BIM modeling in power supply systems of oil producing enterprises.

In its concept, BIM is a 3D object visualization which reflects not only the geometric parameters, but also the general effect of the object on the environment, materials and everything related to the physical and functional characteristics of structures. The main advantage in visual modeling of oil producing enterprises is the ability to view underground parts and mechanisms of oil producing wells. This method allows taking into account the installation of equipment and assessing the possible risks during operation. If the models are adjusted depending on the period and operating conditions, maintenance, the likelihood of a reliable assessment of reliability indicators increases dramatically.

The visual model of the ETC at the OPE contains:

1 - the appearance of the modeling object;

2 - an approximate representation of the environment;

3 - actual parameters of the oil well;

4 - the position of the switching equipment;

5 - nominal parameters of electrical equipment.

       BIM in its pure form, without a mathematical apparatus, does not transmit information about the energy efficiency of the considered power supply system object of the fuel and energy complex.

       2.2. EIM and mathematical modeling in power supply systems of oil producing enterprises.

       The EIM is a database of all the power supply system elements, which reflect electrical parameters and operational characteristics. The latter are understood as the frequency of failures, the operating time of the equipment before repair or failure, the dates of putting into service and maintenance. In addition to the technical parameters, the EIM necessarily contains topological marks about the geographical position and relative location of each element of the enterprise's ETC. Thus, the EIM can be represented by a database, in which the required parameters are:

1 - ID of power supply system elements with topological marks;

2 - Rated electrical parameters;

3 - Linear indicators of energy efficiency;

4 -Data on the frequency and specific features of equipment maintenance over the period of operation.

       Mathematical models on the basis of the EIM database are calculated and formed:

1 - Parameters of electricity consumption and distribution;

2 - Current indicators of structural reliability;

3 - Adjusted data on the current energy efficiency of individual elements;

4 - Conclusion about the equipment condition and recommendations for routine inspections and maintenance of the ETC.

       When using various means and methods of calculation in conjunction with the EIM, it becomes possible to assess the consumption and distribution of electrical power within the ETC of the enterprise. For example, when using a matrix-topological method of calculation, it is possible to comprehensively assess the amount of electricity consumption and the way of its distribution

       [1-2]. The algorithm for a comprehensive assessment of electricity consumption and distribution is shown in Figure 1.

Figure 1 – Algorithm for a comprehensive assessment of electricity consumption and distribution

       The best solution is to break the object into levels according to the principle of hierarchy. The first level is the external power system, which is dependent on the operating mode of the entire enterprise. The second level defines the distribution networks within the modeling object. The third level is represented by a sublevel of transformer substations and consumers with a rated voltage below 1 kV. The hierarchical functional interaction of the ETC is shown in Figure 2.

Figure 2 – Functional interaction of different levels of the electrical complex

       The display of a holistic visual and energetic structure of an object requires a combination of BIM and EIM principles. When combining mathematical tools with BIM technologies, it will be possible to visually localize faults in power supply systems. This will increase the speed of repairs and have a positive effect on the ETC structural reliability at the OPE.

       3. Synergistic combination of the described modeling methods

       The possibility of the complete ETC description appears when all methods of modeling and information structuring of an object are combined. It consists in calculating the reliability indicators and electrical parameters of the equipment with the possibility of visual inspection of the external condition of the equipment. The cycle of interaction of different modeling methods to ensure a normal production process is shown in Figure 3 using the example of the OPE.

Figure 3 – The cycle of different modeling method interaction

       The method of complex modeling in conjunction with algorithms for helping decision-making [3] can simplify the process of operating electrical equipment due to the possibility of remote training of personnel. And due to the clarity of the models, the risk of emergencies during work is reduced.

       Now the complex modeling of ETC systems using the described methods is at the active stage of development. The research is being carried out in cooperation with LTD LUKOIL-PERM and the group of companies SPUTNIK.

       3. Conclusion

       Only when using continuous cycles of interaction of various modeling methods, it possible to monitor the technical condition of equipment and ensure high rates of production activity. Using the basic principles of modeling, a synergistic combination of mathematical description is proposed to complement the EIM and reflect the current indicators of electricity consumption in the BIM.

       Subject to the conditions for the use of the developed simulation models and strict adherence to the algorithms for supporting managerial decisions in the process of oil production, the limiting indicators of energy efficiency will be achieved, without slowing down the pace of production activities of oil producing enterprises. This approach of synergistic combination of different modeling methods will allow getting rid of incomplete information in existing monitoring systems.

Reference list

1. Использование матрично-топологического метода для расчета потребления электрической энергии по заранее сформированному набору данных / А. С. Семенов, А. Г. Лейсле, А. Б. Петроченков, А. В. Ромодин // Вестник Пермского национального исследовательского политехнического университета. Электротехника, информационные технологии, системы управления = Perm National Research Polytechnic University Bulletin. Electrotechnics, Information Technologies, Controlsystems. 2020. № 35. С. 184–201.

2. Опыт разработки физической модели погружного электрооборудования для тренажерных систем: исследовательская и обучающая задачи в повестке ключевого работодателя / А. Б. Петроченков, А. В. Ромодин, С. В. Мишуринских [и др.]. – Текст : электронный // Планирование и обеспечение подготовки кадров для промышленно-экономического комплекса региона : сборник трудов XVII Всероссийской научно-практической конференции, Санкт-Петербург, 14–15 ноября 2018 г. – Санкт-Петербург, 2018. Т. 1. С. 123–126. – URL: https://elibrary.ru/item.asp?id=36743604 (15.03.2021). –Режим доступа: для зарегистрир. пользователей электронной библиотеки «eLibrary.Ru».

3. Разработка системы поддержки управленческих решений по интеллектуальному управлению объектами нефтедобычи на месторождениях нефти и газа / А. Б. Петроченков, А. В. Ромодин, И. С. Лузянин [и др.] // Информационно-измерительные и управляющие системы = Information-measuring and control systems. 2018. Т. 16, № 9. С. 59–67.

 

Solomennikov Mikhail	Соломенников Михаил
Perm branch of the Ural State University of Roads	Пермский филиал Уральского государственного университета путей сообщения
Possibilities of using intermetallic compounds in modern industry	Возможности использования интерметаллических соединений в современной промышленности
Abstract: The work reveals the concept of intermetallic compounds as solid phases containing two or more metallic elements. The author analyzes the types of intermetallic compounds, their properties, strength characteristics. As a result of the analysis of authentic English-language sources, the author of the article comes to a conclusion about the spheres of application of intermetallic compounds.	Аннотация: Работа раскрывает концепцию интерметаллических соединений как твердых фаз, содержащих два или более металлических элементов. Автор анализирует типы интерметаллических соединений, их свойства, прочностные характеристики. В результате анализа аутентичных англоязычных источников, автор статьи приходит к выводу о сферах применения интерметаллических соединений.

       Key words: intermetallic compounds, strength, metal elements, Zintlom's classification.

       Introduction

       Intermetallic compounds attracted the attention of scientists (E. Zintlom, G. Schulz) in the first half of the XX century. The exact date of discovery was not found, but one of the earliest classifications of intermetallic compounds is the classification proposed by the German in origin, crystallographer Eduard Zintl in 1930.

In 1967, G.E.R. Schultz gave the definition of the word intermetallic. The scientist defines this term as solid phases containing two or more metallic elements, optionally with one or more non-metallic elements, the crystal structure of which is different from the crystal structure of other constituents of the solid phase.

       Classification

       Analyzing the concept of intermetallic compounds, it becomes clear that it is necessary, first of all, to subject them to numerous types of classification. Intermetallic compounds are divided into types, or so-called phases. There are many of these phases, but in the framework of this work we will consider only a few of them, namely: the Frank-Kasper phases, the Laves phases, the Novotny and Zintlom phases.

       Frank-Kasper phases are one of the most extensive classes of intermetallic compounds. These compounds are distinguished primarily by their interesting properties as structural and superconducting materials. They have a very complex structure.

       These are the types of Frank and Casper phases:

       A15 is a type of phases, the compounds of which are intermetallic alloys with a coordination number of 13.5 and eight atoms of stoichiometry A_3 B per one unit cell. Where two B atoms are surrounded by a CN12 polyhedron or icosahedrons, and six A atoms are surrounded by a CN14 polyhedron, for example: 〖Nb〗 _3 Ge - niobium-germanium - superconductor. The A15 phase connections are used as superconducting wires.

1) Sigma phases are a type of compounds that do not have a specific stoichiometric composition and are formed in the range from 6.2 to 7 in an electron / atom type compound. Such compounds have a primitive tetragonal cell of 30 atoms. Example: CrFe

2) Mu-phases - compounds of this phase have ideal stoichiometry A_6 B_7 with its prototype W_6 〖Fe〗 _7, containing a rhombohedral cell with 13 atoms. Despite the fact that this phase is very well studied, and its compounds are all described, scientists continue to find compounds related to this phase. All alloys assigned to the Mu-phase are in one way or another similar in number of atoms and structure to 〖Nb〗 _10 〖Ni〗 _9 〖Al〗 _3, which was found and described first. Alloys from this phase have high thermal stability and good superconductivity. We have described the phases so briefly due to the fact that they are based on the similarity of the resulting compounds.

       Laves phases.

       Laves phases are the most widespread and numerous group of alloys belonging to the Frank-Kasper phases. Despite the fact that the Laves Phases were described by Fritz Laves and H. Witte as early as 1936, they are part of the Frank-Kasper phases.

       Laves phase compounds are classified into several related structural types, but we will consider three:

1. Hexagonal type, example: MgZn2 (C14 in Strukturbericht notation), 12 atoms per unit cell.

2. Cubic type, example: MgCu2 (C15 in Strukturbericht notation), 24 atoms per unit cell.

       Hexagonal type, example: MgNi2 (C36 in Strukturbericht notation), 24 atoms per unit cell.

       In all Laves phases, the coordination polyhedron around type A atoms looks like this:

       The figure is called the "Laves polyhedron" or truncated tetrahedron. The very same atoms of type A are located in a diamond-like lattice.

 

       Phases of Novotny.

       The stepped phase, in the form of a straight chimney, is a special intermetallic crystal structure found in certain binary compounds.

       Compounds of this phase are usually tetragonal and consist of two sublattices:

The first is a tetragonal array of transition metal atoms, usually from 4 to 9 groups of the periodic table. Within this array of transition metal atoms is a second network of main group atoms, usually 13 (boron group) or 14 (carbon group).

       Transition metal atoms form a square prism with a spiral zigzag chain. The main group elements form a spiral staircase inside the transition metal spiral.

       The figure is called the "Laves polyhedron" or truncated tetrahedron. The very same atoms of type A are located in a diamond-like lattice.

       Phases of Novotny

       The stepped phase, in the form of a straight chimney, is a special intermetallic crystal structure found in certain binary compounds.

       Compounds of this phase are usually tetragonal and consist of two sublattices:

       The first is a tetragonal array of transition metal atoms, usually from 4 to 9 groups of the periodic table. Within this array of transition metal atoms is a second network of main group atoms, usually 13 (boron group) or 14 (carbon group).

       Transition metal atoms form a square prism with a spiral zigzag chain. The main group elements form a spiral staircase inside the transition metal spiral.

For understanding:

       Cyntl phase.

       Cyntl phases are the reaction products between the 1st and 2nd groups, alkali and alkaline earth metals and any post-transition metal or semimetal. The phases presented are named after the German chemist Eduard Zintl, who studied them in the 1930s.

       Cyntl phases are a group of brittle, refractory intermetallic compounds that are diamagnetic or exhibit temperature independent paramagnetism and are poor semiconductors or semiconductors.

       Zintl noted that the formation of such compounds leads to a reduction in the atomic volume, which may indicate the formation of a cation. He suggested that the compounds he obtained are ionic and that there was a complete transfer of electrons from a more electropositive metal to a less electropositive one.

       In turn, the structure of the anion, now called the "Zintl Ion", is considered on the basis of the obtained electronic state.

       Conclusion

       Today, among the intermetallic compounds in the Russian segment, aluminides and alloys based on them are considered especially promising. This is a consequence of a number of advantages that such alloys have, namely:

High heat resistance - intermetallic compounds obtained on the basis of aluminides have high heat resistance, while some of the alloys have tremendous tensile strength, for example: strips made of 〖Nb〗 _3 Al alloy are capable of withstanding an instantaneous tensile load of up to 900 MPa at a temperature of 1400 degrees Celsius.

       Aluminum significantly reduces the density of alloys, for example, the density of TiAl is almost 2.5 times less than that of heat-resistant nickel-based alloys.

       Aluminides have very high resistance to oxidation, for example 〖Fe〗 _3 Al has one of the highest corrosion and oxidation resistances.

       Aluminum is cheap - alloys based on it are not very expensive.

       A simple example of the use of aluminum intermetallic compounds: Titanium aluminides - today, these alloys are used all over the world to build and extend the service life and efficiency of gas turbine engine parts, such alloys are also used in medicine, to create heat shields for metallurgical furnaces, etc.

       Intermetallic compounds, although they often have unique properties, are very fragile, which seriously limits the range of their application in industry - they are used where there are elevated temperatures at which other alloys degrade or melt, in very aggressive environments with elevated temperatures, in cases where low-temperature superconductivity is required, etc.

Reference list

1. Laves phase. – Text : electronic // Wikipedia : [free encyclopedia]. – URL: https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lavez_Phases (date accessed: 25.03.2021).

2. Metalloid. – Text : electronic // Wikipedia : [free encyclopedia]. – URL: https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metallides (date accessed: 01.03.2021).

3. Surkov, V. A. Analysis of methods for obtaining intermetallic compounds of p, d - metals / V. A. Surkov // Bulletin of Kazan Technological University. 2014. № 10. P. 27–32.

4.  Intermetallic compounds / Yu. V. Titov, D. S. Rechenko, N. S. Artemenko, A. Yu. Andreychuk // Scientific journal of Omsk. 2017. № 1 (151). P. 38–40.

 

Dmitrii Tiunov	Дмитрий Тиунов
Perm National Research Polytechnic University	Пермский Национальный Исследовательский Политехнический Университет
Conceptual foundations for the projective thinking formation in the techno-humanitarian environment among educational institution graduates.	Концептуальные основы формирования проективного мышления в технико-гуманитарной среде среди выпускников учебных заведений.
Abstract: The work reveals the concept of intermetallic compounds as solid phases containing two or more metallic elements. The author analyzes the types of intermetallic compounds, their properties, strength characteristics. As a result of the analysis of authentic English-language sources, the author of the article comes to a conclusion about the spheres of application of intermetallic compounds.	Аннотация: В работе обсуждается роль гуманитарного образования в подготовке технических специалистов. Доказана необходимость создания и развития нового типа мышления, а именно проективного мышления в техно-гуманитарной среде. Это повысит эффективность работы предприятия. Был проведен обзор литературы, подтверждающий необходимость формирования нового мышления. Были описаны возможные пути достижения этого результата.

Keywords: digitalization, educational environment, projective thinking, artificial intelligence (AI), aesthetics.

Introduction

The constant increase in requirements to specialists graduating from educational institutions gives rise to the need to improve their education. The traditional educational system which is based on the classical style of technocratic thinking is becoming obsolete, because it cannot ensure the full use of the spiritual and physical abilities of a person. E.P. Larkova in her work notes: It is the measure of spirituality that determines the available measure of sociality and the permissible nature of technological development [4]. In this regard, it is important to study the factors affecting individuals for further technology development of the projective thinking formation in the techno-humanitarian environment. For this reason, a literature review has been carried out as part of a postgraduate student’s research work. Some facts are presented in the paper with the aim of validating and substantiating research ideas. Ultimately, it is planned to create technologies, mechanisms and algorithms for the development of artificial intelligence aimed at assisting in the training of technical specialists. It is assumed that AI technologies introduced into the system of higher education will increase enterprise performance in the future.

Overview of the conception

The profession of an engineer is extremely important in the current realities of technical development. Some scientists also think so. For example, G. Malinetskiy states that the 21st century will be the century of engineers [5]. He notes that in addition to the development of the rational sphere, this century will be the century of mastering the emotional and intuitive sphere [6]. Therefore, further in our paper we will consider technical specialists, and study the thinking of individuals being formed from the point of view of the emotional and intuitive spheres.

It is worth mentioning humanistics when studying the behavior of certain individuals in the process of growing up and personality development. Humanistics is a set of humanities that studies man and everything related to him: culture, literature, language, art, history, music, etc. Under the influence of humanistics, certain individuals shape thinking, which allows them to carry out the most important human, i.e. making a choice. The choice should be harmonious and aesthetic, well-coordinated as a whole. The striving for beautiful, holistic and well-ordered diversity will make it possible to create a system of harmonious cognition of various arts for vocational guidance and fostering the appropriate mood (hobby) of an individual.

There are many forms of expressing beauty and thoughts through language (visual arts, music, dance, etc.). Therefore, it is extremely important to determine the most significant humanitarian values that must be taken into account when educating a person in the humanities. The emotional sphere is closely related to aesthetics. Paying attention to the problems of aesthetics, one cannot help but turn to the main work of A. Schopenhauer, the greatest scientist of his time, namely, The World as Will and Representation. He mentioned the following in it: A beautiful landscape leads to the catharsis of the spirit, like music according to Aristotle to the catharsis of the soul, and admiring nature, a person thinks most correctly [7]. By catharsis, Aristotle understood tragedy which helps cleanse the soul, uplifting and educating the viewer. The meaning of moral cleansing and relief from negative emotions leading to a better understanding of oneself as a person is read in the modern understanding of catharsis.

The aesthetics of nature inspires writers, poets, musicians and people of art to create, representing an example of the perfect combination of the nature of things. Nature acts as an art critic-mentor who is always ready to correct the mistakes of human imperfection with his creativity. Therefore, as A. Schopenhauer notes: The works of poets, artists and creators in the field of fine arts generally contain, admittedly, a treasure of deep wisdom: precisely, because of them the wisdom of the very nature of things speaks, whose statements they convey only with greater clarity and in cleaner reproduction [7]. Therefore, in order to perceive works, it is necessary to be able to see what others do not see in order to search for meaning and discover this wisdom: each person is able to understand only what his experience, abilities and education allow him to do [7]. Similar to A. Schopenhauer’s statement, a person performs his main function of choice, and the more qualitative and meaningful the choice (or perception of art) will be, the more experience, education, abilities and personal qualities a person will have.

In addition, it is worth noting contemporary authors who, in their research, have studied projective technologies, as well as projective thinking. Thus, Chris Piotrowski in his paper [3] researches in the use of projective methods for personality assessment. He notes the effectiveness of projective methods and their benefits when teaching students. A number of authors from different countries [2] have studied the attachment of adolescents by a projective imaging system. The results of their studies show high efficiency in assessing adolescents and can also be applied to assess the projective thinking of individuals in the process of their learning. The next group of authors is notable for their study of the principles of learning environment design in the fields of science, technology, engineering and mathematics. In their work, they identify the term of incarnation, which is the process by which physical action in the world generates, preserves and reactivates mental representations abstracted from bodily experience. [1]. The use of embodied cognition and spatial thinking will help greatly increase the effectiveness in learning when developing projective thinking in individuals.

Figure 1 shows the conceptual interconnections of the humanities, which play an important role in the formation of projective thinking in the techno-humanitarian space. However, not all human sciences are represented in the diagram. We are planning to add some more examples to the diagram in the future.

Figure 1. Diagram of conceptual interconnections of different humanities

Conclusion

In conclusion, it should be noted that it is extremely important for technical specialists to have not only technical, but also humanitarian thinking. The projection of humanization onto the technical aspects of thinking will ultimately allow establishing stable projective interconnections between the humanitarian value structures ​​and the enterprise usefulness for the staff. This, in turn, should lead to an increase in the enterprise performance. As a result, new mechanisms, technologies and algorithms should be created. They will form the AI basis which will play its role in bringing the process of technical specialist training and their decision-making in harmony with aesthetics.

Reference list

1. DeSutter, D. Teaching students to think spatially through embodied actions: Design principles for learning environments in science, technology, engineering, and mathematics / Dane DeSutter, M. Stieff // Cognitive Research: Principles and Implications. 2017. № 2. P. 1–20.

2. Gander, M. Assessing Attachment Representations in Adolescents: Discriminant Validation of the Adult Attachment Projective Picture System / Manuela Gander, Carol George, Dan Pokorny, Anna Buchheim // Child Psychiatry & Human Development. 2017. № 48. P. 270–282.

3. Piotrowski, C. The Linchpin on the Future of Projective Techniques: The Precarious Status of Personality Assessment in the (overcrowded) Professional Psychology Curriculum / Chris Piotrowski // SIS Journal of Projective Psychology & Mental Health. 2017. V. 24, № 2. P. 71–73.

4. Ларькова, Е. П. Гуманитарное проектирование как средство гуманитаризации высшего технического образования : автореферат дис. на соискание ученой степени кандидата философских наук : 09.00.11 / Елена Петровна Ларькова. – Ростов-на-Дону, 2003. – 22 с.

5. Малинецкий, Г. Г. Век инженеров / Г. Г. Малинецкий // Завтра : [сайт]. – URL: https://zavtra.ru/blogs/vek_inzhenerov (дата обращения: 10.04.2021).

6. Малинецкий, Г. Г. Три века мы занимались только рациональной сферой, XXI век будет веком освоения эмоциональной и интуитивной сфер / Г. Г. Малинецкий // Вести Дубны : [сайт]. – URL: http://indubnacity.ru/novosti/nauka/georgiy-malineckiy-tri-veka-my-zanimalis-tolko-racionalnoy-sferoy-xxi-vek-budet-vekom-osvoeniya-emocionalnoy-i-intuitivnoy-sfer (дата обращения: 10.04.2021).

7. Шопенгауэр, А. Мир как воля и представление. Том 2. / А. Шопенгауэр ; перевод с нем. М. И. Левиной. – Москва : Наука, 1993. – 672 с.

 

M. G. Fertikov, N. M. Trufanova	М. Г. Фертиков, Н. М. Труфанова
Perm National Research Polytechnic University	Пермский Национальный Исследовательский Политехнический Университет
Mathematical modelling of heat and mass transfer processes in a cable channel laid near communications	Математическое моделирование процессов передачи тепла и массы в кабельном канале, проложенном вблизи коммуникаций
Abstract: The paper focuses on modelling heat and mass transfer processes in a cable channel laid near communications. The effect of communications on heating efficiency, change in temperature of cable channel from a different number of cables laid therein and their location is studied.	Аннотация: Основное внимание в документе уделяется моделированию процессов передачи тепла и массы в кабельном канале, проложенном вблизи коммуникаций. Изучается влияние коммуникаций на эффективность нагрева, изменение температуры кабельного канала от различного количества проложенных в нем кабелей и их расположение.

       Keywords: cable channel, communications, temperature field, heat and mass transfer, heat flow.

       Introduction

       When laying cables in trenches there is often a problem of cable channel impact on engineering networks laid nearby. Conversely, engineering networks can have both a positive effect on cables as an additional source of cooling, and a negative one, increasing their temperature. Considering all these influences, as well as the impact of cables on each other, the optimum load mode is selected. Numerical modelling of different operating modes provides temperature fields without in-use testing.

       Solution to the complex problem of heat and mass transfer is described in [1] and [2]. [1] studies cable laying in buildings and constructions, [2] investigates cables laid in a rectangular cable channel in the airspace under the conditions of natural convection.

       The choice of backup lines location in a cable channel is considered in [3], where a two-dimensional mathematical thermal field model of the underground cable channel was developed.

       Article [4] addresses the issue of increasing heat transfer of the power cable system through the introchannelion of fluidized thermal backfilling.

       Materials and Method.

       A cable channel model was built in a multi-layered ground.

Figure 1 Schematic representation of cable channel with the materials used:

1 - crushed stone-mastic asphalt concrete ShchMA-15; 2 - porous asphalt concrete from hot coarse-grained crushed stone mixture grade I; 3 - porous asphalt concrete from hot coarse-grained crushed stone mixture grade II 4 - crushed stone-sand mixture (C) of continuous granulometry for C4 bases; 5 - natural sand and gravel mixture; 6 - medium pressure gas pipe; 7 - natural building sand; 8 - storm sewer; 9 - steel tube case; 10 - strip 50x5; 11 - airspace; 12 - steel bar; 13 - Pipe "Polytek-PTK" the outer diameter is equal; 5 - natural building sand; 14 - cable lines.

       To do the research, the following assumptions were made:

· cable lines and underground communications are considered to be infinitely long, which makes it possible to study the process in a two-dimensional setting;

· laminar mode of air movement is realized in the pipes;

· ideal thermal contact is met at the interfaces of dissimilar media;

· temperature gradient in the land mass at a remote distance from the cable channel and temperature gradient in the underground communications are equal to zero;

· solar radiation on the earth surface is excluded;

· thermal and physical properties of solid materials are constant.

       Based on the assumptions made, the system of differential equations is as follows:

For air:

                                 (1)

The thermal conductivity equation for all structural elements of the model, except for the power core:

,                                                                                                                     (2)

For the power core of the power cable:

,                                                                                                   (3)

       Border conditions:

       At the initial moment of time in the area under consideration, the temperature was assumed to be 20˚C and the air velocity to be zero.

       The temperature in a gas pipe and in a storm sewer was constant due to the high rate of transportation, with the values of 5˚C and 10˚C respectively.

       A boundary condition for convective heat transfer was specified on the ground surface (Fig. 2):

                                                                                               (4)

       At the solid boundaries of structural elements, the conditions of the 4^th kind and equality of temperatures were set:

                                                                                      (5)

 

       Models were built in the engineering package ANSYS, taking into account the boundary conditions and the initial conditions.

       Results and Discussion

       At the first stage, the impact of communications on the cable channel was studied, taking into account the change in power applied to the cables.

       Two models were built, the first without laid networks, and the second – with them taken into account. As a result, the dependences of the channel temperature on the applied power were obtained for both models.

       The resulting graphical dependencies are shown in Fig. 2. The temperature was measured in the center of the cable channel.

Figure 2 Dependence of the cable core temperature on the heat flux power

       As Fig. 2 shows, communications strongly affect the cable channel temperature. This is because communications ensure cooling in the cable channel area, allowing for the use of higher power.

       The influence of the cable channel temperature on the number of cables laid in it, operating at the same power, was further investigated.

       Temperature fields are presented in Fig. 3.

Figure 3 Temperature fields of different numbers of laid cables

       Fig. 3 shows that as the number of cables laid increases, the temperature of the cable channel and power core cores also increases. It can be concluded that in order to achieve the optimum operating temperature of the power core and channel, with an increase in the number of cables, it is necessary to reduce the power supplied. 

       Finally, the comparative analysis of cable channel temperature was made in terms of cable lines location – at the upper or lower level of the channel.

Figure 4 Temperature fields for laying the cable in the top and bottom rows.

       According to the results, we can conclude that the difference in the cable channel temperature, depending on the choice of the cable lines location level, is not significant.

       Conclusion

       The study results make it possible to conclude that:

· Communications have a significant effect on the temperature field of a cable channel;

· With the increased number of cable lines involved, it is necessary to reduce the power supplied to the cables laid in them;

· Levels of cable line location do not affect the temperature of a cable channel.

Reference list

1. Trufanova, N. M. Non-stationary problem of heat and mass transfer during cable laying in buildings and structures / N. M. Trufanova, V. A Budayan // Journal of the Perm National Research Polytechnic University. Electrical engineering, information technology, control systems. 2017. № 23. P. 5–16.

2. Trufanova, N. M. Mathematical modeling of non-stationary processes of heat and mass transfer in a rectangular cable channel / N. M. Trufanova, E. Yu. Navalikhina, M. V. Markovsky // Journal of the Perm National Research Polytechnic University. Electrical engineering, information technology, control systems. 2014. № 11. P. 55–66.

3. Trufanova, N. M. Calculation of the thermal field of a cable channel taking into account heat losses in cable screens / N. M. Trufanova, I. B. Kukharchuk, N. V. Feofilova // Journal of the Perm National Research Polytechnic University. Electrical engineering, information technology, control systems. 2018. №. 28. P. 179–193.

4. Numerical study of heat transfer in underground power cable system / Lei Quan, Chenzhao Fu, Wenrong Si [et al.]. – Text : electronic // ResearchGate : [site]. – URL: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/331809615_Numerical_study_of_heat_transfer_in_underground_power_cable_system/link/5f3c5f0fa6fdcccc43d3143e/download (date accessed: 15.03.2021).

 

Filimontsev Dmitrii	Филимонцев Дмитрий
Perm National Research Polytechnic University	Пермский Национальный Исследовательский Политехнический Университет
Development of Technical Translator Individual Bilingual Lexicon in the Field of Information Security	Разработка технического переводческого словаря на двух языках в области информационной безопасности
Abstract: The paper covers the issues associated with the lack of translators’ specialist worldview, i.e. the world picture, in the field of information security (IS). Technical translator individual bilingual lexicon is proposed to be developed as thesaurus, accumulating the key notions in IS field with their paradigmatic relationships and syntagmatic relationships of the corresponding terms. It is supposed to ensure occupational commonality of IS specialists and translators as participants of professional inter-language communication.	Аннотация: В работе освещаются вопросы, связанные с отсутствием у переводчиков специального мировоззрения, т.е. мирового положения в области информационной безопасности (ИБ). В качестве тезауруса предлагается разработать индивидуальный двуязычный лексикон технического переводчика, собрав ключевые понятия в области ИБ с их парадигматическими отношениями и синтагматическими отношениями соответствующих терминов. Предполагается, что это обеспечит профессиональную общность специалистов ИБ и переводчиков, как участников профессионального межязыкового общения.

       Keywords

       Communication, key lexis, language commonality, logical-semantic structure, individual bilingual lexicon, information security, occupational commonality, professional picture of the world, technical translator, thesaurus.

       Introduction

       The spread of information technology all over the world has led to its application in the critical information infrastructure, so that information security specialists are supposed to interact and discuss key issues in their professional field. However, it is hardly possible for people from different cultures and languages to interact without translator as an intermediary, who adds language commonality into interaction. In addition, translator may not have a professional picture of the world (specialist knowledge in IS field). Therefore, it is important to ensure occupational commonality [1] and equip a translator with such a tool, as individual bilingual lexicon (Russian/English) presented in the form of a specialized dictionary – thesaurus, which should be a linguistic representation of the professional worldview, or picture of the world [2].

       The thesaurus under consideration is aimed to form a translators’ professional picture of IS field based on a hierarchically arranged key lexis that determines a logical-semantic structure of this field, as well as syntagmatic and paradigmatic relations between the key words and the subordinate (related) vocabulary.

       Thus, the purpose of the research is to develop a technical translator individual bilingual lexicon, which may be used in the situations of professional verbal communication in IS field. To achieve this purpose the following objectives have to be accomplished:

1. To establish hypothetical relationships between the key words of IS field as relationships between the basic objects represented by key concepts;

2. To analyze authentic texts (as well as texts in Russian) in the field of IS and identify information units – text fragments with a complete thought;

3. To develop the logical-semantic structure of IS field;

4. To define a thesaurus overall structure;

5. To develop a dictionary with notion entries based on the analyzed text fragments;

6. To form an alphabetical list of terms (glossary).

       Method

1. To be able to analyze authentic texts, IS field was reduced to specific domains as structures of the key notions (e.g., security governance, access control, network security, etc.), which can be further divided into smaller structures.

One of the structures for ‘Information security management and standards’ is presented in Figure1:

 

Figure 1 – “Information security management and standards” domain structure

       The structure illustrates paradigmatic "whole - part " relationships between the key notions of the second and third subtopic levels, as well as syntagmatic relationships between the terms of the third subtopic level. The second and the third subtopics of the structure are based on the international standard ISO/IEC 27002 Information technology – Security techniques – Code of practice for information security control [3].

2. Text fragments covering the main idea of the defined notions were analyzed in terms of information units to determine how key lexis interacts with the subordinate vocabulary to extend a number of relationships between them. This allows developing a dictionary and notion entries.

Table 1 gives the example of dictionary and entry for «Information security incident» key notion (based on text fragment analysis of the student’s book “Engineering information security: The application of Systems Engineering Concepts to Achieve Information Assurance”) (Stuart Jacobs) [4], international standards: ISO/IEC 27001 Information technology – Security techniques – Information security management systems – Requirements [5], ISO/IEC 27002 Information technology – Security techniques – Code of practice for information security control [3]).

       The principle of entry formation is presented below:

 

ISO/IEC 27002 Information technology – Security techniques – Code of practice for information security control

 

ISO/IEC 27001 Information technology – Security techniques – Information security management systems – Requirements

       Hereby, the analysis of text fragments allowed us to identify the key notion surroundings, define syntagmatic {1,3,6} and paradigmatic {2, 5} relationships between them.

Table 1 – Dictionary and entry for “Information security incident” key concept.

Information security incident

Actions {1} ( Information security incident)   · to response (to) · to log · to report · to evaluate · to identify · to handle · to resolve · to detect · to analyze · to prevent · to deal (with)	Gender {2} Information security event	Actions {3} (Information security incident )   · to threat · to compromise · to transcend (boundaries)
Feature {4} · single · a series	Types {5} · information leakage · loss of integrity · loss of data · loss of confidentiality	Quality {6} · unwanted · unexpected · high-impact · actual

 

       3.To develop the world professional picture of a technical translator in IS field it is compulsory to include glossary as a part of thesaurus, that would contain the definitions of key notions.

       For example, the term “Information security incident” can be defined as follows:

- a single or a series of unwanted or unexpected information security events that have a significant probability of compromising business operations and threatening information security [5]

       The definition is available in both English and Russian languages as a part of the thesaurus (Table 2).

Table 2 – Definition of “Information security incident”

information security incident - a single or a series of unwanted or unexpected information security events that have a significant probability of compromising business operations and threatening information security

инцидент информационной безопасности - какой-либо инцидент информационной безопасности, являющийся следствием одного или нескольких нежелательных или неожиданных событий информационной безопасности, которые имеют значительную вероятность компрометации операции бизнеса или создания угрозы информационной безопасности

       Results and conclusion

       Thus, the structure of thesaurus in IS field was defined, which includes the following levels:

1. logical and semantic structure of IS field;

2. dictionary and notion entries;

3. glossary with the definitions of key notions;

4. alphabetical list of terms, allowing a translator to navigate quickly among the terms of IS field.

       Thesaurus can help translators develop their professional world picture in IS field through studying its key notions and paradigmatic relationships between them, as well as syntagmatic relationships between the corresponding terms.

       Individual bilingual lexicon for technical translators ensures occupational commonality of IS specialists and translators as the participants of professional inter-language communication.

Reference list

1. Комиссаров, В. Н. Современное переводоведение : курс лекций / В. Н. Комиссаров. – Москва : ЭТС, 1999. – 187, [2] с.

2. Серова, Т. С. Информация, информированность, инновации в образовании и науке : избранное о теории профессионально-ориентированного чтения и методике обучения ему в высшей школе / Т. С. Серова. – Пермь : Издательство Пермского национального исследовательского политехнического университета, 2015. – 442 с. – ISBN 978-5-398-01403-7.

3. ISO/IEC 27002: 2013 Information technology – Security techniques. Code of practice for information security control. – Text : electronic // PECB : [site]. – URL: https://pecb.com/pdf/whitepapers/32-white-papers-isoiec-27002-2013.pdf (date accessed: 30.03.2021).

4. Jacobs, S. Engineering information security: the application of Systems Engineering Concepts to Achieve Information Assurance / Stuart Jacobs. – [New York] :Wiley, 2016. – 784 р. – ISBN 1119101603.

5. BS ISO/IEC 2700: 2005 Information technology – Security techniques – Information security management systems – Requirements. – Text : electronic // Management : journal. – URL: https://iso-management.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/ISO-27001.pdf (date accessed: 30.03.2021).

 

A.O. Kolchanova, P.Y. Bogdanova, K.A. Volosatova, D.A. Tselishcheva	А. О. Колчанова, П. Е. Богданова, К. А. Волосатова, Д. А. Целищева
Perm National Research Polytechnic University	Пермский Национальный Исследовательский Политехнический Университет
Use of talc-magnesite to modify clay raw material from the Kamenskoye deposit, Perm Region	Использование талькомагнезита для модификации глинистого сырья из Каменского месторождения, Пермский край
Abstract: The paper considers the current state of the problem in the production of wall ceramics based on low-grade clay raw material using the modifying agents. It determines the possibility of improving the quality of ceramic charge by introducing talc-magnesite (TMN) additive as a flux. Technological, drying and firing properties, as well as granulometric and chemical compositions of the original clay raw material from the Kamenskoye deposit (Perm Region) are investigated. The results of mathematically planned two-factor experiment to study the effect of TMN on technological and firing properties of clay are presented. The optimum intervals of additive consumption and firing temperature of the ceramic charge are determined to be 5-25% and 1020-1040˚ C, respectively. It was established that the introduction of TMN into the ceramic charge based on the clay from the Kamenskoye deposit does not significantly affect the change of its properties.	Аннотация: В работе рассматривается нынешнее состояние проблемы производства настенной керамики на основе низкосортного глинистого сырья с использованием модифицирующих агентов. Они определяют возможность улучшения качества керамического заряда за счет введения талько-магнезитовой (ТМН) добавки в качестве потока. Исследованы технологические свойства, свойства сушки и обжига, а также гранулометрические и химические композиции исходного глинистого сырья из Каменского месторождения (Пермский край). Представлены результаты математически спланированного двухфакторного эксперимента по изучению влияния ТМН на технологические и огнеупорные свойства глины. Оптимальные интервалы расхода присадок и температуры обжига керамического заряда составляют соответственно 5-25% и 1020-1040 C. Установлено, что введение ТМН в керамический заряд на основе глины из Каменского месторождения не оказывает существенного влияния на изменение его свойств.

Keywords: clay, ceramics, talc-magnesite (TMN), modifying agent, additive, properties.

Introduction

Among the building materials, ceramic bricks are one of the best known [1]. Thousand-year experience of using bricks allows us to classify them as a durable building material, which not only has high strength, energy and resource-saving properties, but also ensures comfortable living and convenience for people working in all weather conditions [2].

"Brick" clay is known as the main raw material for the production of wall ceramics and is characterized by a heterogeneous chemical and mineralogical composition, making it difficult to manufacture products of consistent quality [3]. To enhance the quality of finished products enterprises, use various technological and physicochemical methods aimed at improving the quality of clay raw materials, such as natural "freezing" or mechanical activation and grinding, in particular.

Another option is to modify low-quality clay raw materials (low-plastics, non-caking, susceptible to drying of clay) using natural or man-made additives [4-8].

It is known that to improve the stability of the ceramic product properties flux can be added to the charge composition – the materials capable to interact with clay minerals and form low-melting compounds [9]. Talc is one of these materials. It is a mineral from the silicate class, a subclass of layered magnesia orthosilicates [10].

GOST 21234 requires the use of ground talc with magnesium oxide at least 24% in the ceramic industry. However, considering the ability of talc to retain its structure when heated and form free silica, lower quality talc or, e.g. talc-magnesite mined in Sverdlovsk region may be suitable for the modification of coarse wall ceramics.

Thus, the study is aimed at investigating the possibility to modify the ceramic charge composition by introducing ground TMN brand of the Shabrovskoye deposit, Sverdlovsk region, in order to improve the technological properties of clay from the Kamenskoye deposit, Perm Region.

Materials and Methods

The study was conducted in the "Building Materials and Special Technologies" research laboratory of the Civil Engineering and Materials Science Department, Perm National Research Polytechnic University, using standard methods for testing clay raw material in compliance with GOST 21216.

Clay raw material from the Kamenskoye deposit, located 2 km. from the village of Gamovo (Perm Region) was assessed at the initial stage of the study.

The clay under study had a brown color, coarse-dispersed structure with a low content of coarse-grained inclusions, and with the number of plasticity making it a moderately plastic clay raw material.

As for the chemical composition, it was a semi-acidic clay with a high content of dyeing oxides.

In terms of granulometric composition it was a fine-silt clay with a content of clay particles –18.2%, sand and silt particles – 25% and 56.8%, respectively.

At the final stage of testing, it was determined that the linear air shrinkage was 10.8%, fire shrinkage and water absorption at a sintering temperature of 1100°C – 4.8% and 5.8%, respectively.

Table 1 presents the results of the study on the binding capacity of clay with modifying agents, aimed at determining the maximum permissible content of ground TMN in the ceramic charge.

Table 1 Assessment of binding capacity for clay with TMN additive

Indicator name	M.u.	The composition of the mixture (clay: TMN), %
		100:0	80:20	60:40
Plasticity number	-	9,5	8,8	7,4
Forming moisture	%	31,56	29,10	26,66
Assessment of forming properties	-	+++	++	+