners. 'Существуют различные методы преподавания английского языка для иностранцев'.
2) в качестве обстоятельства (обычно без предлога): Seeing her, he stopped. ' Увидев её, он остановился'. He came in carrying a big parcel. ' Он вошел, неся большой свёрток '.	6) как обстоятельство (обычно после предлога): On coming home I took a bath. 'По возвращении домой я принял ванну'

9. Choose and translate first the sentences where ing-forms are participles then the sentences with the ing-forms used as gerunds.

1. We all listened with great interest to the speaker criticizing the new book. 2. Criticizing the work of our sports club, he said that it was not satisfactory. 3. We were criticizing the work of our sanitary committee at that moment. 4. I have no objection to your criticizing me. 5. When we entered the classroom, we saw ma­ny students writing at the desks. 6. Do you mind my writing with your pen? 7. He was writing a letter when I entered the room. 8. Lydia could retell the English story she had read without looking into the book. 9. Everybody ran to meet the people returning from the city. 10. They went home quickly, protecting themselves from the rain by walking under the trees. 11. In this factory much attention is paid to protecting the health of the workers. 12. He stopped writing and looked around. 13. In this picture you can see a young man giving flowers to a girl. 14. Playing volleyball is a good amusement for young people. 15. She left the room without saying a word.

10. Choose the correct form of the verbal.

1. Ann was made _______ her suitcase.

a) to open b) opening c) open

2. Do you know how _______ to his house?

a) getting b) get c) to get

3. I remember _______ door.

a) locking b) to lock c) to be locked

4. The coat is dirty. It needs

a) to clean b) clean c) cleaning

5. I bought a new car instead of _______ to America.

a) to fly b) fly c) flying

6. He is looking forward to _______ them again.

a) see b) have seen c) seeing

7. She was busy _______ in the garden.

a) working b) to work c) to be working

8. I don't enjoy _______ very much.

a) driving b) drive c) drove

9. I can't afford _______ tonight. I'm too tired.

a) to be going out b) to go out c) go out

10. His mother made him _______ the room.

a) to clean b) cleaning c) clean

11. Has it stopped _______ yet?

a) rain b) to be rain c) raining

12. Can you remind me _______ some coffee?

a) to buy b) buy c) having bought

13. Why do you keep me questions?

a) being asked b) asked c) asking

14. I refuse his questions

a) to answer b) answer c) having answered

15. I've enjoyed _______ them.

a) meet b) meeting c) being met

16. The girl began _______ at night.

a) cry b) tocry c) having cried

17. He is against _______ the discussion of this issue.

a) postpone b) having postpone c) postponing

18. I can't stand _______ here any longer.

a) work b) being work c) working

19. They translated the story into English without _______

a dictionary.

a) to use b) use c) using

20. _______ in that country all his life, he knew it very well.

a) Having lived b) Being lived c) Live

 

11. Put the verbs in brackets into the V-ing form or the infinitive with or without to.

When David decided (1) (give up) his job and (2) (sell) all his possessions, everyone thought he was mad. But, as it turned out, he was just the first of many friends (3) (do) this. In fact, es­caping the pressures of everyday working life has become a pri­ority for many people these days. They can't stand the idea of (4) (work) until they are 65, only (5) (retire) to some boring country village and (6) (waste) their time (7) (dig) the garden or (8) (gossip) with the neighbours. They would rather (9) (live) life to the full now, before they are too old (10) (enjoy) it. (11) (buy) a motorcycle and (12) (tour) the world is a popular option. Oth­er, less adventurous types might prefer (13) (buy) a small farm­house and live off the land. Personally, one fancies (14) (sail) around the world in a yacht. As for David, he bought a house in a little country village and spends his time (15) (walk) around the village and talking with the neighbours. (16) (Sit) near the fire, he felt very warm.

 

 

Unit 16.

СОСЛАГАТЕЛЬНОЕ НАКЛОНЕНИЕ

(THE SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD)

 

Наклонение – это грамматическая категория глагола, показываю­щая, как то или иное высказывание соотносится с действительностью. Действие, рассматриваемое как реальный факт, выражается глаголом в изъявительном наклонении; действие, осуществляемое на основе со­вета, просьбы или приказания, выражается глаголом в повелитель­ном наклонении; действие, рассматриваемое лишь как желаемое и воз­можное при определенных условиях, а потому маловероятное и про­сто нереальное, выражается глаголом в сослагательном наклонении.

Условное предложение первого типа выражает реальное условие и со­держит глагол-сказуемое в изъявительном наклонении; условное предложе­ние второго типа выражает маловероятное действие, относящееся к настоя­щему или будущему времени; условное предложение третьего типа обознача­ет нереальное, невозможное действие, относящееся к прошлому.

По форме различают сослага­тельное I (вспомогательный глагол should/would + простой или пер­фектный инфинитив смыслового глагола) и сослагательное II (смы­словой глагол в форме, омонимичной Past Simple или Past Perfect). В условных предложениях II типа в придаточной части употребляется форма глагола, омонимичная Past Indefinite, причем от глагола to be употребляется форма were для всех лиц ед. и мн. числа; в главном пред­ложении употребляется would + Simple Infinitive смыслового глаго­ла для всех лиц ед. и мн. числа.

If I knew French, I would (could, might) help you to do the translation. If she had some spare time, she would (could, might) take up French. If it were winter now, I would (could, might) go skiing.

Если бы я знал французский, я бы помог (смог помочь) вам сделать этот перевод. Если бы у нее было свободное время, она бы занялась (смогла заняться) изучением французского. Если бы сейчас была зима, я бы покатался (смог покататься) на лыжах.

В условных предложениях III типа в придаточной части употреб­ляется форма, омонимичная Past Perfect, а в главном предложении - would + Perfect Infinitive для всех лиц ед. и мн. числа.

If I had known French at that time, I would (could, might) have worked at the Russian exhibition in Paris. If he had had enough money then, he would have bought that car.

Если бы в то время я знал фран­цузский язык, я бы работал (смог бы работать) на Россий­ской выставке в Париже. Если бы у него тогда было доста­точно денег, он бы купил ту ма­шину.

Примечание

1.Встречается также смешанный тип условного предложения, в котором условие и следствие относятся к разному времени:

If you had consulted the doctor then and taken the necessary measures, you wouldn't be ill now.

Если бы тогда вы посоветовались с врачом и приняли необходимые меры, вы бы не были больны сейчас.

2. В условных предложениях II типа, относящихся к будущему, встреча­ется глагол should, употребляемый со всеми лицами ед. и мн. числа

If you should come across such а book, please buy one for me.

Если вам попадется такая книга, пожалуйста, купите одну для меня

3. В условных предложениях II и III типов при наличии глаголов have, should, be союз if может быть опущен, но при этом имеет место инвер­сия: сказуемое предшествует подлежащему:

Had I spare time tomorrow, I would go to the country Were he here, he would help me. Should you come across such а book, please, buy one for me. Had I obtained a ticket, I would have gone to the stadium.

Если бы у меня завтра было свободное время, я бы поехал за город. Если бы он был здесь, он бы помог мне. Если вы встретите такую книгу, пожалуйста, купите ее для меня. Если бы я достал билет, я бы пошел на стадион.

4.В условных предложениях III типа встречается оборот but for (if it were not for..) если бы не + существительное или личное местоимение в объ­ектном падеже:

But for the storm, I would have gone there by boat.

Если бы не шторм, я поехал бы туда на лодке.

В дополнительных придаточных предложениях сослагательное I встречается после глаголов: suggest (предлагать), propose (предлагать), demand (требовать), insist (настаивать), order (приказывать, распоря­жаться) и др.; при этом в придаточной части со всеми лицами упот­ребляется should + инфинитив смыслового глагола:

I suggest that you (he, they) should do it now.

Я предлагаю, чтобы вы это cделали сейчас.

Примечание.
В книжно-официальном стиле глагол should может быть опущен:

I insist that the necessary measures be taken immediately.

Я настаиваю на том, чтобы немедленно были приняты необходимые меры.

В дополнительных придаточных после wish употребляется сосла­гательное II:

I wish I lived somewhere in the south.     I wish she had taken part in the concert. I wish it were summer now.

Мне хотелось бы жить где-нибудь на юге. (Жаль, что я не живу где-нибудь на юге.) Жаль, что она не приняла участие в концерте. Мне хотелось бы, чтобы сейчас было лето. (Жаль, что сейчас не лето.)

А также could/would + инфинитив при выражении действия в бу­дущем:

I wish they could join us.     I wish he would pass his examination.

Мне бы хотелось, чтобы они смогли присоединиться к нам. (Жаль, что они не смогут при­соединиться к нам.) Мне хотелось бы, чтобы он сдал экзамен.

В придаточной части предложения с вводным it (it is necessary, important, desirable) употребляется сослагательное II:

It is necessary that you (should) go there.

Необходимо, чтобы вы пошли туда.

В обстоятельственных придаточных предложениях сравнения, вводимых союзами as if (though) (как будто), а также в придаточных предложениях цели, вводимых союзом lest (чтобы не), следует упот­реблять сослагательное II:

She speaks French as if she had lived in Paris for many years. She treats him as though he were а child.	Она говорит по-французски так, как будто многие годы прожи­ла в Париже. Она обращается с ним как с ребенком (так, как будто он ребенок).
Тип	значение	Придаточное после If	Главное
условные придаточные нулевого типа	общеизвестные истины	If+S + Present Simple	S + Present Simple
условные придаточные первого типа	реальные или возможные ситуации в настоящем или будущем.	If+S + Present Simple	S + will/can/may + V
условные придаточные второго типа	маловероятные или воображаемые ситуации в настоящем или будущем	If+S + Past Simple	S + would/could/ might + V
условные придаточные третьего типа	воображаемые ситуации, относящиеся к прошлому	If+S + Past Perfect	S + would/could/ might + have + V3

 

Real (zero)	If you drop ice in water, Pr. Simple	it floats. Pr. Simple
Real	If it looks like rain, If I have more time If he is working on Friday Pr. Simple/ Cont	we`ll stay at home I`ll come over he won`t be able to go with us will + inf
unreal	Pr./Fut.	If I were you, If I had more time, If you knew him better, If it were not raining Past Simple/ Cont	I would go there myself. I would come over. you wouldn`t think so. I could go out. would could + Inf might		бы
Past	If you had gone there,   If it hadn`t been so hot last summer, Past Perfect	you would have seen him. we could have gone to the South. would could + have + V3 might

 

Grammar exercises

1. Make a zero conditional sentence using the words and translate them intoRussian.

Model: water / boil / heat / to 100 degrees – Water boils if you heat it to 100 degrees.

1. you / not / eat / you / die

2. if / no / rain / the grass / not / grow

3. my daughter / eat / too much chocolate / she /get / sick

4. iron / rust / it / get / wet

5. ice / float / you / drop / it / in water

2. Define whether it is the First or Second Conditional? Put the verbs in brackets into the correct tense.

1. If he (run), he'll get there in time.

2. They would be rather offended if I (not go) to see them.

3. If you took more exercise, you (feel) better.

4. If it (stop) snowing, we can go skiing.

5. If I was offered a job, 1 think I (take) it.

6. I'm sure Ann will lend you the money. I'd be very surprised if she (refuse).

7. If you (not go) away, I'll send for the police.

8. If I sold my car, I (not get) much money for it.

9. The police (arrest) him if they catch him.

10. We (not have) any money if we didn't work.

11. Tell Mary to ring me up if you (see) her.

12. What would happen if I (not come)?

13. If he (like) the house, will he buy it?

14. Carol gave me this ring. She (be) very upset if I lost it.

15. Our friends are expecting us. They will be disappointed if we (not come).

3. Define whether it is the Second or Third Conditional? Put the verbs in brackets into the correct tense.

1. If you (not be) busy, we could go for a walk.

2. If I (have) enough money, I would have taken a taxi.

3. If I were you, I (buy) a new suit.

4. If I (be) interested in the film, I would have gone to the cin­ema.

5. If we (not take) the wrong turning, we wouldn't have ar­rived late.

6. If he had more time, he (take) up tennis.

7. You could have come first if you (run) faster.

8. If she (not have) a car, we would have to go by bus.

9. What you (do) if you lost your job?

10. If I (not feel) tired, I would have gone to bed later.

11. If Bruce had asked me, I (say) 'yes'.

12. If I (not take) an umbrella, I would have got wet.

13. If he knew that it was dangerous, he (not come).

14. If someone (give) you a helicopter, what would you do with it?

15. They (not miss) the plane if they hadn't woken up late

4. Translate the following into Russian, paying attention to the mood:

1. If you had worked hard enough during the academic year, you would have never failed at the examination.

2. If it were winter now, I would go skating or skiing. – As for me, I wish it were summer. I would go boating.

3. If their team had had enough training, it would have won the match.

4. If it stopped raining, we could go to the country.

5. If Margaret were not so busy, she might come and see us.

6. If I had been angry with Bob, I wouldn't have invited him to my birthday party.

7. To everybody's regret (ко всеобщему сожалению) the Browns didn't take part in the picnic. All the guests would have been happy to be in their company.

8. Why don't you ever apply to your brother for help? He is quite knowledgeable in the field of history and might help you.

9. If anybody should give me a call (позвонить по телефону), say I am not in.

10. Should you hear from Mike, please let me know immediately.

11. Were she well, she would certainly join us in travelling.

12. Had I spare time, I would go to the cinema or to the theatre tonight.

13. Were I in your place, I would act in the same manner (точно так же).

14. Had you warned (предупреждать) me beforehand, nothing would have happened.

15. But for the weather, all of us would go on the excursion.

16. Everybody insisted that the discussion of the report should be postponed (отложить).

17. The speaker suggested that questions, if any, be put in written form.

18. Nobody demands that you should do this job immediately.

19. I propose that a special meeting be called to discuss the matter.

20. I wish I knew Spanish.

21. I wish she could come around.

22. I wish he would be given this post.

23. It's necessary that you should pay more attention to your grammar.

24. It's important that the article should be published in the April issue of the journal.

25. It's impossible that the plan should have been changed.

26. Lucy speaks Italian as if she had lived in Italy for a long time.

27. Grandma looks as though she were very sick. It's strange that she should look so. She says she feels quite well.

28. I'll put down your address lest I should forget it.

5. Complete the sentences using the words given below:

(to help him; to work in a hospital; to take all the necessary measures; to buy a car; to visit us; not to be late for; to work as an interpreter; to take a short rest; to solve this problem as soon as possible; to be typed in two copies; to be summer; not to carry out this task)

1. If he asked me for help, I...

2. If she were a doctor, she...

3. If you had told me about it, I...

4. Had I much money, I...

5. Were Kate in Moscow, she...

6. Had we left home earlier, we...

7. If Andrew had a good knowledge of German, he...

8. I insist that you...

9. The lecturer suggested, that the students...

10. They demand that the manuscript...

11. Would you go to the seaside if...?

12. But for his help I...

6. Have a talk with your classmate, making use of the following ques­tions:

1. What would you do if you had much spare time now?

2. Would you go to the seaside for a short rest if you were free now?

3. Whom would you invite to join you if you went there?

4. Where would you go to spend your holiday if it were August now?

5. Would you join a students' building team if you were offered the job of a builder in summer?

6. How long would you perform the job of a builder if you were given one?

7. Today the weather is very bad and you have to stay at home. What would you do if the weather were fine today?

8. Would you go to the river to bathe if it were not so cold?

9. What plans for the weekend would you suggest if you were asked to?

10. Where would you stay if you found yourself (оказаться, очутиться) in a strange (незнакомый) city?

11. What places of interest would you recommend me to see if I were to visit London?

7. Change the sentences according to the model.

Model 1. I have no spare time today. I won't go there.

If I had spare time today, I would go there.

 

1. I am busy. I won't go to the museum.

2. Bess is ill. She won't join us.

3. Paul is not in Moscow. He won't come and see them.

4. It is rainy. The children won't go for a walk.

5. It is cold outside. We won't go bathing.

6. The students have no classes on Sunday. They won't go to the University.

Model 2. She gave me a call. I didn't send her a letter.

If she had given me a call I would (n’t) have sent her a letter.

 

1. Mary gave me a warning (предупредить). I didn't tell them this news.

2. Vadim was ready for the lesson. He answered all the teacher's questions correctly.

3. These boys passed their entrance examinations successfully. They were admitted (приняты) to the University.

4. Fred had a good knowledge of French. He was sent to Paris to work at the exhibition (выставка).

5. Delia invited me to her birthday party. I prepared a present to her taste.

6. The students were interested in the theme. They attended the lectures.

8. Make up sentences of your own according to the models. Use the words given in brackets.

1. It is necessary that you should do it. (to consult a doctor; to raise the question; to take part in the discus­sion; to make a thorough study of the subject)

2. It's important that the question be discussed today. (problem – to solve; telegram – to send; plan – to make)

3. I suggest (demand) that he should do it. (to go there immediately; to retake his exam again; to present his diploma paper in June, to organise a team, to announce the results of the experiment)

4. I insist (propose) that the question be decided now. (materials – to publish in our journal; article – to translate into Russian; letter – to answer without delay; lecture on this theme – to deliver tomorrow; issue – to put on the agenda)

5. I wish I could (might) do it. (to take part inthis work; to arrange everything to help them; to master this language)

6. I wish you (he, she, they) would do it. (to fulfil your plan; to pass your exam; to defend your thesis successfully)

7. I wish he (she, it) were here. (to be summer; to be winter; to be in London now; to be well; to be free)

9. Translate the following in English. Mind the Subjunctive Mood.

1. Если бы Пит не был занят, он бы навестил нас.

2. Если бы вы были более внимательны (careful), вы бы не сдела­ли так много ошибок.

3. Если бы сейчас было лето, я бы загорал (to lie in the sun) и купался.

4. Если бы она не пропустила так много занятий, она бы сдала этот экзамен.

5. Если бы не ваша помощь, я бы не выполнил эту работу.

6. Никто не настаивает, чтобы вы участвовали в этих соревнованиях.

7. Я предлагаю, чтобы они провели обсуждение этой книги.

8. Необходимо, чтобы он пересдал этот экзамен.

9. Важно, чтобы все студенты участвовали в научной работе.

10. Как бы мне хотелось знать этот язык.

11. Жаль, что Питера нет в Москве. Он мог бы помочь нам.

12. Олег говорит по-французски так, как будто он долго жил во Франции.

10. Complete the sentences in this text using the correct form of the verbs in brackets.

All the Difference

I often wonder how my life (l) (be) different if on that par­ticular day I (2) (go) in the other direction. Or what (3) (happen) if- in those seconds – I (4)(walk) a little bit faster? She (5) (not be) able to do what she did, say things she said. If it (6) (not be) for these shy words of greeting, I (7) (not be) here now – I prob­ably (8) (live) in the same city I grew up in. It is amazing how our lives depend on the most minute details: a split-second de­cision which makes all the difference. I (9) (ever find) romance at all if I (10) (not meet) Julia that day and if she (11) (decide) to walk on that path beside the trees? I possibly (12) (not do) what I did in my life if we (13) (not meet) on that bright, sunny morn­ing. And if we (14) (not be) together now, I (15) (not be) the happiest man in the world.