С ранней весны до поздней осени

eri used v-.1ith imperfective verbs in present tense in referencet

he preposition с denotes that an action begun in the past апо is ⁰ progress. lt indicates the moment at which the action was performed. он вас ждёт с десяти часов. Не has been waiting foryou

en о clock.

Нина с утра ушла в университет. Nina went to the universitytn

·he morning.

с утра пошёл сильный дождь и подул холодный ветер.

lt started raining heavily in the morning and а cold wind was Ыowing.

(с) cause of action

The preposition с in causal expressions has а colloquial flavour and m

„ riting is used only in а number of fixed expressions predominantl

emotional in meaning.

Она поступила так со злости. She acted that way out of anger

Вера была готова сгореть со стыда. Vera was ready to die о

shame.

Лена с горя расплакалась. Lena cried from grief.

COMMON EXPRESSIONS:

from morning till night

from early spring to late autu

р,:ть с кого-либо пример r·· issюn 01 consent

с вawero разрешения

t t·~e un1t е¹ • • ployed in calculation проценты с тысячи рублей о--.ай пять тонн пшеницы

С гектара

С горя сдосады со скуки со стыда

from grief

from annoyance from boredom from shame

с тоски from anguish

ln а\1 the above common expressions the preposition от may Ье use

instead of the preposition с. (lf in douЬt it is almost always safe to use от.

(d) manner of action

писать с большой буквы перевести с русского языка

to write with а capital letter to translate from the Russian

\anguage

to tollow:san1ebod

itt1 your per·r11ission

interest trom а thousэnd har vest of t,v hectare

) ~₀ пта- е а сору of

снимите копию с этого письма. Make а сору of this letter.

соммоN /0/ОМАТIС EXPRESSIONS:

с начала до конца с головы до ног со сна

с минуты на минуту

с часу на час

Свиду

с точки зрения

from begiпning to епd from head to foot

half awak,.

every minute

every hour

1n арреагапсо

from the point of view

з.З.46. СБОКУ - from one side, on one side

The preposition сбоку is used to indicate а location.

«•.. Задремавший Лёнька лежал калачиком сбоку деда (Горький). ¹¹ ••• Leonka was curled up in а ball dozing off lying Ьу hi

grandfather's side" (Gorkij).

Сбоку дома пристроили веранду. They built а veranda on th...

side of the house.

When сбоку is not followed Ьу а word in the genitive case it is an ad-

erb and indicates а direction of action.

Молодая женщина подошла к нам сбоку. А young woman ар-

proached us from the side.

Она смотрела на экран сбоку. She was looking at the display

тога the side.

вид сбоку view from the side

3.3.47. СВЕРХ- over, besides, above, beyond The preposition is used to indicate:

(а) an excess of effort ог work

Олег выполнил многое сверх программы. Oleg did.

addition to his program. а lot 1r1

See also кроме, помимо.

(Ь) а state which is beyond the normal state

сверх тарифа over rate

сверх веех ожиданий beyond all expectations

3.3.48. СВЫШЕ - over, more than, beyond

The preposition свыше is used to indicate an excess, greater in quantity, in numbers of objects or persons.

в моей библиотеке свыше пяти тысяч книг. 1 have more than five thousand books in my library.

На конференции присутствовало свыше ста человек. There were more than а hundred people at the conference.

Температура была свыше сорока градусов. The temperature was over forty degrees.

Свыше is а preposition only when it is followed Ьу а word in the genitive case. lf свыше is not followed Ьу а word in the genitive case it is an ас­verb and it means "from above" or "from heaven".

«Привычка свыше нам дана...» (Пушкин). "Hablts are given to us from above... " (Pushkin).

З.З.49. СЗАДИ - behind

The preposition сэади is used to indicate а relationship between the objects in space - one object being behind the other.

Сэади хоэяина медленно шла его собака. The dog was slowly

following his master.

Сэади машины был ещё прицеп. Thetrailerwasbehindthecar.

Сэади is an adverb when it is not tollowed Ьу а word in the genitive

case.

Олег зашёл сэади. Oleg came from behind.

50 снизУ - from below

3,З. ·

The preposition снизу is used to indicate а d'..

irectюn in space

снизу гор поднимался туман. The fog was rising fro Ь ₁ •

m е owthe

,-iountains...

снизv is an adverb when 1t 1s not followed Ьу а word. th..

·.. ¹n е gen1t1ve

and it indicates а опеспоп. ·ase

движение снпэу вверх а movement upwards from below

мальчик прибежал снпэу. А Ьоу run up from down ь ₁ eow.

з.з.s1. СРЕДИ (СРЕДЬ poetic) - among, in the midst of

amongst '

The preposition среди is used to indicate:

(а) relationship between objects in space

Среди планет Солнечной системы Юпитер _ самая большая планета. Jupiter is the Ьiggest planet among the planets of the Solar System.

Среди цветов в нашем саду была одна роза. There was а single rose amidst the flowers in our garden.

В этом лесу среди берёз вырос высокий дуб. There was а tall oak tree among the birches in this forest.

(Ь} relationship of time

Среди ночи начался сильный дождь.

Heavy rain started to fall in the middle of the night.

(с) relationship among other persons, things ог events

Среди студентов ходили разговоры об экзаменах. There was talk about the examinations among the students.

Среди нас не было ни одного хорошего музыканта. There was not а single good musician among us.

Нина хорошо пела и была популярна среди друзей. Nina was а good singer and was very popular among the friends.

Футбол - популярный вид спорта среди молодыхлюдей.

Football is а very popular sport among young men.

Среди птичьего хора была слышна трель соловья.

Anightingale's song was heard among the choir of the Ьirds.

Я нашла среди английских книг одну русскую книгу. 1 found one Russian book among the English books.

N. Ryan

RUSSIAN GENIТ/VE: ITS FORMS AND USAGE

з.З.52. ТИПА - kind of, like, similar to (colloquial) Это здание было типа древнего замка. This build'

ing Was1·k

an old castle. ¹ е

Дерево было типа южной пальмы. The tree was а kind

of south-

ern palm.

З.З.53. У - at, Ьу, near

The preposition у is used to indicate:

(а) а position of an object at, Ьу or near some other object in space диван стоял у стены. The sofa was near the wall.

До рога прох_одила у подножия горы. There was а гоао at the foot of the гпошпаш.

Вечерами в лагере молодые люди пели песни у кост

h I ра.

ln the evenings at the camp t е young реор е were singing around the ₁. пе.

Мои друзья жили у моря. Му friends lived Ьу the sea.

(Ь) that someone is at somebody's place or lives there

Нина живёт у родителей. Nina lives with her parents. Олег остановился у друзей. Oleg stayed with his friends. Я люблю быть у себя дома. 1 like to Ье at my own place.

(с) an ownership or possession

У Нины есть машина. Nina has а car. У Олега есть собака. Oleg has а dog.

У моей сестры хороший голос. Му sister has а good voice.

(d) the source of acquisition of something

Я взяла у Нины словарь на короткое время. 1 borrowed adic-

tionary from Nina.

Мой друг взял у меня учебник. Му friend took my book.

У Нины Олег узнал об экзамене. Oleg found outfrom Ninaabout

the examination.

(е) а belonging, being а part of а whole

У ступа была сломана ножка. The leg of the chair was broken.

У платья была сторвана пуговица. А button of the dress was

missing.

Although in Russian there is а verb which corresponds to the English

verb to have - иметь, the possession in Russian is expressed Ьу ^the genitive case prepositional construction with the preposition У·

ession of possession

(f) expr...

гпе prepos1tюn у+ the possessor In the genitive case:

у меня есть врем я. 1 have time.

у меня было время. 1 had time.

завтра у меня будет время. Tomorrow I will have time. у Ивана голубы: глаза. lv~n has Ыuе eyes.

у нины хорошии голос. Nina has а good voice.

у студентов будут экзамены. Students will have examinations. Possessive prepositional constructions of this type are frequently used

. d of the possessive pronoun-adjective.

₁₁₁stea.

у меня в комнате - 1n my room, rather than в моей комнате у меня на столе - on my tаЫе, rather than на моём столе

у меня за домом - behind my house, rather than за моим

домом.

у меня в кармане - 1n my pocket, rather than в моём кармане у него в доме - at his house, rather than в его доме

C0MMON EXPRESS/ON:

быть у власти to Ье in power /to Ье at the helm