Употребление времен английского глагола

Употребление времен английского глагола

В действительном залоге

Методические рекомендации и упражнения

 

 

Оренбург 2011

 

Рекомендовано в печать

кафедрой иностранных языков

и редакционным советом Оренбургского института МГЮА

 

 

Рецензенты:

Насретдинова Р.Р. – кандидат педагогических наук, доцент

Попов Е.Б. - доктор педагогических наук, профессор

 

Употребление времён английского глагола в действительном залоге: Методические рекомендации и упражнения. Пособие для студентов дневных факультетов неязыковых вузов и средне-специальных учебных заведений: Автор-составитель С.В. Ильютюк.- Оренбург: ОИ МГЮА, 2011.- 42 с.

ã Ильютюк  С.В., 2011

ã ОИ МГЮА, 2011

СОДЕРЖАНИЕ

 

1. Предисловие ………………………………………………… 2. Образование глагольных форм действительного залога … 3. Употребление глагольных форм действительного залога: 3.1. Действия и состояния в настоящем ……………………… 3.2. Упражнения ……………………………………………….. 3.3. Действия и состояния в прошлом ……………………….. 3.4. Упражнения ……………………………………………….. 3.5. Действия и состояния в будущем ………………………... 3.6. Упражнения ……………………………………………….. 4. Обзорные упражнения ………………………………………

3 4 13 13 15 20 22 29 32 36

 

ПРЕДИСЛОВИЕ

 

Настоящее учебное пособие представляет собой практические рекомендации по употреблению видо-временных форм английского глагола в изъявительном наклонении действительного залога.

В предлагаемых рекомендациях все видо-временные формы глагола описываются в их взаимосвязи для выражения определенного значения, они группируются для изучения их общих и различительных признаков. В пособие включён краткий грамматический справочник.

Тренировочные упражнения составлены на основании материала, собранного из оригинальных источников и адаптированного с учетом уровня подготовки выпускников школы.

В методические рекомендации включены рецептивные упражнения (узнавание форм), репродуктивные упражнения (воспроизведение форм) и продуктивные упражнения (активное усвоение материала в речевой практике). Упражнения также включают работу с текстами, которые показывают функционирование изучаемых форм в их взаимосвязи, что помогает понять их общие и дифференциальные признаки. При анализе фактического материала выявлены пары форм, функционирующих в аналогичных контекстах.

Предлагаемые методические рекомендации могут быть использованы на практических занятиях по английскому языку, а также для самостоятельной работы студентов первого курса.

ОБРАЗОВАНИЕ ГЛАГОЛЬНЫХ ФОРМ ДЕЙСТВИТЕЛЬНОГО ЗАЛОГА

 

В русском языке для передачи действий и состояний используются три временные формы глагола: настоящее, прошедшее, будущее. В отличие от русского в английском языке употребляются 12 форм действительного залога (Active Voice) и 6 форм страдательного залога (Passive Voice).

Для образования всех указанных видо-временных форм необходимо знать четыре формы глагола: инфинитив (the Infinitive), прошедшее неопределенное (the Past Indefinite), причастие прошедшего времени или причастие II (the Past Participle), причастие настоящего времени или причастие I (Participle I). (см. Таблица №1)

По способу образования форм Past Indefinite и Past Participle все английские глаголы делятся на две группы: правильные (регулярные) и неправильные (нерегулярные). Правильные глаголы образуют формы Past Indefinite и Past Participle путем прибавления суффикса (окончания) – ed к основе инфинитива, а неправильные глаголы образуют эти две формы разнообразными способами, которые следует либо запомнить, либо найти по таблице неправильных глаголов. (см. Таблица №2)

Суффикс (окончание) - d прибавляется к основам, оканчивающимся на гласную букву (to live - lived); в остальных случаях к основе присоединяется – ed (to play - played, to ask - asked, to stop - stopped).

Суффикс - ed произносится:

[id] - после t, d (wanted, nodded);

[d] - после звонких согласных, кроме d, и гласных (lived, played);

[t] - после глухих согласных, кроме t (asked, stopped).

При образовании форм Past Indefinite и Past Participle от правильных глаголов необходимо соблюдать следующие правила правописания:

а) буква y меняется на i, если ей предшествует согласная (ср: to study - studied, но: to play - played);

б) если глагол оканчивается на согласную букву, которой предшествует краткий ударный слог, то эта согласная удваивается (to stop - stopped, to plan - planned);

в) конечная буква l удваивается перед кратким, как ударным, так и безударным, слогом (to control - controlled);

г) конечная буква r удваивается перед ударным, но не удваивается перед слогом, включающим при его произнесении дифтонг (ср: to prefer - preferred, но: to appear - appeared).

Причастие настоящего времени (Present Participle или Participle I) образуется путем прибавления суффикса - ing к основе глагола (to read - reading). Следует помнить следующие правила:

а) если глагол оканчивается на букву e, то она опускается (to live - living);

б) если глагол оканчивается на согласную букву, которой предшествует краткий ударный слог, то эта согласная удваивается (to stop - stopping, to plan - planning);

в) конечная буква l удваивается перед кратким, как ударным, так и безударным слогом (to control - controlling);

г) конечная буква y не изменяется при прибавлении к основе глагола суффикса (to study - studying);

д) при образовании причастия I от глаголов to die, to lie, to tie буква i меняется на y, а буква e опускается (to die - dying, to lie - lying, to tie - tying).

В английском языке глагол имеет три времени: настоящее (Present), прошедшее (Past), будущее (Future) и четыре группы видовых форм, которые указывают на характер протекания действия, а именно: неопределенная или простая (Indefinite or Simple), длительная (Continuous or Progressive), совершенная (Perfect) и совершенно-длительная (Perfect - Continuous or Perfect - Progressive).

Таким образом, существуют четыре формы настоящего времени (Present Indefinite, Present Continuous, Present Perfect, Present Perfect Continuous) четыре формы прошедшего времени (Past Indefinite, Past Continuous, Past Perfect, Past Perfect Continuous) и четыре формы будущего времени (Future Indefinite, Future Continuous, Future Perfect, Future Perfect Continuous). Все четыре группы видо-временных форм глагола обладают неодинаковой употребительностью в речи. Наиболее частотной является группа Indefinite, далее следует группа Perfect, на третьем месте группа Continuous, а далее – малоупотребительная группа Perfect Continuous.

Для образования настоящего времени группы Indefinite  используется неопределенная форма глагола, т.е. первая форма глагола без частицы to; в 3 лице единственного числа к основе инфинитива прибавляется окончание - s. В вопросительном и отрицательном предложениях употребляется вспомогательный глагол does для 3 лица единственного числа, для всех остальных лиц – глагол do.

Прошедшее время группы Indefinite  образуется при помощи окончания - ed для правильных глаголов, а для неправильных глаголов следует брать вторую форму по таблице неправильных глаголов. В вопросительных и отрицательных предложениях используется вспомогательный глагол did для всех лиц, а смысловой глагол употребляется в первой форме.

Будущее время этой группы образуется при помощи вспомогательного глагола shall для 1 лица единственного и множественного числа и глагола will для всех остальных лиц (в настоящее время существует тенденция использовать глагол will для всех лиц) и неопределенной формы глагола без частицы to.

Группа Continuous образуется при помощи вспомогательного глагола to be в соответствующем времени (am, are, is, was, were, will be) и четвертой формы глагола, т.е. причастия настоящего времени или причастия I.

Группа Perfect образуется при помощи глагола to have в соответствующем времени (have, has, had, will have) и третьей формы глагола, т.е. причастия прошедшего времени.

Группа Perfect Continuous образуется при помощи вспомогательного глагола to be в форме Perfect (have been, has been, had been, will have been) и четвертой формы глагола, т.е. причастия настоящего времени (причастия I).

Таблица №1

ЧЕТЫРЕ ФОРМЫ ГЛАГОЛА

 

	Инфинитив	Прошедшее неопределённое	Причастие прошедшего времени	Причастие настоящего времени
	I	II	III	IV
правильные глаголы	to work работать	worked работал, работали	worked выработанный	working работающий
	to play играть	played играл, играли	played сыгранный	playing играющий
	to open открывать	opened открыл, открыли	opened открытый	opening открывающий
	to ask спрашивать	asked спросил, спросили	asked опрошенный	asking опрашивающий
неправильные глаголы	to begin начинать	began начал, начали	begun начатый	beginning начинающий
	to cut резать	cut резал, резали	cut подрезанный	cutting режущий
	to do делать	did делал, делали	done сделанный, выполненный	doing делающий
	to read читать	read читал, читали	read прочитанный	reading читающий
	to write писать	wrote писал, писали	written написанный	writing пишущий

 

Таблица №2

ФОРМЫ НЕПРАВИЛЬНЫХ ГЛАГОЛОВ

Infinitive	Past Indefinite	Past Participle	Present Participle
I	II	III	IV
arise	arose	arisen	arising
awake	awoke	awoke	awaking
be	was/were	been	being
become	became	become	becoming
begin	began	begun	beginning
bind	bound	bound	binding
blow	blew	blown	blowing
break	broke	broken	breaking
bring	brought	brought	bringing
build	built	built	building
burst	burst	burst	bursting
buy	bought	bought	buying
catсh	caught	caught	catching
choose	chose	chosen	choosing
come	camе	come	coming
cost	cost	cost	costing
cut	cut	cut	cutting
do	did	done	doing
draw	drew	drawn	drawing
dream	dreamed, dreamt	dreamed, dreamt	dreaming
drink	drank	drunk, drunken	drinking
drive	drove	driven	driving
eat	ate	eaten	eating
fall	fell	fallen	falling
feed	fed	fed	feeding
feel	felt	felt	feeling
fight	fought	fought	fighting
find	found	found	finding
fly	flew	flown	flying
forget	forgot	forgotten	forgetting
freeze	froze	frozen	freezing
get	got	got	getting
give	gave	given	giving
go	went	gone	going
grow	grew	grown	growing
have	had	had	having
hear	heard	heard	hearing
hide	hid	hid, hidden	hiding
held	held	held	holding
hurt	hurt	hurt	hurting
keep	kept	kept	keeping
know	knew	known	knowing
lay	laid	laid	laying
lead	led	led	leading
learn	learnt, learned	learnt, learned	learning
lend	lent	lent	lending
let	let	let	letting
lie	lay	lain	lying
light	lit, lighted	lit, lighted	lighting
lose	lost	lost	losing
make	made	made	making
mean	meant	meant	meaning
meet	met	met	meeting
melt	melted	melted	melting
pay	paid	paid	paying
put	put	put	putting
read	read	read	reading
retell	retold	retold	retelling
ride	rode	ridden	riding
ring	rang	rung	ringing
rise	rose	risen	rising
run	ran	run	running
a ay	said	said	saying
see	saw	seen	seeing
sell	sold	sold	selling
send	sent	sent	sending
set	set	set	setting
shake	shook	shaken	shaking
shine	shone	shone	shining
shoot	shot	shot	shooting
show	showed	showed, shown	showing
shut	shut	shut	shutting
sing	sang	sung	singing
sink	sank	sunk, sunken	sinking
sit	sat	set	sitting
sleep	slept	slept	sleeping
smell	smelt, smelled	smelt, smelled	smelling
speak	spoke	spoken	speaking
spell	spelt, spelled	spelt,spelled	spelling
spend	spent	spent	spending
spread	spread	spread	spreading
stand	stood	stood	standing
strike	struck	struck, stricken	striking
sweep	swept	swept	sweeping
swim	swam	swum	swimming
take	took	taken	taking
teach	taught	taught	teaching
tell	told	told	telling
think	thought	thought	thinking
throw	threw	thrown	throwing
understand	understood	understood	understanding
upset	upset	upset	upsetting
wake	woke, waked	woken, waked	waking
wear	wore	worn	wearing
weep	wept	wept	weeping
win	won	won	winning
write	wrote	written	writing

Таблица видо-временных форма настоящего времени действительного залога изъявительного наклонения

	Indefinite	Continuous	Perfect	Perfect Continuous
Утвердительная форма	I You We       play (write) They He She       plays (writes) It	I am playing (writing) You We        are playing They            (writing) He She          is playing It             (writing)	I You                 have played We                (written) They He                    has played She                         (written) It	I You            have been playing We                       (writing) They He          She             has been playing It                      (writing)
Отрицательная форма	I You               We       do not  play   They              (write) He  She       does not play It                         (write)	I am not playing (writing) You We           are not  playing They                (writing) He  She             is not playing It                    (writing)	I You          have not played We                    (written) They He She           has not played It                          (written)	I You     have not been playing We                       (writing) They He She has not been playing It                        (writing)
Вопросительная форма	I     you Do   we      play (write)?      they        she Does   he      play (write)?        it	Am I playing (writing)?         you Are       we            playing        they       (writing) Is          he        she           playing         it            (writing)	I Have        you        played             we   (written)            they                  he        Has      she          played              it       (written)	I Have you     been playing?       we          (writing)       they           he    Has  she      been playing?        it          (writing)

Таблица видо-временных форы прошедшего времени действительного залога изъявительного наклонения

	Indefinite	Continuous	Perfect	Perfect Continuous
Утвердительная	I You   We They        played (wrote) He She It	I was playing   You      We    were  playing They           (writing) He She       was  playing   It              (writing)	I   You  We They        had  played He           (written)? She It	I You             We They          had  been  playing He                      (writing) She It
Отрицательная	I You          We They     did  not play (write) He She It	I was not playing You We         were not playing They                  (writing) He              She      was not playing It                         (writing)	I You We They        had  not  played He                     (written) She It	I You                     We They   had  not  been  playing He                           (writing) She It
Вопросительная	I       you       we Did   they      play (write)?      he       she       it	Was I  playing?                 you   Were     we   playing?         they      (writing)?              he           Was   she     playing?         it        (writing)	I        you          we           played Had  they           (written)?        he        she        it	I        you              we Had  they     been  playing        he           (writing)?        she        it

Таблица видо-временных форм будущего времени действительного залога изъявительного наклонения

	Indefinite	Continuous	Perfect	Perfect Continuous
Утвердительная	I           shall play We                          (write) You      They   He            will play She              (write) It	I                 shall be playing We                                (writing) You They         He         will be playing She                     (writing) It	I                  shall have played We                             (written) You      They    He        will have played She                          (written) It	I            shall have been playing We                                                            (writing)        You      They      He             will have been playing She                                     (writing) It
Отрицательная	I                  shall not play We                       (write) You They        He          will not play She                        (write) It	I                    shall not be playing We                          (writing) You     They        He         will not be playing She                           (writing) It	I                       shall not have played We                                   (written) You They He            will not have played She                              (written) It	I                   shall not have been playing We                                       (writing) You      They           will not have been playing He                                      (writing) She It
Вопросительная	Shall       I            play (write)?         we              you       they Will  he       play (write)?        she        it	Shall         I                be playing        we              (writing)?          you         they Will  he         be playing        she           (writing)?       it	Shall           I       have played           we    (written)?           you          they Will   he              have played          she                       (written)?          it	Shall             I          have been playing             we                     (writing)?                    you Will     they                he         have been playing            she                           (writing)?            it

Упражнения

1) Define the form and usage of the verb.

1. Usually I like riding on trains, especially at night.

2. "She's lovely", I said. "Not just lovely to look at - she is sweet and kind and good".

3. Kate, what are you doing?

4. You speak of matters of which you know nothing.

5. She is waiting in the hall.

6. Sandy comes every night.

7. Is this the first time you've been away from home?

8. I want to talk to you aboutthe things you are doing now.

9.  "Look", he said, "and slow down. I don’t often travel in cars".

10. Sorry it's my turn to ask how serious you're being.

11. It  takes us an hour to get back home.

12. I think I've loved you all my life.

13. Mrs. Greencourt is very funny.

14. You never know what she'll do next.

15. I can'ttake pleasure in anything until I've got back there.

16. Michael and I never eat bread.

17. What are you waiting for?" he asked.

18. If  she goes into the sea, you'll pay for it.

19. I'll buy this novel when it comes out.

20. I'm telling you the truth.

21. Detective stories don’t interest me.

22. Mary cooks nicely and clean.

23. When I've had a rest, I am going back to Dorset.

24. I've known him for many years.

25. He comes over and visits me practically every weekend.

26. Can you tell me how long they have been here?

27. I think you' re acting wrongly.

28. "All right, all right, I'm going." she said.

29. And as soon as you go I shall go off too.

30. He always goes to his club on Saturdays.

31. Are you feeling unwell?

32. I'll be in the library if one of you wants to see me.

33. Who's this? Who's calling me up at this hour?

34. She smiled, "You are joking".

35. I usually buy a sandwich and about four magazines.

36. We don't even joke about it any more.

Reproduce the text.

Упражнения

 

1) Define the form and usagе of the verb.

1. I sat in that chair in the lobby. 2. She was sitting very still. 3. She was still looking up at him. 4. He himself had had his eye on a house there for the last two years. 5. She had been in her service since childhood. 6. She had not looked at him since they sat down; and he wondered what she had been thinking about all the time. 7. You're just the kind of son-in-law I always wanted. 8. He would lie for hours motionless in the dark. 9. From time to time he would come in to ask for help with some difficult book. 10. I used to read Meredith when I was a girl. 11. My children were always mis­believing. 12. He had always had a contempt for the place. 13. He had bought his son's pictures from time to time. 14. I've had that thought myself from time to time. 15. Then they went out, shut the door and locked it. 16. Old Jolyon had taken his cigar and looked at her. 17. A collie dog raised its head. 18. Then the phone rang, an hour later he felt better. 19. After Skelton had had a good sleep, he went out on the veranda. 20. He woke, June had gone. 21. You have had your supper, haven't you? 22. I've just been telling Dr Halliday and his niece how clever you are. 23. Jemma, who had been helping Katie to set the room tidy again, sat down at the table.

 

2) Reword the sentences according to the models and mаkе all the necessary changes.

 Model A. He was a good worker, (they). - They were good workers.

1. They were funny girls, (she). 2. I was very ignorant in those days, (you). 3. He was a man of good manners, (they). 4. You were hard on me, (I). 5. They were clever persons, (she).

Model B. He was being considerate to them, (they), - They were being considerate to them.  

1. She was being careless, (they) 2. I was being hard on you, (they).

3. They were being indifferent, (she). 4. Really, I was being rather foolish, (we).  5. You were being too noisy, (he).

 

3) Explain the usage of the verb-forms inthe passages below. Translate the sentences into Russian.

1. I seem to remember the time when we were all being foolish.

2.  I was very ignorant and foolish in those days.

3.  I came here when you were all being so mighty.

4.  She was quiet and sensible that morning, when I told her of the arrests.

 

Answer the questions:

a) What had a novelist written?

b) Had the novelist been successful?

c) Whom did he meet?

d) How long had they talked?

e) What did the novelist ask his friend after they had talked for two hours?

3.5. Действия и состояния в будущем.

 

Для передачи действий и состояний в будущем употребля­ются следующие видо-временные формы: Future Indefinite, Futu ­ re Continuous, Future Perfect, Future Perfect Continuous.

В английском языке есть специальные формы будущего времени, о которых говорилось в прошлом: будущее в прошедшем. В этом случае вспомогательные глаголы shall и will употребляются в форме should  и   would: shall go - should go,  will go - would go,  shall be going - should be going,  will be going - would be going,  shall have gone -should have gone, will have gone - would have gone,  shall have been going - should have been going.

Выбор видо-временной формы зависит от конкретной ситуации.

Future Indefinite употребляется для выражения конкретного действия или действия общего характера, а также повторяющегося действия в будущем.

 

Сравните:

I shall send her a telegram tomorrow.	She will make a good teacher.	They will go to the swimming pool twice a week.
Я пошлю ей телеграмму завтра.	Из нее выйдет хороший учитель.	Они будут ходить в бассейн два раза в неделю.

 

При указании определенного момента выполнения конкретного действия употребляется форма Future Continuous. Future Perfect указывает на завершенность действия к определенному моменту в будущем. Future Perfect Continuous употребляется при указании на период протекания действия, включая определенный момент в будущем.

 

Сравните:

I shall be doing my homework at 6 o'clock tonight.	I shall have finished my work by o'clock.	In June we shall have been doing this work for a whole year.
Я буду выполнять домашнее задание сегодня в 6 часов вечера.	Я закончу работу к 8 часам.	В июне будет уже год, как мы выполняем эту работу.

 

Глаголы, выражающие чувства, желания, восприятия и состояния обычно употребляются в формах Future Indefinite и Future Perfect (to like, to want, to love, to wish, to know, to understand, to see, to hear, to feel). Однако некоторые из них могут быть употреблены в формах Future Continuous и Future Perfect Continuous, чтобы придать высказываниюэмоциональную окрашенность.

 

 

Например:

"When you go", said Demoyte, "you will leave behind a picture of me, whereas what I shall be wanting is a pic­ture of you". (I. Murdoch)	"Do you know, in June we shall have been living here for fourteen years?"
- «Когда вы уедете», сказал Деймот, «вы оставите мой портрет, я же буду хотеть видеть вас»	«Знаешь ли ты, что в июне будет уже 14 лет, как мы живем здесь?»

Для выражения запланированного действия, а также действия, ожидаемого с нетерпением, употребляется форма Future Continuous.

Например:

I'll be seeing you again.	Yes, I suppose before we know where we are he'll be marrying and leaving us.
Я вас снова увижу.	Да, я полагаю, что очень скоро он женится и покинет нас.

 

Для выражения будущего действия, когда нужнопередать большую степень вероятности часто употребляет сочетание to be going + инфинитив счастицей to. Глагол to be имеет форму Present Indefinite.

Например:

The students are going to work hard next term. - В следующем семестре студенты собираются усердно рабо­тать.

 

Если же о любом из будущих действий речь ила в прошлом соответственно употребляются Future Indefinite-in-the Past, Future Continuous-in-the Past, Future Perfect-in -­the Past, Future Perfect Continuous-in-the Past.

 

Например:

I asked if Georgiana would accompany her.	...they knew that in one minute or two at the most, they would be having tea with Mary Poppins' uncle
Я спросила, будет ли Джорджиана ее сопровождать.	...- Она знали, что через минуту, или самое большое, через две они будут пить чай с дядей Мэри Поппинс.

 

3.6. Упражнения

 

Аsк your group-mates.

1. When she will do her morning exercises tomorrow. 2. When she will have her breakfast 3.What seminars she will have at the Academy.  

4. What she is going to do after classes. 5. What she will do to help her mother about the house 6. What she will be doing at 4 o'clock (8 o'clock)

7. By what time she will have passed her exams this year 8. What she will do in summer.

 

Tell your group-mates

1. What you will do tomorrow.

2. What you will do in summer.

3. What exams you will have.

ОБЗОРНЫЕ УПРАЖНЕНИЯ

 

TEXT I

A Drive in the Country

John Bond has now been homefor two weeks. He has bought a second-hand car. He has already spent a lot of time on the engine. It now runs very smoothly.

This weekend he and Anna are going to drive to Avonford, a small village in Wiltshire. John's cousin, Simon Finch, has a farm just outside Avonford. When he was a boy, John used to spend most of his summer holidays at the farm. Ann is very excited about the visit because she has not yet seen anything of the countryside.

They set off early on Saturday morning. The clouds were dark and low, and there was a cold wind.

They got off the main road as soon as they could. They drove to the New Forest, the most popular tourist attracti­on in the south of England. There are plenty of places where you can camp - and, as John said, there are the famous wild ponies. Anna and John saw several as they drove slowly through the forest.

They drove on. The country became more hilly. On either side of the road they saw rich farmlands. Sheep and cows were grazing in the fields. After about half an hour they came to a pretty little village. It consisted of twenty or so houses, a couple of shops, a church and a pub.

John: Shall we stop for a minute and have a drink?

Anna: All right. Why do you call them "pubs"?

John: Oh, "pub" is a short for "public house" - a place where anybody can buy a drink. Have you ever had cider?

Anna: I don't think so. What is it?

John: It's an apple drink.

They went inside the pub. It was small and rather dark. John ordered two bottles of cider. Anna did not like it. It was much too sweet, she thought.

"We are nearly there", said John as they got back into the car.

They camе to a big white gate. On it was a name: Avon-bridge.

(After A. K. Beesley. Anna in London)

 

1. Write the four forms of the following verbs and translate them: to be, to buy, to spend, to turn, to go, to have, to see, to set off, to get off, to drive, to graze, to come, to consist, to stop, to call, to think, to order, to like.

2.  Find the predicates, define the tense-forms and explain their formation.

3.  Read and translate the text, using a dictionary.

4.  Explain the use of tenses.

5.  Put questions to the underlined words.

6.  Put general questions to the underlined sentences.

7. Put alternative and disjunctive questions to the sentences:

- It consisted of twenty or so houses, a couple of shops, a church and a pub.

- It was small and rather dark.

- It is an apple drink.

- Shе has bought a second-hand car.

Explain the use of tenses.

Ruby

 

It was the Monday of the next leek that Len brought home Ruby. He was always bringing home something, Sparrows with broken legs or stray kittens.

Mum had been washing all day, and had just brought up the first lot of dry things as the children came out of school.

She was a small, fat girl from Jamaica. Her nose was running and her knees were bleeding.

"What on earth?" began Mum, as she opened the door.

" They 've been mocking her about at school", said Len. "It is not her fault she's black".

Mum wiped Ruby's nose with her apron and carried her into the flat.

Ruby stayed to tea. She was a nice little girl and soon cheered up over her chips.

Dad took Ruby home, but he only knocked at the door of Ruby' flat and hurried away, because he did not want to explain that the white children had been so cruel.

(after E. Stuckley. Magnolia Buildings.)

 

1. Write the four forms of the following verbs and translate them: to be, to bring, to break, to wash, to come, to run, to bleed, to begin, to open, to muck, to say, to wipe, to carry, to stay, to cheer up, to take, to knock, to hurry, to want.

2. Find the predicates, define the tense-forms and explain their formation.

3. Reed and translate the text using a dictionary.

4. Explain the use of tenses.

5. Put questions to the underlined words.

6. Put general questions to the underlined sentences.

7. Put alternative and disjunctive questions to the senten­ces:

- They have been mocking her about at school.

-  Mum wiped Ruby's nose with her apron and carried her into the flat.

-  She was a nice little girl.

8. Reproduce the text, mind the verb-forms and the use of tenses.

 

TEXT 4

The Holiday

 

It wasn't a very long journey, and the railway station was half a mile from the chalet camp, so they walked in procession along the sаndу path. Dad went first with the heavi­est suitcase. They went straight to the office to fetch the key of their chalet.

When they reached the chalet, there was a tremendous excitement. The key of the door would n ot turn because Mum shook so.

"Give it to me", cried Dad. "There!" They all rushed in to look at the three bedrooms, the parlour with a divan, the kitchen, the toilet, everybody talking and exclaiming at once.

"Can we sleep here, Mum" "What a small kitchen." "Mum, can I have a drink of water?" "Mum, can we go to the beach?"

Val wasn't going to waste his time on packing. He ran across the field, and came to the sea.

He knew that it was what he wanted....Water, light, air and space.

Val threw off his shoes and socks and ran on, feeling the joy of wet sand under his toes. His only idea was to get to the water. Val came to the quiet sea that scarcely seemed to move. He was into it, with no thought of carelessly rolled up clothes. The sea was all around him and everything was quiet. He was in the sea at last!

When he came out, he felt hungry and went back to look for his shoes.  It took some time to find them. With his vet trousers clinging to his legs, he started tack up the path. At the top, he met a fat, smiling little man.

" It's a nice place ", said the fat little man. "You got a chalet?"

"That’s right.” Val did not wish to stay and talk, as his whole mind was full of sea. "Number fifteen we've got".

The little man beamed all over his face, "Me and my sis­ter's got fourteen. Our name is Truby. Are you a big family?"

"Seven, if you count Mum and Dad and Auntie Glad".

"And how will you all fit into the chalet?" asked the little man with friendly curiosity.

" Haven't been inside yet", said Val.

As they walked towards the chalet, they saw that the Burners family was moving in. Mum had opened the windows, Dad had got out two deckchairs. Doreen was running back from the camp shop with a basket of food. Val could hear Mum's excited voice: "Put it there! Move yourself, Ally, pass me that". Inside the house Ally was singing at the top of her voice. Len rushed out yelling. "I want to go to the beach".

"What a jolly family!" sighed Mr. Truby. "I am glad you are next door to us". "William. Your tea's been ready for half an hour ". A thin elderly lady came down out of number four-teen. "Where have you been? My head's awful. Those terrible people who've just moved in". She banged the door behind her brother.   

(after E.Stuckley. Magnolia Buildings.)

 

  1. Write the four forms of the following verbs and translate them: to be, to walk, to go, to reach, to turn, to shake, to cry, to rush, to exclaim, to know, to want, to throw, to run, to feel, to come, to seem, to roll, to feel, to take, to cling, to meet, to smile, to say, to wish, to get, to beam, to count, to fit, to see, to open, to put, to move, to pass, to sing, to yell, to sigh, to move in, to bang.

2.   Find the