Действия и состояния в прошлом.

 

Для передачи действий и состояний, имевших место в прошлом, употребляются 6 видо-временных форм: P ast Indefinite, Past Continuous, Present Perfect, Past Perfect, Present Per­fect Continuous, Past Perfect Continuous. Выбор конкретной формы определяется выражаемым значением и характером указания на время совершения действия.

Для передачи непрерывного действия или состояния ис­пользуются 4 формы: Past Indefinite, Past Continuous, Past Perfect, Past Perfect Continuous.

Например:

1.  She stood watching him.

2.  She was still standing in the doorway.

3.  He has been on the job since morning.

4.  It had been raining since morning.

В первом предложении форма Past Indefinite указывает на состояние без ограничения предела его протяженности. Во вто­ром примере форма Past Continuous передает временное состоя­ние, что подчеркивается наречием still. Когда содержится указание на период протяженности действия или состояния, то употребляются формы Past Perfect u Past Perfect Continuous. В данном случаеPast Perfect употребляется с глаголами, вы­ражающими умственное или физическое состояние (be, like, wish, know, understand, see, hear, feel и др.) Past Perfect Continuous функционирует, как правило, с глаголами, передаю­щими физически наблюдаемые процессы (rain, clean, wash).

Для передачи часто повторяющегося действия использу­ются 5 форм: Past Indefinite, Past Continuous, Present Perfect, Past Perfect, Past Perfect Continuous.

Например:

1. I got up early in those days.

I u sed to get up early in those days.

I would get up early in those days.

2. He was always telling me I was a kid.

3. After that she had been always looking after him.

4. He had always chosen books himself.

5. He has called several times.

 

Форма P ast Indefinite, а также сочетания с used to и would передают действие или состояние без его эмоциональной оценки, причем used to характерно для разговорной речи. В данном случае обычно не содержится указания на частоту повторяемости. Тогда как формы Past Perfect и Present Perfect функционируют в тех случаях, когда есть указание на частоту повторяемости действия, что передается такими обстоятельствами как twice, from time to time, always, all his life и т.п. Временная форма Past Perfect употребляется в косвенной речи, а Present Perfect - в прямой речи, т.е. в диалогах; имеет место констатация факта без его эмоциональной оценки (см.примеры 4,5).  

Формы Past Continuous и Past Perfect Continuous привно­сят оттенок неодобрительной оценки событию (см. примеры 2 и 3). Past Perfect Continuous употребляется в тех случаях, ког­да есть указание на период протекания действия, что передается предлогами since, for и др.

Для выражения законченного неповторяющегося действия или состояния употребляются 5 форм: Past Indefinite, Present Perfect, Past Perfect, Present Perfect Continuous, Past Per ­ fect Continuous.

Например:

1. The letter arrived on April, 15;

2. The letter had already arrived;

3. When the teacher had left the room, the children started talking.

4. I' ve been worrying and worrying about that lad all day. Well, that's one load off my mind;

5. It had been raining all day and the streets were still it,

 

Форма Past Indefinite (пример 1) относит событие к прошлому при наличии таких обстоятельств времени, как yesterday, last, Monday, a week ago, in 1987; тогда как Present Perfect употребляется для передачи завершенного действия или состоя­ния без указания на время завершения.

Сравните:

As he wrote three chapters last month, he is now taking a holiday.

As he has written three chapters, he is taking a  holiday.

 

Если необходимо передать действие или состояние, завершенное перед другим действием или состоянием в прошлом, то используется форма Past Perfect (пример 3).

Видовременные формы Present Perfect Continuous и Past Perfect Continuous передают завершенное действие или состоя­ние, когда указаны временные рамки, которые могут быть выра­жены при помощи since, for, all day и др. Present Perfect Continuous употребляется в прямой речи (см. пример 4), а Past Perfect Continuous - в косвенной речи (пример 5).

Для передачи ряда последовательных законченных действий обычно употребляется форма Past Indefinite, лишь в том случае, когда необходимо особо выделить завершенность одного из действий, употребляется форма Past Perfect.

Например:

1.  Suddenly she got up and hurried indoors.

2.  Old Jolyon had risen and, cigar in mouth, went to inspect the group.

 

Упражнения

 

1) Define the form and usagе of the verb.

1. I sat in that chair in the lobby. 2. She was sitting very still. 3. She was still looking up at him. 4. He himself had had his eye on a house there for the last two years. 5. She had been in her service since childhood. 6. She had not looked at him since they sat down; and he wondered what she had been thinking about all the time. 7. You're just the kind of son-in-law I always wanted. 8. He would lie for hours motionless in the dark. 9. From time to time he would come in to ask for help with some difficult book. 10. I used to read Meredith when I was a girl. 11. My children were always mis­believing. 12. He had always had a contempt for the place. 13. He had bought his son's pictures from time to time. 14. I've had that thought myself from time to time. 15. Then they went out, shut the door and locked it. 16. Old Jolyon had taken his cigar and looked at her. 17. A collie dog raised its head. 18. Then the phone rang, an hour later he felt better. 19. After Skelton had had a good sleep, he went out on the veranda. 20. He woke, June had gone. 21. You have had your supper, haven't you? 22. I've just been telling Dr Halliday and his niece how clever you are. 23. Jemma, who had been helping Katie to set the room tidy again, sat down at the table.

 

2) Reword the sentences according to the models and mаkе all the necessary changes.

 Model A. He was a good worker, (they). - They were good workers.

1. They were funny girls, (she). 2. I was very ignorant in those days, (you). 3. He was a man of good manners, (they). 4. You were hard on me, (I). 5. They were clever persons, (she).

Model B. He was being considerate to them, (they), - They were being considerate to them.  

1. She was being careless, (they) 2. I was being hard on you, (they).

3. They were being indifferent, (she). 4. Really, I was being rather foolish, (we).  5. You were being too noisy, (he).

 

3) Explain the usage of the verb-forms inthe passages below. Translate the sentences into Russian.

1. I seem to remember the time when we were all being foolish.

2.  I was very ignorant and foolish in those days.

3.  I came here when you were all being so mighty.

4.  She was quiet and sensible that morning, when I told her of the arrests.