Is smoking beneficial for you?

 

Smokers stay hooked for a variety/variation (1) of reasons. One powerful inducement to continue smoking is to avoid the inconvenience/discomfort (2) of nicotine cut-down. However, ten cigarettes a day is enough to avoid withdrawal/drawer (3) symptoms. This is because nicotine literally/literary (4) alters the availability of important brain chemical involved in the feeling of reward/award (5) and well-being.

There is evidence that nicotine makes task performance easier, improves/approves (6) memory, reduces anxiety, increases tolerance /

tolerant (7) of pain, and reduces hunger. Nicotine produces these temporal/temporary (8) improvements in performance through a remarkable two-step process. Depending/dependent (9) on how the cigarette is smoked – short puffs versus long drags – the smoker is aroused/raised (10) or calmed. Smokers can adjust nicotine intake to selected/selectively (11) enhance these effects. Nicotine is a self- administered/administrated (12) drug that, unlike/like (13) marijuana or alcohol, has short-lived effects that do not interfere with normal sociable/social (14) intercourse.

Regardless of this amazing/amusing (15) evidence, smoking kills seven times more people than automobile accidents/incidents (16).

 

10. Образуйте соответствующее однокоренное слово.

LIVING A LONG TIME

It is often said the Japan (1) as a nation, on average, live much longer than Europeans. To a large extend (2), this must be due tothe food the Japanese eat, since regarding life-style, life in modern Japan is no less stress (3) than that in the west. The Japanese live main (4) on a diet consisting of fish and rice. A typical Japanese family consumes at little (5) twice as many vegetables as we do in Europe. In compare (6) with Europeans, the Japanese eat less meat and

few (7) potatoes; at the same time they eat seven times more fresh fish than we do, which makes their diet far health (8). It is need (9) to say that, in general, the Japanese consume consider (10) less sugar than Europeans, though the modern Japanese – frequent visit (11) to Europe on business or for pleasure – are discovering the pleasures and dangers of western-style eat (12) habits.

 

 

11. Образуйте соответствующее однокоренное слово.

GOOD NEWS FOR BALDIES

 

Finnish scientists believe they have discovered a nature (1) substance that helps hair growth. Although not a medicine (2) condition, baldness has

repeat (3) attracted promises of cures, most of them false. But this new formula has proved particularly success (4). The treatment was discovered accidentally and involves a combine (5) of tablets and the apply (6) of a lotion on the affected areas. The manufacture (7) of the product have made a suggest (8) to the effect that the preparation may correct vitamin deficient (9). However, there is no define (10) evidence to back up such a claim. Longer try (11) need to be done to provide prove (12) that this really works.

 

 

12. Образуйте соответствующее однокоренное слово.

RUNNING

In ancient Greece running had a special importance as the open (1) event of the Olympics and was part of public games. Successful runners were held in great respect and reception (2) the highest rewards. Running is a natural active (3), and it is also a central part of many other sports like football and tennis. As separate event like the marathon, it requires very special prepare (4). If athletes are skill (5), they can use opportunities to save vitality (6) seconds and increase their leading (7) over other compete (8). Regular running improves general health and fitness, sharp (9) the senses and enhances stamina. Many doctors comment on the popular (10) of running. They say the combine (11) of exercise and running is the best way to stay in shape and lose body fat. There is even a theory that regular running results in brain development and better balanced person (12). Although this theory seems too simple (13) and unscientific, it may provide a tempt (14) solution for people who are looking for practice (15) ways to improve their health and develop positive attitude to the world.

 

 

13. Образуйте соответствующее однокоренное слово.

EXERCISE – THE CASE AGAINST

We are always being told about the beneficial effects of regular and vigour (1) physical exercise. But how often do you hear people talking about the

harm (2) aspects of this modern obsess (3) with health and fitness? It is time people realized that exercising is an addict (4). The act of exercising releases a chemical in the brain which has the pleasure (5) effect of making you feel both relaxed and energy (6). It is, in fact, a drug. That is why real fitness-freaks feel the need to work out increase (7) often, and become nerve (8) and depressed if they are kept away from the gym for too long. So before you sign up for a year’s member (9) at your local health club, ask yourself if you are really will (10) to sacrifice your freedom and self-respect for the sake of “fitness”.

 

 

14. Образуйте соответствующее однокоренное слово.

MOUNTAINEERING

Mountaineering is almost a unique sport, as theclimberis in compete (1) with nature itself rather than with other humans. For this reason it is an extremely danger (2) activity. Nature does not follow any rules or regulate (3), and can often play fair (4). Profession (5) mountaineers are quite aware of the risks involved in their sport. Although they are adventure (6) spirits at heart, they have a full understand (7) of the vital safetymeasures necessary to keep them life (8), and never know (9) put themselves in needless danger. On the other hand, they say that the sense of achieve (10) at the end of a climb is directly proportion (11) to the risks involved. Even if you have been active (12) in the past, this fact won’t keep you from building you physical capable (13) through mountaineering. Being included in groups that have specify (14) objectives, such as reaching the top of a mountain, and being trained by a friend (15) coach, who takes proud (16) in your results, will benefit you socially as well as physically.

 

 

JOKES

· They are marketing a new cure for baldness. It does not grow hair; it just shrinks your head to fit what hair you have got.

 

· Now I have started to lose my hair you should charge me less for a haircut.

– On the contrary, I should charge you more for looking for it.

 

· The most difficult part of a diet isn’t watching what you eat. It’s watching what other people eat.

 

· Walking is a pleasure only when you can afford to drive if you want to.

 

· A lady saw an old man rocking merrily on his front porch. He had a happy smile on his face. She approached him and asked him about his secret of a long and happy life.

“I smoke four packages of cigarettes a day, drink five bottles of Scotch a week, eat a lot of fatty food and I never exercise.”

“Amazing! How old are you?”

“I am twenty-six”, he replied.

 

1. Выберите подходящее слово из предложенных двух вариантов.

EVOLUTION OF NUTRITION

 

The need for regular/continuous (1) food caused Homo sapiens to turn from hunting, fishing and gathering to the development of agriculture and rearing/bringing up (2) livestock. It was a very slow process which lasted for thousands of years, and for which no one can claim paternity/patent (3). The habit of harvesting which was gained/acquired (4) between the 7th and 6th centuries BC was the very basis of civilization. Indeed it strengthened/ enforced (5) settlement, which gave rise to towns, then states, politics, technology … and wars. The cultivation of ground led to that of the mind/brains (6). Being isolated geographically, and therefore also genetically, the peoples began to differential/differentiate (7) and their religions to diversify/diverse (8).

One change has come about since the first grain harvest: the intervention/interference (9) of industry. Agricultural mechanization has greatly reduced/minimized (10) the agrarian class, causing a radial/

radical (11) modification of society. Food preservation/store (12) and then the whole food industry have certainly destroyed/eliminated (13) the threat of food shortage in the industrial countries, which persisted/insisted (14) in Europe until the 18th century and later in some countries. Now replete, the industrial societies have adopted/adapted (15) dietary rules.

Though of small significance, the diversification/diversion (16) of cultures, helped by voyages of exploration, and the practices of agricultural selection have also caused integrated/integral (17) changes in plant and animal species. There is no longer much in general/common (18) between the Mexican corn of yesteryear (the distant past) and modern corn, and our farmers really would be surprised if they saw a Middle Ages pig, a remarkable creature/creation (19) with flat flanks and powerful bone structure.The advent/adventure (20) of the potato has changed the diet of half the world making it the typical staple till the middle of the 20th century.

 

 

2. Образуйте соответствующее однокоренное слово.

FOOD: QUALITY VS. QUANTITY

 

Whether to buy genetically engineered food or not seems to depend on what kind of person you are. While some people find it attract (1), the others regard it as a growing menace to health. There are quite a lot of contradict (2) among these points of view. Whatever the attitude to this new thing is, this food is going to become soon a normal part of our diets.

As the name of this food implies, it comes from the word genes. Genes are the carry (3) of genetic information, which passes from one generate (4) to another, making sure that humans give birth to humans and cows give birth to cows. The mechanism of genes’ transmit (5) from parents to their offspring is still being studied. Trying to learn how genes operate, scientists may take genes from one species – for example, a scorpion, and transfer them to another – for example, corn. They may also introduction (6) duck genes into chickens to make the chickens bigger or put hormones into cows to make them produce more milk. In this way a new life form is created. These new life forms have been description (7) as a “real-life Frankenstein”. The genetic operate (8) do not make the new life forms cheaper, tastier or health (9). They just make it easier and faster for the farmer to grow.

The affect (10) of genetic engineering on our health are not known. Such genes as those of scorpions, rats, mice and moths can hardly be called harm (11) – so they can't be included in the foods that are part of our diet.

The experiments with the natural world may result in disaster (12) consequences. The engineers may create life forms – monsters – that we cannot control. The new life forms have no natural habit (13) or home. They will have to find one, fight for one – or kill for one. Moreover, the effects of these experiments can often be cruel. In America, some animals were given human genes to make them bigger and less fat (14). The experiment failed. The animals became very ill and began to lose their eye (15). Some people believe, though, that genetic engineering could be the solve (16) to the problem of famine and it will thus save the lives of starve (17) people.

We must all aim to raise aware (18) of the dangers of carrying out cruel experiments with nature. In the story, Frankenstein created such a fright (19) and heart (20) monster that he had to destroy it. We must make sure that it remains a story – and no more than that.

 

3. Образуйте соответствующее однокоренное слово.

CANNED FOOD

Anxious (1) over the preservation of food is doubt (2) as old as humanity. Ever since man hunted, he must have realized that the meat of his game would go rotten and become harm (3) in certain circumstances. However, even primitive treat (4) like drying or salting could prevent meat and fish from losing their organoleptic qualities. It is also known that from the 3rd or 4th millennium before Christ man used special places like caves for store (5) his surplus food. The Chinese seem to have mastered three techniques of preservation by the 1st millennium: the first, by salting, the second by using spices, and the third by ferment (6) in wine. Moreover, the Chinese had improved the process of drying by its combine (7) with smoking. It is with the Chinese therefore that the actual invention of preservation of food began.

These technical (8) hardly varied for at least two and a half millennia. There was an obvious problem with all of them, which was firstly gastronomic and then diet (9): these foods always tasted strongly of salt or vinegar. Apart from pickled foods and other similar conserve (10) methods, there was no progress in the domain of the preservation of food until the invention of appertization.

Nicolas Appert, a confection (11) in Paris, was the first to have the idea, in 1780, that heat apply (12) to sealed jars could prevent the fermentation of food; he began to put it to the test. The idea was so remarkable, yet mature (13), that it was only Pasteur, nearly one century later, who proof (14) that heat actually killed the bacteria respond (15) for fermentation.

From 1815 number (16) canning industries were created all over the world.

 

4. Выберите подходящее слово из предложенных четырех вариантов.

SALT

Salt is (1) ___ to life. At one time it was considered so valuable that it was actually (2) ___ as a god. Roman soldiers used to be paid “salt money”, which is where the world “salary” (3) ___ from. Nowadays, however, salt is so (4) ___ that few people even (5) ___ to think about it. But perhaps they should.

The human body needs so little salt to (6) ___ its balance that it is very easy to (7) ___ too much of it. An (8) ___ of salt in the diet can lead to high blood pressure, which in turn can increase the risk of heart disease. Cooking with salt also reduces the nutritional (9) ___ of the food. For example, spinach boiled in salted water loses 50% of its iron, (10) ___ to only 19% when boiled in salt- (11) ___ water. Many people have the habit of (12) ___ salt to their food when they are at the table. Some even do this before they have tasted the food. This is one of the (13) ___ why the (14) ___ person in Britain eats two and a half to three teaspoons of salt every day. The maximum recommended (15) ___ is one and a half, and the (16) ___ amount is just half a teaspoon.

 

	A substantial	B necessary	C essential	D significant
	A worshipped	B praised	C adored	D respected
	A arrived	B originated	C appeared	D emerged
	A typical	B average	C widespread	D common
	A mind	B worry	C bother	D labor
	Asustain	B retain	C obtain	D contain
	A consumption	B assume	C resume	D consume
	A access	B excess	C except	D assess
	A quality	B validity	C value	D evaluation
	A compared	B comparable	C incomparable	D opposed
	A free	B clean	C empty	Dclear
	A inserting	B mixing	C including	D adding
	A possibilities	B justification	C reason	D explanations
	A ordinary	B average	C common	D usual
	A dosage	B dose	C overdose	D doze
	A ideal	B superior	C good	D excellent

 

5. Выберите подходящее слово из предложенных двух вариантов.

A SHORT HISTORY OF BEEF

The word beef, which refers/denotes (1) to the flesh of a cow or an ox, did not come to England with William the Conqueror, as many people suggest/suppose (2): it was first brought over from France towards the end of the thirteenth century. There are recordings/records (3) of beef being eaten nearly 4 500 years ago and beef was the most favoured/favourite (4) food with the Romans when they arrived/reached (5) in Britain.

The Anglo Saxons tended to prefer mutton or pork, but the Normans were decisively/ definitely (6) keener on beef. The Normans also preferred cow’s milk to sheep’s milk and as a result there was a steady/stable (7) rise in the number of cows in Britain, so that by the thirteenth century beef had become

the country’s favourite/favourable (8) meat. It has kept that pose/position (9) ever since and the ‘roast beef of old England’ has a special placement/

place (10) not only in the hearts of the English people but also in their cuisine/kitchen (11), especially when beef is accompanied/served (12) by Yorkshire pudding, a traditional English dish.

The word beef has also possessed/acquired (13) several metaphorical meanings in everyday/nowadays (14) English. It can mean 'muscular/ masculine (15) power or effort', as in the adjective ‘ beefy ’ or ‘ to complain ’ in ‘Stop beefing about your job all the time’. Both of these uses of the word came over from the United States in the nineteenth century.

6. Заполните пропуски подходящими по смыслу словами из предложенного списка.

WORCESTERSHIRE SAUСE

	retirement order safe local wonderful original manufacturers horrible clearing stuff natural annually

 

Fifty million bottles of Lea and Perrins Worcestershire sauce are now sold (1) ___ in 130 different countries.

The (2) ___recipe did not come from Worcestershire, however, and at the beginning Mr Lea and Mr Parrins, the (3) ___, did not even like it.

It was lord Marcus Sandys who, on his (4) ___from the post of the Governor of Bengal in India, brought in the recipe to Worcester in 1835. He asked the

(5) ___ chemist’s shop, Lea and Perrins, to make up several bottles of this

(6) ___for him.

They carried out his (7) ___, making some sauce for themselves as well. But, deciding it tasted (8) ___, they put it in the cellar and forgot about it. Two years later, when (9) ___ up the cellar they found the bottles, tasted the sauce and thought it was (10) ___.

The sauce is still made to the same secret recipe and the bottles you buy in the shops are about three years old. Even when one hundred years old, the sauce is said to be not only (11) ___, but also still very good indeed, despite the fact that it ­contains­ only (12) ___ ingredients.

 

7. Выберите подходящее слово из предложенных двух вариантов.

TOMATO

 

The first known mention/recollection (1) of the Italian tomato in Italy dates back to the year 1544. It was then that the herbalist Mattioli called it ‘ Pomidoro ’, which means ‘ Golden Apple ’, referring/meaning (2) possibly to the golden colour of the original yellow vegetable known at that time. Tomatoes were then cultivated into bright red varieties/variations (3) and according to Mattioli they were cut into slices/strips (4) and eaten fried/roasted (5) in oil with salt and pepper.

In 1811, the Italian cook Filippo Re discovered that if tomatoes were crushed/crashed (6), cooked and afterwards dried in the sun they turned into a red paste. This was an ideal way of preserving/saving (7) the tomato throughout the year, allowing the preparation of many dishes such as sauces and stews. Around the 1840s this product started to be commercialized/industrialized (8) and sold in markets, where it was served on fresh fig leaves.

It was later recognized that the tomato was packed full of many worthy/precious (9) vitamins and other substances contained/consisted (10) in the seeds, along with a low calorie count/account (11) and can be suitable for a vast number of culinary uses. The varioustechnologies for preservation were created, enabling/empowering (12) tomatoes to be used throughout the year and in the subsequent/consequent (13) years the tomato has become second only to the potato as the most popular vegetable in the world.

 

8. Образуйте соответствующее однокоренное слово.

IT TAKES YOUR BREATH AWAY!

The art of cooking requires the use of garlic. Of course, the eating of garlic is not general (1) approved of. Working beside someone who has eaten garlic is as bad as sitting beside someone who is smoking. But while smoking is define (2) bad for you, there is no doubt that garlic eating is good for the health. Cultivate (3) and export of garlic has become big business now that so many people use it for flavour (4) meat and adding to different dishes. This eating habit appeared at a very early date in history. It is known for sure that by the 1st century BC the Egyptian market gardens included a great various (5) of products, garlic being among them. It was due to trade between countries that garlic came from the regions which are now Tadzhikstan and Ouzbekistan.

Not only cooks used garlic to give flavour to food but also doctors found it benefit (6). Since old times garlic has been among the products which contribution (7) to good health. Addition (8), people who do not eat garlic can more easy (9) catch a cold than people who do. Nothing will cure the common cold if you have caught it, but there are some palliative steps which may be taken. You may take aspirin and other medicine (10) which act to relieve your comfort (11). It is also advisable to stay in bed if you can, drink plentiful (12) of liquids, and partake of some home remedy that has been around for centuries: the chicken broth your mother makes and a few cloves of garlic which is supposed to increase the natural resist (13) the human body has to virus (14) infection.

Apart from eating garlic when trying to combat a disease, you may eat it just for please (15). Being a garlic eater is something to be proud of and shows you enjoy good living. So do not ignore this excellent product whose story is really a breath (16) success.

9. Образуйте соответствующее однокоренное слово.

ICE CREAM

Ice cream is rated as America’s favourite dessert, and it is heavily consumption (1). A kind of ice cream was created in China four thousand years ago. At this point in ancient history, people had just begun to get milk from farm animals, and the white liquid was a value (2) commodity. A favourite dish of the noble (3) consisted of a sort paste made from cook (4) rice, spices, and milk, and the mix (5) was packed in snow to solid (6). This milk ice was considered to be a symbol of wealthy (7) at that time. The Chinese also developed various types of desserts made from ice combination (8) with different fruits, and by the thirteenth century many flavors of these ice (9) desserts were being sold on the streets of Peking.

From China, Marco Polo brought recipes for these wonderful desserts to fourteenth-century Italy. Before long, freeze (10) desserts traveled from Italy to France. And when Catherine de’ Medici married King Henry II of France, she introduction (11) into that country a semifrozen dessert made from cream.

Soon a way to quickly freeze the ice cream and iced fruits developed; cooks from different countries added to the popular (12) of the ices by introducing chocolate coat (13), thus evolving the concept of a product that brings

happy (14) both to children and adults everywhere.

10. Выберите подходящее слово из предложенных четырех вариантов.

MARGARINE

Napoleon III of France was responsible for the invention of the butter (1) ___ known as margarine. He was looking for a cheap (2) ___ to butter for poorer people of the society, and for his army and navy. So he set up a prize (3) ___ to see who would come up with the best (4) ___.

There was only one (5) ___ into this competition, from a man called Mèges-Mouriès. He had spent over two years experimenting, and finally found an (6) ___ butter substitute made from milk and (7) ___ animal fats. It tasted quite pleasant, and spread well on bread, but it was pure white. Despite its colour, Mèges-Mouriès invention was (8) ___ the prize. Yellow (9) ___ was added to it at a later date.

Margarine soon went into mass (10) ___ and was exported all over the world. In Britain it was called “Butterine”, until active (11) ___from farmers led to that name being made (12) ___. Farmers in America were not happy about the new (13) ___ on the market either. They (14) ___ to the yellow colouring, saying that it made margarine resemble butter so closely that it could (15) ___ consumers.

In effect, Napoleon III’s competition is still going on. The ultimate (16) ___ of every margarine manufacturer is to produce a product that is (17) ___ to distinguish from butter. And they keep trying.

 

 

	A substance	B substitution	C subsistence	D substitute
	A option	B replacement	C alternative	D alternation
	A contest	B conquest	C competitor	D conqueror
	A resolution	B decision	C salvation	D solution
	A competitor	B applicant	C attempt	D entry
	A unexpected	B excepted	C acceptable	D accessible
	A varying	B verified	C versatile	D various
	A rewarded	B honored	C deserved	D awarded
	A colouration	B paint	C colouring	D dye
	A production	B creation	C industry	D construction
	A objection	B protests	C negation	D rejection
	A unjustified	B unauthorized	C illegal	D unjust
	A emergence	B appearance	C entry	D arrival
	A protested	B objected	C disagreed	D argued
	A deceive	B conceive	C perceive	D receive
	A ambition	B objective	C goal	D purpose
	A improbable	B unable	C impossible	D incapable

 

 

11. Заполните пропуски подходящими по смыслу словами из предложенного списка.

CHOCOLATE

Until the Spanish (1) ___ brought chocolate back from the New World, it was totally (2) ___ in Europe. Arriving in Mexico in the early 1500s, Hernán Cortés discovered that the Indians drank a delicious, dark, frothy beverage called chocolatl, (3) ___ from the beans of the native cacao plant. Cacao beans were so highly valued in the area that they were used as (4) ___. In the marketplace of Chichén Itzá, a center of Mayan Indian civilization, four beans would buy a pumpkin and 100 would buy a slave. The Indians of Mexico seemed to have (5) ___ to chocolate as well. Whenever the Aztec Indian king Montezuma did not drink his 50 cups of chocolatl a day, it is said, he would feel a strong (6) ___ need for it.

It is a good thing for the chocolate lovers of the world that Cortés actually met Montezuma. If he hadn’t, the delicious (7) ___ might never have crossed the ocean to Spain. Chocolate was popular in Spain for a century before the news of its (8) ___ taste and reputed medicinal and psychological (9) ___ spread to other European countries.

Theobromine, a substance (10) ___ to caffeine, is found in chocolate, which explains why people felt (11) ___ after drinking chocolate. Doctors reported that chocolate was an effective medicine, imparting energy, among other things.

Chocolate was primarily a beverage until the 1800s, when a Swiss chocolatier (12) ___ it with milk to get solid chocolate. This eventually resulted in the wide (13) ___ of candies and candy bars that we enjoy today. Chocolate cake or cookies which anyone can hardly (14) ___ tasting would probably never have been developed if it had not been for an unusual (15) ___ of events dating to the 16th century.

 

 

12. Образуйте соответствующее однокоренное слово.

COCA-COLA

John Pemberton, a chemist from Georgia, as responsible for the invent (1) of Coca-Cola in 1886. He decided to make a syrup that was both origin (2) and thirst-quenching.

In his drugstore, he produced a mix (3) of cola-nut extract, sugar and caffeine. The exact compose (4) is still a secret. A few months later, one of Pemberton’s assistants mistake (5) served Coca-Cola with add (6) soda water, which turned out to be very successful. To market his new drink Pemberton decided to form a partner (7) with Frank Robertson whose elegant hand (8) was used for the Coca-Cola trademark.

In 1985, the introduce (9) of an improved recipe called New Coke didn’t meet with the approve (10) of Coke drinkers and the old recipe was revived.

 

13. Заполните пропуски подходящими по смыслу словами из предложенного списка.

THE SANDWICH

 

 

John Montague, the eleventh Earl of Sandwich, was so keen on (1) ___ that he could not (2) ___ himself from the card table, even for a meal. Once he spent 24 hours playing cards without once getting up to eat or drink. Instead, to stop himself from feeling hungry during the game, he had his servants make him a special (3) ‘ ___ ’ meal, made up of a piece of cold beef between two slices of (4) ___. There was nothing (5) ___ in putting a piece of bread round vegetables or even round a (6) ___ of meat. It had been done for as long as bread itself had (7) ___. However, it was this famous (8) ___ that gave the snack a name; the sandwich. The first written record we have of the use of the word in this (9) ___ goes back to 1762. The word was well (10) ___ by the middle of the nineteenth century and even began to be used as a verb meaning ‘ to put something between two things of another type ’, as in, ‘I found myself sandwiched between a crowd of football fans and a brick wall.’ Also, someone who carries two (11) ___ boards over his shoulders came to be known as a ‘ sandwich man ’.

 

14. Образуйте соответствующее однокоренное слово.