Further Education. Higher Education

 

entry, entrance (to) – поступление, прием (в учебное заведение)

applicant – кандидат, податель заявления, абитуриент

to apply to – обращаться, подавать заявление в

to admit, accept – принять

the Universities’ Central Council on Admissions (UCCA) - Центральный совет по приему в

университеты

entrance examination – приемный экзамен

degree – (учёная) степень (бакалавра, магистра, доктора)

degree course (degree-level course) – курс обучения на получение степени

undergraduate course – курс обучения для получения степени бакалавра

Higher National Diploma (HND) – национальный диплом о высшем образовании

first degree – первая ученая степень

bachelor’s degree – степень бакалавра

BA – Bachelor of Arts – бакалавр гуманитарных наук

ВSc – Bachelor of Science – бакалавр естественных наук

higher (research, postgraduate) degree – исследовательская, последипломная степень

master’s degree (MA, MSc) – учёная степень магистра

postgraduate student – последипломный студент, аспирант

doctor’s degree (PhD – Doctor of Philosophy) – учёная степень доктора, доктор философии

grant, scholarship – стипендия

to drop out – бросать учёбу, выбывать

dropout – «выбывший», отсеявшийся; учащийся, не закончивший курса обучения

tutor ['tju:t2] – руководитель группы студентов, наставник

tutorial [tju't5:r`2l]  – консультация, практические занятия с руководителем

chancellor – канцлер (ректор) (номинальный глава университета)

vice-chancellor – вице-канцлер (проректор)

faculty – 1) факультет

       2) профессорско-преподавательский состав

department – кафедра; входит в состав факультета

expertise [,eksp2:'ti:z] – компетентность, высокий уровень, ноу-хау

fellowship – стипендия аспиранта или младшего научного сотрудника

 

Universities and Colleges

 

Oxford University (Oxford, Oxon) – Оксфордский университет

Oxonian [5k's2un`2n] – оксфордец, студент, выпускник или преподаватель Оксфорда

Cambridge University (Cambridge, Cantab) – Кембриджский университет

Cantabs ['k1nt2bz] colloq. – студенты Кембриджского университета, кембриджцы

Oxbridge colloq. – Оксбридж (Оксфордский и Кембриджский университеты)

St.Andrew’s – университет Сент-Эндрюс

Glasgow University – университет Глазго

Edinburgh University – Эдинбургский университет

Aberdeen ['1b2di:n] – Абердинский университет

Redbrick universities (redbricks): – досл. «краснокирпичные» университеты:

       Manchester, Leeds, Liverpool, Sheffield, Birmingham

“Whitebrick” universities (plate-glass, concrete and glass universities) – досл.                  

                          «белокирпичные» университеты; «стеклянные университеты»:

East Anglia, Essex, Kent, Lancaster, Stirling, Sussex, Warwick, York, New University of Ulster

residential university – университет с проживанием, предоставляющий общежитие (жильё)

sandwich course – курс «сандвич» (для работающих; обычно при техническом колледже, где

   занятия чередуются с работой на предприятии)

college of education – педагогический колледж

teacher education – педагогическое образование

 

QUESTIONS AND TASKS

1. What are British higher educational institutions? Are they state or private?
2. What are the requirements for entering British universities?
3. Explain the terms: degree course, undergraduate course, HND, first degree, higher degree, BA, MSc, PhD, dropout, tutorial, chancellor, vice-chancellor.
4. Do British students receive grants and scholarships?
5. What are the types of British universities?
6. Describe each category of universities and colleges. What do the nicknames of these categories reflect?
7. What types of courses are there in further education?
8. What is the Open University?

TOPICS FOR REPORTS

1. Admission to British universities                         3. Redbricks and Polytechnics
2. Oxbridge                                                              4. Elitism in British education

 

THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA

 

Motto: ‘In God We Trust’ (official); E Pluribus Unum (From Many, One; Latin, traditional)

Anthem: ‘The Star-Spangled Banner ’

LOCATION

 

the continental USA (the USA proper) – континентальная часть США

Alaska [2'1sk2]  – Аляска

Hawaii [h2'w6:`-i] – Гавайи

Mexico ['meks`k2u] – Мексика (государство)

the Gulf of Mexico – Мексиканский залив

the Gulf of California – Калифорнийский залив

 

Dependent areas (dependencies): – зависимые территории, владения:

in the Pacific: • Eastern Samoa [s2'm2u2] – Восточное Сам о а

• Guam [gw6:m] – о. Гуам

• Wake Island – атолл Уэйк

• the Midway Islands – атолл М и дуэй

in the Atlantic: • Puerto Rico [,pw2:t2 'ri:k2u] – о. Пуэрто -Рико, государство Содружество

                                                            Пуэрто -Рико (the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico)

 • the Virgin Islands – Виргинские о -ва

the Bering Sea – Берингово море               

the Bering Strait – Берингов пролив

the District of Columbia (D.C.) – федеральный округ Колумбия

Washington, DC ['w5\`4t2n]   – г.Вашингтон, округ Колумбия

the Northeast (9 sates) = New England + Middle Atlantic States

 

THE 50 STATES (IN GROUPS)

State	Abbr	Capital	Nickname	Largest city	Some facts

New England – 6 states

Maine [me`n] –   Мэн ME Augusta [5:'g9st2]  –   Ог а ста the Pine Tree State –   «сосновый штат» Portland ['p5:tl2nd] –   П о ртленд Forests that feed its wood-processing industry cover four-fifth of ME. Tourism: skiing, camping, other outdoor activities. New Hampshire ['h1mp\`2] –   Нью -Хэмпшир NH Concord ['k54k2d] –   К о нкорд the Granite State –   «гранитный штат» Manchester ['m1nt\`st2] –   М а нчестер   One of the most industrialized in the nation. Defence contracts are very important. The electronic, chemical and machinery industries are the state’s major employers. Vermont [v2:'m5nt || v2r'm6:nt] * –   Верм о нт VT Montpelier [m5nt'p`lj2] –   Монтп и лиер the Green Mountains State –   «штат Зелёных гор» Burlington ['b2:l`4t2n] –   Б е рлингтон Poet Robert Frost called it a “state in a very natural state”. VT is famous for its green mountains. VT’s better known products are maple sugar and syrup, marble. VT produces almost all the US asbestos. Massachu-setts [,m1s2't\u:  sets] – Массач у -сетс MA Boston ['b5st2n] –     Б о стон the Bay State   «штат у залива» Boston A key New England state. One of the national leaders in manufacturing. Boston is an important cultural center, a seat of Harvard University. Rhode Island ['roud 'a`l2nd] –   Род-Айленд RI Providence ['pr5v`d2ns] –   Пр о виденс Little Rhody –   «маленький Роди» Providence The smallest state. The name is misleading; it’s not an island. For a long time, textile industry was leading in its economy; but much of the business has now moved to the South. The manufacture of jewelry and silverware is now important. Connecticut [k2'net`k2t] –   Конн е кти -кут CT Hartford ['h6:tf2d] –   Хартфорд the Nutmeg State – «штат мускатного ореха» (умельцы якобы делали из дерева фальшивые мускатные орехи и продавали их как настоящие) Hartford   One of the most industrialized states, a leader in production of ball and roller bearings, electronic goods, chemicals and plastics, jet engines, helicopters and nuclear submarines.

Middle Atlantic States – 3

New York –     Нью -Йорк NY Albany ['5:lb2n`] –   О лбани the Empire State –   «имперский штат» New York City –     Нью -Йорк In many respects, NY is the nerve center of the nation, its major market place, the leader in manufacturing, finance, fashion and arts. Pennsylvania [,pens`l've`  ni2] –   Пенсильва -ния PA Harrisburg ['h1r`sb2:g] –   Гаррисберг the Key Stone State –   «штат краеугольного камня» Philadelphia [,f`l2'delf`2] –   Филад е ль -фия The nation’s third most populous (after CA and NY) and manufacturing state. Mining, farming, tourism are important. PA produces nearly all the country’s hard coal and a fourth of its steel. New Jersey [,nju: 'd82:z`] –   Нью-Джерси NJ Trenton ['trentn] –   Трентон the Garden State -   «садовый штат» Newark         ['nju:2k] –   Нь ю арк The nation’s most densely populated state. NJ has a developed manufacturing industry with limited but valuable farming and fishing.

Southern States – 14

Delaware ['del2w72r] –     Д е лавэр DE Dover ['douv2] –   Д о вер the Diamond State –   «штат -бриллиант» Wilmington ['w`lm`4t2n]   У и лмингтон DE is the home of many big companies. Nylon was invented in DE. Wilmington houses the giant Du Pont company, so the city is sometimes called “the chemical capital of the world”.                        Maryland ['m72r`l2nd] –  Мэриленд MD Annapolis [2'n1p2l`s] –    Анн а полис the Old Line State –   «штат старой линии» Baltimore ['b5:lt`m5:] –   Б а лтимор MD is one of the most developed industrial states. Its leading products: metals, food, transportation equipment, chemicals, printing, publishing. West Virginia [v2'd8`ni2 || v2r'd8`ni2] – Западная Вирджиния WV Charleston ['t\6:lzt2n] –    Ч а рльстон the Mountain State –   «горный штат» Huntington ['h9nt`4t2n] –   Х а нтингтон WV is a leader in apples and coal production. Many people come to WV to see the beautiful mountains. Virginia –   Вирджиния VA Richmond ['r`t\m2nd] –   Ричмонд the Old Dominion State –     «старый доминион» Norfolk ['n5:f2k] –   Н о рфолк A home of the 1st English settlement in North Ameri-ca (Jamestown, 1607). More presidents were born in VA than in any other state. VA is well known for its tobacco industry. Kentucky [k2n't9k`] –   Кентукки KY Frankfort ['fr14kf2t] –   Франкфорт the Bluegrass State –   «штат мятлика» Louisville ['lu:`v`l] –   Л у исвилл Abraham Lincoln, the 16^th President was born in KY. Famous for its racehorses, whiskey and tobacco. One of the leading coal producers. Tennessee [,ten2'si:] –   Теннесс и TN Nashville ['n1\v`l] –   Нашвилл the Volunteer State –   «штат до -бровольцев» Memphis ['memf`s] -   М е мфис TN has recently become a more industrial than rural region. Nashville is the home of country and western music. North Carolina [,n5:0 k1r2'la`n2] – С eверная    Каролина NC Raleigh ['r5:l`] –   Р о ли the Tarheel State – «штат чернопяточ-ников» Charlotte ['\6:l2t] –   Ш а рлотт NC is the 1^st in tobacco products. An important producer of textiles, bricks, wood furniture, and seafood. South Carolina –   Южная Каролина SC Columbia [k2'l9mb`2] –   Колумбия the Palmetto State – «пальмет -товый штат» Columbia, Charleston More Revolutionary War battles were fought in SC than in any other state. Arkansas ['6:k2ns5: || '6:rk2ns5:] - Арк а нзас AR Little Rock –    Литтл-Рок the Land of Opportunity –   «страна воз -можностей» Little Rock Essentially agricultural: cotton, rice, soybeans, livestock. Oil production is another important element. Louisiana [lu:,i:zi'1n2]–   Луизиана LA Baton Rouge ['b1tn 'ru:8] – Б а тон -Руж the Pelican State – «пеликаний штат» New Orleans [,nju: 5:'li:2nz ||,nu:'5:rl`2nz] – Новый Орлеан       Leading products: chemicals, food, petroleum items. The world’s longest bridge (38 km) is there. Mississippi [,m`s`'s`p`] –   Миссис и пи MS Jackson ['d81ksn] –   Джэксон the Magnolia State –   «магнолие -вый штат»   Jackson Traditionally one of the most backward of the Deep South states, MS is now trying to reshape its basically rural cotton-dominated economy along modern lines. Alabama [,1l2'b1m2]–   Алабама AL Montgomery [m2nt'g9m2ri] – Монтг о мери the Yellow-hammer State –  «штат золотистого дятла» Birmingham ['b2:m`42m || 'b2:rm`4h1m ] –   Б и рмингем The center of the “Cotton Belt” AL was a traditionally agricultural state. Now it is trying to develop its industry. Georgia ['d85:d82] –   Джорджия GA Atlanta [2t'l1nt2] –   Атланта the Peach State –   «персиковый штат»   Atlanta The largest supplier of peanuts, also ranks high in textiles, lumber, cotton, peaches and tobacco production. GA is developing its industry as well as the whole South. Florida ['fl5r`d2 || 'fl5:r`d2] –   Флор и да FL Tallahassee [,t1l2'h1s`] –   Таллах а сси the Sunshine State –   «солнечный штат» Jacksonville ['d81ksnv`l]– Дж э ксонвилл Miami [ma`'1m`] – Май а ми One of the fastest growing states. Tourism is the leading industry with world-famous resort centers along the “Gold Coast”. Cape Canaveral is a space research center.

Midwestern States – 12

Michigan ['m`\`g2n] –   Мичиг а н MI Lansing ['l1ns`4] –   Л а нсинг the Wolverine State –   «Штат росомахи» Detroit [d`'tr5`t] –   Детройт A leading industrial state. The world’s largest producer of automobiles. Detroit area houses the 3 motorcar giants: General Motors Corp., Ford Motor Co., and Chrysler Corp. Ohio [2u'ha`2u] –   Ог а йо OH Columbus [k2'l9mb2s] –   Кол у мбус the Buckeye State – «штат конского каштана» Cleveland ['kli:vl2nd] –   Кл и вленд An industrial state, one of the most populous. Iron and steel production, mining and agriculture (esp. livestock). Indiana [,`nd`'1n2] –   Инди а на IN Indianapolis [,`nd`2n'1p2 l`s] –     Индиан а по-лис the Hoosier State –   «штат -мужлан», «штат верзил» Indianapolis Huge steel mills and oil refineries make IN’s 45-mile Lake Michigan waterfront one of the nation’s greatest industrial centers. Mining, esp. of coal, oil and gas. Wisconsin [w`s'k5ns`n || w`s'k6:ns`n] –   Виск о нсин WI Madison ['m1d`sn] –   М а дисон the Badge State –   «барсуковый штат» Milwaukee [m`l'w5:ki:] –   Милу о ки WI is best known as the leading US dairy state. But manufacturing is its major economic activity; top products: machinery, many pulp and paper items (based on WI’s extensive forests). WI is also the US largest supplier of beer (the Milwaukee area). Illinois [,`l`'n5`] –    Иллин о йс IL Springfield –   Спрингфилд the Prairie State –   «штат прерий» Chicago [\`'k6:g2u] –   Чик а го Over 60% of the people live in or around Chicago, which is a leading air travel and railroad center. IL is also one of the US major agricultural states: it is 1<sup>st</sup> in corn production, in soybeans, wheat, cattle and hogs. Minnesota [,m`n2's2ut2] – Миннес о та MN Saint Paul [se`nt 'p5:l] –   Сент -Пол the North Star State – «штат Северной Звезды» Minneapolis [,m`ni'1p2l`s]   Минне а полис MN has more than 11,000 lakes, and tourism is the main industry. MN also ranks high agriculturally. Iowa ['a`2w2] –   А йова IA Des Moines [d2 'm5`n] –   Де - Мойн the Hawkeye State – «штат Соколиного Глаза» Des Moines The soil of IA is considered the finest in the US and IA produces a tenth of the nation’s food supply. Missouri [m`'su2r` || m`'zu2r`] –   Мисс у ри MO Jefferson City ['d8ef2sn  's`t`] –   Дж е фферсон-Сити Show-Me State –   «штат недоверчи-вых» Saint Louis [se`nt 'lu:`s] –   Сент -Л у ис Lead in mining, in which MO ranks 1<sup>st</sup> nationally, has been important in the region for 200 years. Ranks high agriculturally: livestock, cotton, soybeans, maize. North Dakota [,n5:0  d2'k2ut2] – Северная Дакота ND Bismarck ['b`zm6:k] –   Б и смарк the Flickertail State – «штат земляной белки» Fargo ['f6:g2u] –   Ф а рго ND is the most rural of the states. Agriculture and mining (large coal and oil reserves). Only KS produces more wheat. South Dakota   Южная Дакота SD Pierre    [p`2] –   Пирр the Coyote State –   «штат койотов» Sioux Falls ['su: 'f5:lz] –   Су -Фолс The town of Lead is the leading gold-mining center. Many national parks (Mount Rushmore in the Black Hills). Nebraska [n`'br1sk2] –   Небр а ска NE Lincoln ['l`4k2n] –   Л и нкольн the Cornhusker State – «штат ку -курузников» Omaha ['2um2h6:] –   О маха NE is rich in grass and grain; agriculture is its main sector. Omaha is the US largest livestock and meatpacking center. Kansas ['k1nz2s] –   К а нзас KS Topeka [t2u'pi:k2] –   Топ и ка the Sunflower State –   «штат подсолнухов» Wichita ['w`t\`t5:] –   У и чито KS is called “ the nation’s bread basket”, bcs. it is the leading wheat producer. One of the top 10 mining states. Manufacturing in recent years has surpassed agriculture.

Rocky Mountain States – 6

Montana [m5n't6:n2 || m6:n't1n2] –    Mo нтана MT Helena ['hel2n2] –   Х е лена the Treasure State – «штат сокровищ» Billings ['b`l`4z] –   Б и ллингс A large but sparsely populated state. Tourism is very important. Yellowstone National Park. Idaho ['a`d2h2u] –   А йдахо ID Boise ['b5`s`] –   Б о йсе the Gem State –   «штат -самоцвет» Boise ID has the US deepest canyon (the Hell’s Canyon). Agriculture is its leading industry. ID potatoes are well known all over the USA. Wyoming [wa`'2um`4] –    Вай о минг WY Cheyenne [\a`'en] –   Шай е нн the Equality State –   «штат равноправия» Cheyenne Mining is a leading indust-ry (oil, oil products). Cattle and sheep breeding. WY ranks 2^nd in wool produc-tion (after TX). Tourism; national parks (Yellow-stone National Park). Nevada [n`'v6:d2 || n`'v1d2] –   Невада NV Carson City ['k6:sn 's`t`] –   К а рсон -Сити the Silver State   «серебряный штат» Las Vegas [l6:s 've`g2s] – Лас -В е гас NV is the driest state. Much of it is uninhabited. NV’s minimal agriculture is dependent on irrigation. Thanks to legalized gamb-ling and lenient divorce laws, tourism has become the most important industry (Las Vegas and Reno). Utah  ['ju:t6: || 'ju:t5:] –   Юта UT Salt Lake City   Солт -Лейк -Сити the Beehive State – «штат пчелиного улья» Salt Lake City UT is continuing struggle for better irrigation. Min-ing: oil, gas, copper, ura-nium. About 70 % of the population are Mormons. Colorado [,k5l2'r6:d2u ||,k6:l2'r1d2u] –   Колорадо CO Denver ['denv2] –   Денвер the Centennial State – «штат столетия» (вошёл в Союз в год столетия США в 1876г.) Denver The state of the highest mountains. Molybdenum is mined there; it hardens steel and is used in rocketry. Food and weapons are the state’s two main industries. Tourism.

Southwestern States – 4

Arizona [,1r`'z2un2] –   Аризона AZ Phoenix ['fi:n`ks] –   Ф и никс the Grand Canyon State –   «штат Большого Каньона» Phoenix AZ is mostly a desert area. Agriculture: sheep breeding, cotton. Manufacturing is based on defence contracts. Metal production: over a half of the US supply of copper. New Mexico [,nju: 'meks`k2u] –   Нью -Мексико NM Santa Fe [,s1nt2 'fe`] –     Санта -Фе the Land of Enchantment – «страна очарования», «земля чудес» Albuquerque ['1lb2k2:ki] –   Альбук е рке Mining is one of the main industries (oil and gas). NM is the 1^st in uranium production. The 1^st A-bomb was produced (at Los Alamos) and exploded in NM. Oklahoma [,2ukl2'h2u m2] –     Оклахома OK Oklahoma City –   Оклахома - Cити the Sooner State – «штат землезахват -чиков» Oklahoma City OK is rich in oil. OK’s 200 man-made and 100 natural lakes are the state’s tourist attractions. Texas ['teks2s] –   Техас TX Austin ['5:st`n] –   Остин the Lone Star State –   «штат одинокой звезды» Houston ['hju:st2n] –     Хь ю стон 2nd largest of the states, TX leads the nation in production of oil, natural gas, cattle and cotton. The home of the Manned Spacecraft Center (Houston). The largest agricultural state.

Pacific Coast States - 3

Washington State ['w5\`4t2n || 'w5:-, 'w6:-] –     Вашингт о н WA Olympia [2u'l`mp`2] –   Олимпия the Evergreen State –   «вечнозелё -ный штат» Seattle [s`'1tl] –   Си э тл WA is a leader in aircraft production, nuclear research, lumbering. It is also a leading producer of apples and wheat. National parks. Tourism. Oregon ['5:r`g2n || '6:r`g2n] – О регон OR Salem ['se`l2m] –   С е йлем the Beaver State – «бобровый штат» Portland ['p5:tl2nd] –   П о ртленд OR is the nation’s lumber state. It produces about 25% of the US lumber. California [,k1l`'f5:ni2 ||,k1l`'f5:rnj2] –     Калифорния CA Sacramento [,s1kr2'men t2u] –   Сакраменто the Golden State –   «золотой штат» Los Angeles [l5s '1nd82 l2s] – Лос -А нджелес, San Francisco [,s1n fr2n's`s k2u] – Сан -Франц и ско The most populous of the states. The national leader in agriculture, fishing and car ownership. Large national parks (Yosemite N.P.) Frequent earthquakes. Electronics (Silicon Valley)

 

Hawaii [h2'w6:`-i] –   Гавайи HI Honolulu [,h5n2'lu:lu:] -   Гонол у лу the Aloha State [9'l5:h6:] – «штат алоха», «гостеприимный штат» Honolulu The 50th state to join (1959) the Union. It is a strategic US military outpost (Pearl Harbor). Tourism and agriculture are also important. Alaska [2'1sk2] –   Аляска AK Juneau ['d8u:n2u] –   Джуно the Last Frontier - «последний рубеж» Anchorage ['14k2r`d8] – А нкоридж AK is 1^st among the states in area, last in population. Fishing, forest products, oil production.

 

* [British English || American English]

 

QUESTIONS AND TASKS

1. Is the US a small or a large country?
2. Where is the country situated?
3. What are the oceans and their parts that wash the US?
4. What islands does the US possess? What does it need them for?
5. Find the geographical objects relating to the US location on the map and show them.
6. How are the 50 states grouped?
7. What does DC mean? Which state is it a part of?
8. Find the 50 states and their capitals on the map and show them.
9. Memorize the spelling, pronunciation, abbreviation and group of the 50 states and the capitals of New England, Middle Atlantic states, Alabama, Alaska, Arizona, California, Florida, Georgia, Hawaii, Illinois, Kansas, Michigan, Nevada, and Texas. To make the task easier write down the states in alphabetic order according to the scheme: abbreviation – full name – capital – group.

№	Abbreviation	Full name	Capital	Group of states
1	AK
2	AL
3	AR
4	AZ
5	CA
6	CO
7	CT
8	DE
9	FL
10	GA
11	HI
12	IA
13	ID
14	IL
15	IN
16	KS
17	KY
18	LA
19	MA
20	MD
21	ME
22	MI
23	MN
24	MO
25	MS
26	MT
27	NC
28	ND
29	NE
30	NH
31	NJ
32	NM
33	NV
34	NY
35	OH
36	OK
37	OR
38	PA
39	RI
40	SC
41	SD
42	TN
43	TX
44	UT
45	VA
46	VT
47	WA
48	WI
49	WV
50	WY

 

TOPICS FOR REPORTS

1. The history of the Union                                      3. State symbols
2. The US dependent areas                                      4. The nicknames of the states

 

 

RELIEF

 

the Appalachian Ms. [,1p2'l1t\2n] – Аппалачские горы

the Cordillera(s) [,k5:d`l'j72r2z] – Кордильеры

interior plains [`n't`2r`2] – внутренние равнины

the Atlantic Coastal Plain – Приатлантическая низменность

the Mississippi Valley – долина р. Миссисипи

Florida – п-ов Флорида

swampy – заболоченный

the Appalachians  [,1p2'l1t\2nz]:  

       • the Piedmont Plateau ['pi:dm2nt] – плато П и дмонт

       • the Allegheny Plateau (Ms.) [,1l`'ge`ni] – горы Аллеганы (Аллеганское плато)

       • the Cumberland Plateau (Ms.) ['k9mb2l2nd]  – плато К а мберленд

       • the White Mountains (Ms.)  – горы Уайт -маунтинс

       • the Green Ms. – горы Грин-маунтинс (Зелёные горы)

       • the Blue Ridge – горы Блу-Ридж (Голубой хребет)

                   Mount Mitchell (2037 m) – гора Митчелл

       the Appalachian Trail – Аппалачская тропа

footpath – пешеходная тропа           

the Central Lowland (Valley) – Центральные равнины

the Great Plains – Великие равнины

the Black Hills – горы Блэк -Хилс

       Mount Rushmore National Memorial – национальный памятник «Маунт -Рашмор»

           

the Cordilleras [,k5:d`l'j72r2z]: – горн. сист. Кордильеры:

• the Rocky Ms. (the Rockies) – Скалистые горы

                   Mount Elbert (4339m) – гора Элберт

• the Great Basin [,gre`t 'be`sn]  – нагорье Большой Бассейн

• the Colorado Plateau – плато Колорадо

                   the Grand Canyon – Большой Каньон

• Death Valley (-85m) – долина Смерти

• the Cascade Range – Каскадные горы

• the Sierra Nevada Ms. [si,er2 n`'v6:d2|| -'v1-]  – хребет Сьерра -Невада

                   Mount Whitney (4418m) ['w`tni] – гора Уитни

• the Coast Ranges – Береговые хребты

• the San Andreas Fault [,s1n 1n'dre`2s]  – разлом Сан -Андр е ас

• the Great Valley of California – Калифорнийская долина

the Gold Rush – золотая лихорадка

 

Alaska: – п-ов Аляска:

       • the Pacific mountain system – Тихоокеанская горная система

       • the Central Plateau – Центральное плато    

       • the Arctic mountain system – Арктическая горная система

       • the Arctic Coastal Plain – Арктическая низменность

       • the Alaska Range – Аляскинский хребет

                   Mount McKinley / Denali [d2'n6:li] (6193 m) – гора Мак -Кинли

 

QUESTIONS AND TASKS

1. What are major relief elements of the continental USA?
2. What are the country’s lowland regions?
3. Describe the Appalachians, name and show their parts.
4. What are the parts of the interior plains?
5. What are the parts of the Cordilleras? Find and show them on the map.
6. Describe the relief of the Pacific coast of the continental USA, name and show its elements.
7. What is the relief like in Alaska? What are its elements?
8. What kind of relief is there in the Hawaii Islands?
9. Name and show on the map: the highest and the lowest points of the USA, the highest peak in the USA proper.

 

TOPICS FOR REPORTS

1. The Appalachians                                     4. The Colorado Plateau
2. The Rocky Mountains                         5. The Sierra Nevada Mountains
3. The Great Plains                                       6. Mount Rushmore National Memorial

 

 

CLIMATE

 

the Japan Current – Японское течение

the Labrador Current ['l1br2d5:]  – Лабрадорское течение

the Arctic Circle – Северный полярный круг

permafrost – вечная мерзлота

adjacent to (adjoining smth.) – примыкающий к

corn (maize) [me`z] – кукуруза, маис

ranch [r6:nt\ || r1nt\] – ранчо, крупное фермерское (скотоводческое) хозяйство

scanty – скудный, недостаточный (crop, nourishment, hair, dress, means)

to mature – зреть, вызревать

types of climate:

• Mediterranean climate  [,med`t2're`ni2n] – средиземноморский климат

• Alpine climate ['1lpa`n]  – высокогорный (альпийский) климат

desert ['dez2t] – пустыня

the tropic of Cancer – северный тропик

natural disaster – стихийное бедствие         

manmade disaster – техногенная катастрофа

weather phenomenon (pl. -na) – погодное явление

drought [draut] – засуха

flood (flooding) [fl9d] – наводнение

hurricane ['h9r`k2n || 'h2:r`ke`n] – ураган, тропический циклон

tornado (pl. –oes,-os) [t5:'ne`d2u]  – смерч, торнадо

       syn. – twister (informal)                         whirlwind – вихрь, смерч, ураган

tornado warning – штормовое предупреждение

brushfire – низовой пожар (в подлеске)

underbrush – подлесок

mudslide – сель, грязевой поток

dust storm – пыльная буря

the Dust Bowl – район пыльных бурь, «пыльная чаша»

erosion of soil – эрозия почвы

John Steinbeck ['sta`nbek] (1902-68) “The Grapes of Wrath” –  

                  Джон Стейнбек «Гроздья гнева»

‘tornado alley’ – «коридор» торнадо

to tear through } – неистовствовать, бушевать, свирепствовать

to sweep across } an area, a state – проноситься, сметая, уничтожая всё на своём пути

to rip through }

 

to be subject to = to be susceptible to – быть подверженным (восприимчивым)

Hurricane Okeechobee (1928)

Hurricane Andrew (1993)

Hurricane Katrina (2005)

snowstorm – метель, буран

to pitch in – (разг.) энергично браться за дело

cold snap– резкое внезапное похолодание

blizzard – метель, снежная буря, буран, вьюга

gale – сильный ветер

QUESTIONS AND TASKS

1. What are the climatic zones the USA lies within?
2. What types of climate does Alaska enjoy?
3. Which climatic zones does the USA proper have? Which is the largest zone?
4. Describe the types of climate the continental USA enjoys.
5. What are the types of climate in New York City, Washington, DC, the Prairies, San Francisco, the Colorado Plateau, the higher zones of the Cordilleras, Miami, Hawaii?
6. What are the natural disasters that occur on the US territory?

 

TOPICS FOR REPORTS

1. Tornadoes and hurricanes                        3. Climate extremes in the USA
2. The Dust Bowl                                        

                                        

 

INLAND WATERS

 

sewer – канализация, сточная канава

the Mississippi River: – р. Миссисипи:

• the Minnesota R. – р. Миннесота               • the Red R. – р. Ред-Ривер

• the Des Moines R. – р. Де -Мойн                 • the Wisconsin R. – р. Висконсин

• the Missouri R. – р. Миссури                       • the Illinois R. – р. Иллинойс

• the Arkansas R. – р. Арканзас                     • the Ohio R. – р. Огайо

the Mississippi ports:

• New Orleans, LA [,nju: 5:'li:2nz || nu: '5:rl`2nz] – Новый Орлеан, штат Луизиана

• Memphis, TN – Мемфис, штат Теннеси

• Minneapolis, MN – Миннеаполис, штат Миннесота

• Saint Paul, MN – Сент-Пол, штат Миннесота

  • Kansas City, MO – Канзас-Сити, штат Миссури

• Indianapolis, IN – Индианаполис, штат Индиана

the Louisiana Purchase – Луизианская покупка

the Mississippi nicknames: 

• the Father of Waters – Отец всех вод

       • Old Man River – Река- батюшка

       • Mighty Mississip – Грозный Миссисип

confluence ['k5nflu2ns] – слияние (рек)

silt – осадок

the Continental Divide – континентальный водораздел

the Grand (Great) Divide

‘to cross (go over) the Great Divide (euphemism) – to die

the Saint Lawrence River – р. Св. Лаврентия

the Hudson River – р. Гудзон

the Columbia – р. Колумбия                       

the Colorado – р. Колорадо

to drain a territory – собирать воду с территории

the Rio Grande [,ri:2u 'gr1nd] (the Rio Bravo ['br6:v2u]) – р. Рио -Гранде (Рио -Браво)

“wetbacks” (slang) – «мокрые спины»

the Yukon – р. Юкон

the Great Lakes: – Великие озёра:

       • Lake Superior [su'p`2ri2, sju- ] – оз. Верхнее      

• Lake Michigan – оз. Мичиган                

       • Lake Huron ['hju2r2n] – оз. Гурон

• Lake Erie ['`2ri] – оз. Эри         

• Lake Ontario [5n't72ri2u] –   оз. Онтарио

the Niagara River [ na`'1g2r2] – р. Ниагара

Niagara Falls (48m) – Ниагарский водопад

the Great Lakes ports:

• Chicago, IL [\`'k6:g2u] –   Чикаго, штат Иллинойс

   • Cleveland, OH ['kli:vl2nd] – Кливленд, штат Огайо

   • Buffalo, NY ['b9f2l2u] – Буффало, штат Нью -Йорк

the Great Salt Lake – Большое Солёное оз.

outlet – сток, вытекание

a lake that has no outlet – бессточное озеро

Salt Lake City, UT – Солт -Лейк -Сити, штат Юта

 

QUESTIONS AND TASKS

1. Find US major rivers and lakes on the map and show them.
2. What is the longest river in the USA? What are its tributaries? Show them on the map.
3. What was the Louisiana Purchase?
4. What are the main rivers in the North East, in the South, in Alaska?
5. Describe the rivers of the Pacific Ocean.
6. Characterize the Great Lakes, the Great Salt Lake.
7. Find US large river and lake ports on the map.

 

TOPICS FOR REPORTS

1. The Mississippi River                   4. The Rio Grande
2. The Colorado                                           5. The Great Lakes
3. Niagara Falls                                            6. American ‘River’ Idioms

 

 

VEGETATION

 

arctic tundra – арктическая тундра

boreal forest ['b5:r`2l] – северный, бореальный лес

mixed forest – смешанный лес

broad-leaved forest – широколиственный лес

evergreen – вечнозелёный

prairie – североамериканская степь, прерия

desert – пустыня

 

tree-line – верхняя граница произрастания лесов

lichens ['la`k2n, 'l`t\2n] – лишайники

the Douglas fir – дугласия, лжетсуга       

hemlock – тсуга

fir – пихта

spruce – ель

sequoia tree  [s`'kw5`2] (California redwood) – секвойя, мамонтово дерево

state tree – дерево-символ штата

poplar – тополь

the longleaf pine – сосна болотная

the live oak [la`v] – дуб виргинский

the American chestnut – каштан американский

the tulip tree (tulip poplar) – тюльпанное дерево

the sugar maple – клен сахарный

 

the Everglades – болотистая равнина, эверглейд

marsh grasses – болотные травы

the Glacial period  –   ледниковый период  

mangrove – мангровое дерево                               

mangrove swamps – мангровые болота

tidal zone – приливно-отливная полоса

aerial roots – воздушные корни, пневматофоры

tall-grass (short-grass) prairies – высокотравные (низкотравные) прерии

black soil – чернозём

grasses – злаковые   

sagebrush – полынь

beard grass – бородач

buffalo grass – бизонова трава

cactus ['k1kt2s] (pl. cacti) – кактус

the Desert Country – страна пустынь                 

the Painted Desert – пустыня Пейнтед, Раскрашенная Пустыня

the Petrified Forest – национальный парк «Окаменелый лес»

 

QUESTIONS AND TASKS

1. What are the types of vegetation to be found within the USA?
2. Describe each type of vegetation, name the most common plants.
3. What are the Everglades? mangrove swamps?

 

TOPICS FOR REPORTS

1. US floristic symbols                                 4. The prairies
2. Alaska’s flora                                           5. Vegetation in Florida
3. Sequoia trees                                            6. The Petrified Forest

 

 

WILD LIFE

 

prolific – обильный, плодовитый

aborigines [,1b2'r`d8`ni:z] – местные жители, аборигены

fire arms – огнестрельное оружие

habitat ['h1b`t1t] – среда обитания, распространения

extinction – вымирание, исчезновение

       the brink of extinction – грань исчезновения

to exterminate – уничтожать, истреблять, искоренять

bison ['ba`sn] (pl. – bison), buffalo ['b9f2lou] (pl. – buffaloes) – бизон

to abound in (with) – изобиловать чем -л.

deer – олень

raccoon [r2'ku:n] – енот

skunk – скунс

porcupine ['p5:kjupa`n]  – дикобраз

the black bear – чёрный медведь, барибал

beaver – бобр

mink – норка  

mole – крот

lynx [l`4ks] – рысь

migratory wild fowl ['maigr2t2ri] – дикие перелетные птицы

flock – стая (птиц)            

loon – гагара

heron – цапля

 

wild turkey – дикая индейка

kingfisher – зимородок

tortoise   –   наземная черепаха

salamander [‘s1l2m1nd2] –   саламандра

rattlesnake – гремучая змея

moose (pl. moose)  – (амер.) лось                              elk – (англ.) лось

wolverine ['wulv2ri:n] – росомаха

opossum [2'p5s2m] – сумчатая крыса, опоссум

to play possum – 1) притворяться больным, мёртвым; 2) прикидываться несведущим,

                                                                                         непонимающим

pouched [pau\t], marsupial [m6:'sju:pi2l]  – сумчатый

alligator – аллигатор

sea cow – американский ламантин

crocodile – крокодил

flamingo – фламинго                        the whooping crane – американский журавль

the moccasin snake – мокасиновая змея

herd – стадо

grazing animal – травоядное

antelope ['1nt`l2up] – антилопа

badger – барсук

 

the mountain sheep – снежный баран              the grizzly bear – гризли

the mountain goat – снежная коза                                marmot ['m6:m2t] – сурок

the sidewinder ['sa`dwa`nd2] –   рогатая гремучая змея

the Gila monster ['hi:l2 'm5nst2] – ядозуб (lizard)

 

the bald eagle – белоголовый орел                                    

 

wilderness area – природный заповедник

Yellowstone National Park (1872) – Йеллоустонский национальный парк

geysers – гейзеры

hot springs – горячие источники

 Old Faithful – гейзер «Верный старик»

 Sequoia National Park (1890) – национальный парк «Секвойя»

(the) General Sherman (Tree) – секвойя «Генерал Шерман»

Yosemite National Park (1890) [j2u'sem`ti]  – Йосемитский национальный парк

Yosemite Falls (740m) – Йосемитский водопад

 

QUESTIONS AND TASKS

1. Is America’s wild life prolific?
2. What were the most common animals and birds the US forests abounded in?
3. What were the animals of the prairies? of the western high mountains?
4. What is the animal life like in the deserts? in the Southeast?
5. How is nature protected in the USA?
6. Find and show the US most famous national parks on the map.

 

TOPICS FOR REPORTS

1. P