Способы перевода пассивных конструкций

 

1. Сказуемое в Passive Voice переводится:

 

а) сочетанием глагола "быть" с краткой формой причастия. Глагол

"быть" в настоящей времени не переводится.

Например:

The text is translated. Текст переведён.

The text was translated. Текст был переведён.

The text will be translated. Текст будет переведён.

 

б) глаголом с окончанием -ся, -сь.

Например:

The liquid fuel is gradually Жидкое топливо постепенно

injected into the cylinder. впрыскивается в цилиндр.

 

в) глаголом действительного залога (при наличии дополнения с предлогом by).

Например:

I was helped by my friend.Мой друг помог мне.

 

г) неопределённо-личным предложением.

Например:

The article was discussed Статью обсуждали на конференции.

at the conference.

Примечание. При наличии предлога после глагола в пассивном залоге перевод предложения начинают с этого пред­лога.

His new invention was 0 его новом изобретении много

much spoken about. говорили.

 

2. Подлежащее при сказуемом в Passive Voice переводится:

 

а) существительным (местоимением) в винительном падеже.

Например:

The house will be built. Дом построят.

 

б) существительным (местоимением) в винительном или датель­ном падеже без предлога.

Например:

Не was seen in the laboratory. Его видели в лаборатории.

Не was sent all the necessary Ему послали всё необходимое

equipment. оборудование.

 

в) существительным (местоимением) в любом косвенном падеже с предлогом.

Например:

An engineer was sent for. За инженером послали.

This article is often referred to. На эту статью часто ссылаются.

2. Словообразование. Суффиксы прилагательных

(Word-building. The suffixes of adjectives)

 

Запомните:

а) суффиксы, образующие прилагательные от существительных:

 

- al

centre - центр central - центральный

nation - нация national - национальный

- ous

danger - опасность dangerous - опасный

fame - слава famous - знаменитый

- ful

use - польза useful - полезный

beauty - красота beautiful - прекрасный

- ic

history - история historic - исторический

energy - энергия energetic - энергичный

- y

ice - лед icy - ледяной

luck - удача lucky - удачливый

 

б) суффиксы, образующие прилагательные от глаголов:

 

- able, - ible

to break - ломать breakable - ломкий

to express - выражать expressible - выразитель-

ный

- ant, - ent

to depend - зависеть dependent - зависимый

to resist - сопротивляться resistant - оказывающий сопротивление

- ive

to act - действовать active - активный

to conduct - проводить conductive - проводящий

Обратите внимание!

 

1. Суффикс - less указывает на отсутствие качества (противоположно значению суффикса - ful):

use - польза useful - полезный

useless - бесполезный

power - сила powerful - сильный

powerless - бессильный

 

2. Суффикс - ish указывает на наличие признака в слабой степени или на принадлежность к национальности:

red - красный reddish - красноватый

Pole - поляк Polish – польский

 

Exercises

 

I. Form Participle II from the following verbs:

to ask, to use, to build, to call, to found, to find, to condense, to reduce, to cool, to keep, to support, to award, to concern, to offer, to cut, to place, to encourage, to know, to develop, to limit, to direct, to move, to shape, to arrange, to hold, to give, to invite, to include, to design, to make, to present, to write, to derive, to reach, to take, to think, to obtain, to speak, to pay, to send.

II. Look at the prompts and make sentences using the Present Simple Passive as in the example.

Example:

Volkswagen cars / make / Germany

Volkswagen cars are made in Germany.

1. A lot of rice / eat / India

2. Snails / eat / France

3. Coca cola / produce / the USA

4. Coffee / grow / Brazil

5. Cricket / play / England

III. Match column A with column B to make correct sentences using the Past Simple Passive.

Column A	Column B
1. “Oliver Twist” (write)	A. Leonardo da Vinci
2. The “Mona Lisa” (paint)	B. Steven Spielberg
3. The Eiffel Tower (build)	C. Alexander the Great
4. “Jurassic Park” (direct)	D. Charles Dickens
5. “Carmen” (compose)	E. Georges Bizet
6. Alexandria (found)	F. Gustave Eiffel
7. America (discover)	G. Christopher Columbus
8. The telephone (invent)	H. Alexander Graham Bell

IV. Mrs Edison is a businesswoman. She was away on a business trip but now she is back. She wants to know what has been done while she was away. Use the prompts and, in pairs, ask and answer questions, as in the example.

 

Example:

They / deliver / my / new / desk? (No)

S1: Have they delivered my new desk?

S2: No, it hasn’t been delivered yet.

1. You / post / the invitations? (yes)

2. They / repair / the / photocopier? (yes)

3. You / type / last month’s reports? (No)

4. You / place / advertisement in the newspaper? (No)

5. You / pay/ the bills? (Yes)

V. Emma Doyle has got three children. Yesterday she had to go out. What had been done by the children by the time she got home? Look at the prompts and make sentences using the Past Perfect Passive, as in the example.

 

Example:

Beds / make ˅ The beds had been made.

Dishes / wash× The dishes had not been washed.

1. Plants / water ˅

2. Carpet / hoover ˅

3. Cat / feed ×

4. Dinner / cook ×

5. Rubbish / take out ˅

6. Windows / clean ×

VI. Complete this table with the correct passive forms. Use the following words as the base of each sentence:

 

Police / question / suspect

	Active	Passive
Present Simple	The police question the suspect.	The suspect is questioned by the police.
Present Continuous
Past Simple
Past Continuous
Future Simple
Future Perfect
Present Perfect Simple
Past Perfect Simple

 

VII. Fill in the gaps with the correct passive tense of the verbs in brackets.

 

1. A: These flowers are great.

B: They …….(send) to me yesterday by one of my fans.

2. A: Have you ever appeared on TV?

B: Actually, I ………..(recently / ask) to take part in a show.

3. A: When will I have my car?

B: It ………(deliver) to your house the day after tomorrow.

4. A: So, when did they tell you about the robbery?

B: I ………..(inform) by the police as soon as they found out.

5. A: Why can’t we go over the bridge?

B: Because it ……..(repair) at the moment.

6. A: I’m tired.

B: So am I. But these reports must ………..(type) before we leave.

7. A: Who looks after your baby when you’re at work?

B: Well, he …………(look after) by my mother.

8. A: Those pictures are beautiful.

B: They ………..(paint) by my father while he was on holiday last summer.

9. A: Who does the washing-up in your house?

B: The dishes ……………….(wash) by my brother and then they ………..(dry) by my sister.

10. A: Why can’t I use your car?

B: Because it ……..(service) at the moment. You can take Mum’s car if you want.

11. A: Did you post the letters?

B: No, they ……. (already/post) by the time I came in.

12. A: What will happen to the criminals?

B: They ……….(punish) for their crimes.

 

VIII. Rewrite the sentences in the passive.

Example: The pop star sang the song. – The song was sung by the pop star.

1. The chef hasn’t made dinner.

2. An explorer has found a dinosaur egg.

3. Mrs Gates will look after the baby.

4. They won’t take him home after the party.

5. Someone left the front door open.

6. Jenny didn’t break the window.

7. Someone is using the computer.

8. His brother taught him to drive.

9. Many people speak English.

10. The doctor had already told him to go on a diet.

11. The author is writing a new book.

 

IX.Turn the following questions into the passive.

1. Do they make bread in this factory?

2. Will Susan decorate the bedroom tomorrow?

3. Did they find the ring in the garden?

4. Is Tom drawing the picture?

5. Has Simon sent the invitations yet?

6. Had Paul repaired the door before he left for work?

 

X. Rewrite the sentences in the passive in both ways, as in the example.

 

Example:

His father gave Billy a new bicycle.

A. Billy was given a new bicycle by his father.

B. A new bicycle was given to Billy by his father.

1. Fred has offered Mary a watch.

2. Lisa is sending Tim an invitation.

3. She brought me some oranges.

4. Sonia is going to lend me some money.

5. Jack will show me the new car.

6. They paid him a lot of money for the job.

 

XI. Rewrite the sentences in the passive.

 

1. They will not deliver the new sofa on Friday.

2. You can use this saucepan for cooking spaghetti.

3. I have to finish my homework tonight.

4. You must tidy your bedroom.

5. You ought to put these clothes away.

6. The boss gave the secretary some letters to type.

7. We should eat this cake immediately.

8. Sally sent Peter a birthday card.

9. You must take the dog for a walk.

10. The cat is not chasing the mouse.

11. Do they produce oil in Spain?

12. Did a dog bite him?

13. Edward has not recorded a new song.

 

XII. Rewrite the following passages in the passive.

 

1. Somebody sent me a bunch of flowers. The man from the flower shop delivered them to my house. He told me that they were a present. A young man had ordered them. He had put no card in the flowers. I still don’t know who sent them.

2. Someone started a fire in the Courtney National Park early yesterday morning. They had used a match and some petrol to start the fire. The fire had burnt a lot of trees before someone called the fire brigade. The police have arrested a man. They are still questioning him.

 

XIII. Make these sentences active.

 

Example:

The article was discussed by the students.

The students discussed the article.

1. This discovery is much spoken about by the scientists. 2. My report will be discussed by the students next Monday. 3. The tests have been performed by the inventor himself this day. 4. The experimental results were analyzed by Professor Boston. 5. Radioactivity was being investigated by the Curies for many years. 6. The presence of radiation had been detected by the researcher before the experiment was over. 7. The seminar on Solid State Physics was held by Russia’s Academy of Science last year. 8. The new computer program is being examined by the group of engineers. 9. Solids are characterized by strength and elasticity. 10. These data will have been obtained by him by the end of the week.

XIV. Choose the Russian equivalents for each English sentence.

 

1. He was sent for a new 1. Он послал за новым оборудованием.

equipment. 2. За новым оборудованием послали.

3. Его послали за новым оборудованием.

 

2. The scientists were offered 1. Ученые предложили новые

new problems for research. проблемы для исследования.

2. Новые проблемы будут предложены ученым для исследования.

3. Ученым предложили новые

проблемы для исследования.

 

3. The conductor is acted upon 1. Поле воздействует на проводник.

by the field. 2. Проводник воздействует на поле.

3. Проводник подвергался

воздействию поля.

 

4. We shall be reported of a new 1. Мы сообщим о новом открытии.

invention. 2. Нам сообщат о новом открытии.

3. Нам сообщили о новом открытии.

5. They are invited by the professor 1. Они приглашают профессора в свою

to his laboratory. лабораторию.

2. Профессор пригласит их в свою лабораторию.

3. Профессор приглашает их в свою лабораторию.

 

6. He can be asked to repair an 1. Он попросил отремонтировать engine. двигатель.

2. Его попросили отремонтировать двигатель.

3. Его можно попросить отремонти­ровать двигатель.

 

7. University research is being 1. Научно-исследовательская работа в

suppor­ted by the Government университетах поддерживалась

now. правительством.

2. Научно-исследовательская работа в

университетах сейчас оказывает под­держку правительству.

3. Сейчас правительство оказывает поддержку научно-исследователь­ской работе в университетах.

 

8. His work has been spoken 1. О его работе рассказывает

about by Prof. Brain. профессор Брэйн.

2. Профессор Брэйн будет

рассказывать о его работе.

3. О его работе рассказал профессор Брэйн.

 

9. Dr. N had been answered that 1. Когда она пришла, доктор Н. уже

question when she came. от­ветил на этот вопрос.

2. Когда она пришла, доктору Н. уже ответили на этот вопрос.

3. Когда она пришла, отвечали на воп­рос доктора Н.

 

10. The invention of steam-engine 1. Изобретению парового двигателя

was followed by many other предшествовало много других

ones. изоб­ретений.

2. За изобретением парового двигателя последовало много других изобрете­ний.

3. За изобретением парового двигателя может последовать много других изобретений.

 

XV. Complete each sentence with two to five words including the word in bold.

 

Example:

They built the house last year.(was)

The house was built last year.

1. They are planting trees in the garden. (being)

Trees ……………..in the garden.

2. There was chasing the cat around the house. (was)

The cat ………………around the house by the dog.

3. They haven’t cleaned the floor yet. (been)

The floor ……………… yet.

4. They had eaten all the food by the time I got there. (had)

All the food …………….. by the time I got there.

5. You must finish the project by Wednesday afternoon. (be)

The project …………… by Wednesday afternoon.

6. Mr. Brown sent us a wedding invitation. (was)

A wedding invitation ………….. to us by Mr Brown.

7. They should inform the citizens as soon as possible. (should)

The citizens ………………… as soon as possible.

 

XVI. Fill in the active or passive form of the verbs in brackets.

 

Mrs Wilson is a rich young lady. She ……… (live) in a big house on the outskirts of the city with her husband and her two dogs. Every day, Mrs Wilson ………… (take) into the city center. Her car …………(drive) by her chauffeur. She then …………… (go) shopping in her favourite shops. Her bags …………… (carry) by the chauffeur. Mrs Wilson ………….. (buy) lots of things every week. She ………… (need) lots of clothes because she goes to lots of parties. In fact, this week she ………….. (invite) to a big birthday party which ……………… (hold) in a large mansion in the country. All of her friends will be there, so Mrs. Wilson …………….. (look forward) to it very much.

 

XVII. Correct the mistakes.

 

1. The dishes has been washed.

2. The letters are being opened every morning in the office.

3. Your homework must finished by Monday.

4. The woman seen taking the children to school.

5. Mike has been tell about the new park.

6. The cars stole from the car park.

7. The house is been decorated recently.

8. The centre will visit by the king next month.

 

XVIII. Translate the sentences into English using the Passive Voice. Mind the word order.

 

1. Этот рассказ обсудили на уроке литературы. 2. Его воспитала сестра. 3. Не беспокойся, ему помогут в работе. 4. Эту статью написал один английский журналист. 5. Статья должна быть переведена к пяти часам. 6. Когда я вернусь домой, все мои чемоданы будут уже уложены. 7. Все эти книги взяты из библиотеки. 8. Я думала, что хлеб и масло купит моя сестра. 9. В Санкт-Петербурге строят много домов. 10. Стихи Роберта Бернса знают во многих странах мира. 11. Когда Чарльз Диккенс был маленьким мальчиком, его отца посадили в долговую тюрьму. 12. Наш дом сейчас ремонтируют. 13. Этот кинотеатр был построен до того, как мы приехали сюда. 14. Кто написал это письмо? 15. Эти цветы только что сорвали.

 

XIX. a) Write the verbs from which the following adjectives are derived:

 

reliable, suitable, remarkable, exhaustible, different, considerable, extensive, notable, conductive, productive, removable, sufficient, expensive, effective;

 

b) write the nouns from which the following adjectives are derived:

 

useful, economic, advantageous, careful, conventional, electronic, powerless, dangerous, industrial, technological, waterless, practical, successful.

 

XX. Choose the right suffix to derive adjectives from the following words:

 

NOUNS	VERBS	SUFFIXES
beauty efficiency help importance wonder product magnet profit luck child	to invent to depend to separate to remark to comfort to observe to change to avail to permit to value	- able - ive - ful - ant - ic - ent - y - ish

 

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