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2023-02-03 | 28 |
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Whenever a new technology emerges with the potential to
change the way people live and work, it sparks lively debate about
its impact on our world and concern over how widely it should be
adopted. Some people will view the technology with tremendous
optimism, while others will view it as threatening and disruptive.
When the telephone was first introduced, many critics thought it
would disrupt society, dissolve communities, erode privacy, and
encourage selfish, destructive behavior. Others thought the telephone
was a liberating and democratizing force that would create new
business opportunities and bring society closer together. The Internet
brings many of these arguments back to life. Some optimists view
the Internet as humanity’s greatest invention—an invention on
the scale of the printing press. They believe the Internet will bring
about unprecedented economic and political empowerment, richer
communication between people, a cultural renaissance, and a new
era of economic prosperity and world peace. At the other extreme,
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pessimists think the Internet will result in economic and cultural
exploitation, the death of privacy, and a decline in values and social
standards.
If history is any guide, neither side of these arguments will be
proved right. Just as the telephone, electricity, the automobile, and
the airplane shaped our world in the 20th century, the Internet will
shape the early years of the 21st, and it will have a profound—and
overwhelmingly positive — impact on the way we work and live. But
it will not change the fundamental aspects of business and society—
companies will still need to make a profit, people will still need their
social framework, education will still require great teachers.
However, the current debate over how widely we should adopt
this technology does raise some serious issues that must be addressed
to make the most of the Internet’s vast potential.
Protecting intellectual property. The Internet makes it possible
to distribute any kind of digital information, from software to books,
music, and video, instantly and at virtually no cost. The software
industry has struggled with piracy since the advent of the personal
computer, but as recent controversy over file sharing systems such
as Napster and Gnutella demonstrates, piracy is now a serious issue
for any individual or business that wants to be compensated for the
works they create. And since the Internet knows no borders, piracy
is now a serious global problem. Strong legislation such as the Digital
Millennium Copyright Act (DMCA), cooperation between nations to
ensure strong enforcement of international copyright laws, innovative
collaboration between content producers and the technology industry,
and standards developed by organizations like the Secure Digital Music
Initiative (SDMI) that can prevent or deter piracy have already made
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an impact on addressing this problem. But as more and more digital
media becomes easy to distribute over the Internet, the government
and private sector must work together to find appropriate ways to
protect the rights of information consumers and producers around
the world.
Regulating global commerce. Hal Varian and Michael Armstrong’s
contributions to this project detail another major challenge
the Internet poses to governments around the world: how can we
regulate Internet commerce — or should we do it at all? Because the
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Internet offers people an easy way to purchase goods and services
across state and national borders — generating tremendous economic
growth in the process — it makes global commerce even more
challenging to tax or regulate effectively. But since the Internet’s
economic effects result largely from the “friction free” commerce it
enables, any regulation that gets in the way comes at a price: lost
economic growth. As more and more business transactions take place
on the Internet, governments and businesses must cooperate to find
innovative ways to regulate and derive tax revenue from Internet
commerce without interfering with the economic benefits it can
provide.
Protecting individual privacy. In the coming years, people will
increasingly rely on the Internet to share sensitive information with
trusted parties about their finances, medical history, personal habits,
and buying preferences. At the same time, many will wish to safeguard
this information, and use the Internet anonymously. Although
technology has placed individual privacy at risk for decades — most
consumers regularly use credit cards and exchange sensitive
information with merchants over the telephone — privacy will become
a far more pressing issue as the Internet becomes the primary way for
people to manage their finances or keep in touch with their physician.
The use of personal information by retailers wishing to provide
personalized service and advertisers that want to target very specific
audiences — some of whom have resorted to gathering information
from consumers without notifying them — has greatly increased public
concern over the safety of personal information. It has also left many
people reluctant to trust the Internet with their data.
Private industry and many in government currently favor self
regulatory tools and privacy — enhancing technologies as the best
way to protect privacy. Today, several independent organizations
enforce commonly accepted “fair information practices” that ensure
honesty and accountability among companies that gather and use
personal information. But as Ellen Alderman and Caroline Kennedy’s
contribution to this project explains, it is still unclear whether this
approach is fully effective. Nonetheless, protecting individual privacy
is a major barrier that must be overcome — as soon as possible —
in order to keep the Internet moving forward.
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Keeping the Internet secure. Security has always been a major
issue for businesses and governments that rely on information
technology, and it always will be. Much the same is true for individual
security — long before the Internet, people were happily handing
their credit cards to restaurant waiters they had never met before,
and that too is unlikely to change. But as our economy increasingly
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depends on the Internet, security is of even greater concern. Widely
publicized incidents of Web site hacking, credit card fraud and
identity theft have given the Internet a largely unjustified “Wild
West” reputation. In order to keep the Internet a safe place to do
business, software companies have a responsibility to work together
to ensure that their products always offer the highest levels of security.
And the judicial system and the law enforcement community must
keep pace with technological advancements and enforce criminal laws
effectively and thoroughly.
Protecting our children. The Internet can revolutionize education,
giving children the opportunity to indulge their intellectual curiosity
and explore their world. But while it helps them to learn about
dinosaurs or world history, it can also expose them to obscene, violent
or inappropriate content. And since the Internet is an unregulated
global medium, it is hard to “censor” in any traditional way. The private
sector has already made great strides in giving parents and teachers
more control over what children can see and do on the Internet,
through filtering software that blocks access to objectionable Web
sites; industry standards such as the still evolving Platform for
Internet Content Selection (PICS) that enable helpful rating
systems; and Internet Service Providers (ISPs) that voluntarily
regulate the activities of their customers. Government has also played
a part, encouraging the growth of the market for child safety tools,
and increasing law enforcement’s role in policing and prosecuting
online predators. So far, the issue of protecting children on the Inter
net has served as an excellent example of how governments and
the private sector can work together to tackle problems on the
Internet.
Bridging the “digital divide”. The Internet can empower and
enrich the lives of disadvantaged people around the world — but
only if they have access to it. Robert Knowling and Ernest Wilson’s
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contributions to this project clearly show that the digital divide is
a global problem. In the United States, where a large percentage of
the population has access to the Internet, it’s easy to forget that most
of the world has never made a phone call, much less browsed the Web.
In the 1930s, the United States government helped bridge
the “electrical divide” by forming the Rural Electrification Administra
tion, which brought power to rural areas that could benefit most from
electrification. Similarly, “universal service” programs have helped
some remote areas and disadvantaged communities have access to
inexpensive telephone service. These efforts have been largely
successful in the United States, but on a worldwide scale there’s still
plenty of work to be done before the Internet can make a real
difference. It’s important to remember that much of the world is still
without adequate electrical power, telephone service, or even quality
healthcare and education. Bridging the digital divide is but one of
the many ways we can improve the quality of life worldwide.
However, the benefits of widespread access to the Internet and
communications technology are clear enough that governments now
need to decide whether a similar principle should be applied to ensure
that nobody is left behind in the Internet Age. What is government’s
role? The Internet is a constantly changing global network that
knows no borders, presenting a unique problem for governments that
need to address the many challenges it presents. In the coming years,
governments will have the opportunity to develop thoughtful and
innovative approaches to policies that protect their citizens while
nurturing the openness, flexibility, and economic opportunities that
make the Internet such a compelling technology.
The light hand of government regulation has created an
environment that has encouraged the Internet to flourish, and
enabled companies to bring their innovations to consumers at
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breathtaking speed. Over the next few years, governments worldwide
will find it rewarding to pursue policies that speed the building
of the infrastructure that will make it possible to bring the benefits
of the Internet to more people. This includes finding ways to speed
the implementation of broadband technologies, deregulate where
necessary to stimulate competition, resist the temptation to enact
new regulations, and redouble our efforts to protect content on
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the Internet by strengthening and enforcing intellectual property
rights.
The Internet gives people the opportunity to put their
knowledge to work and take advantage of greater opportunities to
lead productive and fulfilling lives. It is the gateway to vast amounts
of knowledge, art and culture. It provides equal access to information
and communications, allowing the formation of rich communities
and forging real connections between people. It breaks down
barriers between (and within) nations, opening up economies and
democratizing societies. And as cheap computing power becomes
more pervasive, the Internet can bring all these benefits to more and
more people around the world.
Ensuring that the Internet can have the broadest and most
positive impact on the greatest possible number of people will be
a tremendous challenge for our political and business leaders. There
are some key issues that need to be overcome to realize the Internet’s
full potential, but although they are challenging, they are not entirely
new and definitely not insurmountable.
And it’s clear that these are challenges worth facing — like
the printing press, the telephone, electricity or the automobile,
the Internet is a revolutionary technology that is transforming our world.
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