Терехина О.В., Красильникова Л.В.

Английский язык для полиграфистов: Учебное пособие / О.В. Терехина, Л.В. Красильникова – М.: МГУП, 20011. - с.

 

Печатается в авторской редакции

 

Данное учебное пособие дает возможность ознакомиться с историей развития полиграфии, особенностями допечатной подготовки и послепечатной обработки, видами традиционной и цифровой печати. Авторами разработана система лексических и грамматических упражнений, сопровождающих каждую тему курса.

Учебное пособие предназначено для преподавателей, студентов и аспирантов технических вузов(полиграфических специальностей), для представителей полиграфической отрасли, изучающих английский язык.

 

ПРЕДИСЛОВИЕ

 

Данное учебное пособие предназначено для студентов очного, очно-заочного и заочного отделений технических факультетов полиграфического вуза и является профильно-ориентированным, хотя не исключена возможность его использования и в других учебных заведениях, в системе дополнительного и второго высшего образования, базирующегося на основах полиграфических знаний.

Учебное пособие рассчитано на развитие навыков устной и письменной речи в результате овладения речевыми образцами, содержащими новые лексические и грамматические явления. В пособие включены специальные упражнения для формирования и поддержания языковых и речевых навыков при работе, как в аудитории, так и самостоятельно. Это обеспечивает более глубокую и детальную проработку предложенных тем и более качественное закрепление изучаемого материала.

Курс состоит из восьми уроков, последовательно описывающих историю, развитие, становление и современное состояние полиграфической индустрии, а также основные этапы печатного процесса, современные печатные технологии. Каждый урок содержит текст, где главный упор делается на изучение, перевод, пересказ текста, на расширение словарного запаса студентов.

Тексты, на которых строится работа каждого урока, взяты из английских и американских полиграфических источников и несколько сокращены. За текстом следует список речевых образцов (Words and  Word Combinations).

Упражнения по обучению чтению на материале текста урока составлены с учетом принципа нарастания трудности и призваны развивать культуру чтения и понимания прочитанного. Одновременно с работой над содержанием текста изучается активный словарь урока, который в дальнейшем используется в текстах и упражнениях по принципу преемственности. Имеются упражнения на перевод с английского языка на русский и с русского на английский. Значительная роль отводится грамматическим упражнениям на повторение и закрепление времен английского глагола, модальных глаголов и других грамматических явлений и структур. Заключительным этапом каждого урока является устное выступление студента по изученной теме.

 

Unit ONE

TEXT

HISTORY OF PRINTING

 

Printing is a process for reproducing text and image, typically with ink on paper using a printing press. It is often carried out as a large-scale industrial process, and is an essential part of publishing and transaction printing.

The history of printing began as an attempt to make easier and reduce the cost of reproducing multiple copies of documents, fabrics, wall papers and so on. Printing streamlined the process of communication, and contributed to the development of commerce, law, religion and culture.

Woodblock printing is a technique for printing text, images or patterns used widely throughout East Asia and originating in China in antiquity as a method of printing on textiles and later paper. Block printing first came to Christian Europe as a method for printing on cloth, where it was common by 1300. Images printed on cloth for religious purposes could be quite large and elaborate, and when paper became relatively easily available, around 1400, the medium transferred very quickly to small woodcut religious images and playing cards printed on paper. These prints were produced in very large numbers from about 1425 onwards.

Around the mid-century, block-books, woodcut books with both text and images, usually carved in the same block, emerged as a cheaper alternative to manuscripts and books printed with movable type. These were all short heavily illustrated works, the bestsellers of the day, repeated in many different block-book versions: “Ars moriendi” and “Biblia pauperum” were the most common.

Movable type is the system of printing and typography using movable pieces of metal type, made by casting from matrices struck by letterpunches.

Around 1040, the first known movable type system was created in China by Bi Sheng out of porcelain. Metal movable type was first invented in Korea during the Goryeo Dynasty (around 1230). Neither movable type system was widely used, one reason being the enormous Chinese character set.

It is traditionally believed that Johannes Gutenberg, of the German city of Mainz, developed European printing technology around 1439 and in just over a decade, the European age of printing began, but new research may indicate that it was a more complex evolutionary process spread over multiple locations. Also, Johann Fust and Peter Schöffer experimented with Gutenburg in Mainz. Genealogically, all modern movable type printing can be traced back to a single source, Gutenberg's printing press which he derived from the design of long known agricultural presses.

Compared to woodblock printing, movable type pagesetting was quicker and more durable. The metal type pieces were more durable and the lettering was more uniform, leading to typography and fonts. The high quality and relatively low price of the Gutenberg Bible (1455) established the superiority of movable type, and printing presses rapidly spread across Europe, leading up to the Renaissance, and later all around the world. Today, practically all movable type printing ultimately derives from Gutenberg's movable type printing, which is often regarded as the most important invention of the second millennium.

Gutenberg is also credited with the introduction of an oil-based ink which was more durable than previously used water-based inks. Having worked as a professional goldsmith, Gutenberg made skillful use of the knowledge of metals he had learned as a craftsman. Gutenberg was also the first to make his type from an alloy of lead, tin, and antimony, known as type metal, printer's lead, or printer's metal, which was critical for producing durable type that produced high-quality printed books, and proved to be more suitable for printing than the clay, wooden or bronze types used in East Asia. To create these lead types, Gutenberg used what some considered his most ingenious invention, a special matrix wherewith the moulding of new movable types with an unprecedented precision at short notice became feasible. Within a year Gutenberg also published the first coloured prints.

Gutenberg's invention of the printing press revolutionized communication and book production leading to the spread of knowledge. Rapidly, printing spread from Germany by emigrating German printers, but also by foreign apprentices returning home.

Ivan Fedorov (later changed to Fedorovych) (born around 1510, died December 14, 1583 in Lviv), was one of the fathers (meaning Belarusian Francysk Skaryna) of Russian and Ukrainian printing. He was also a master cannon maker and the inventor of a multibarreled mortar. He knew several foreign languages: Church Slavonic, Polish, Latin Greek.

In 1532 he graduated from Jagiellonian University in Krakow with bachelor degree. During the reign of Ivan the Terrible Fedorov and the Belarusian P. Mstsislavets published in Moscow several liturgical works in Church Slavonic and the first book in Russian. It was “Apostol” (1563). This technical innovation created competition for the Muscovite scribes, who persecuted Fedorov and Mstsislavets. And fire which destroyed their workshop caused them to flee to the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. There they were received by the Great Lithuanian Hetman H. Khodkevych at his estate in Zabłudów (Zabludiv) (northern Podlachia), where they published Ievanheliie uchytel’noie (Didactic Gospel, 1569) and Psaltyr’ (Psalter, 1570). In Zabłudów, Fedorov changed his surname from Fedorov to Fedorovych. He moved to Lviv in 1572 and resumed his work as a printer the following year at the Saint Onuphrius Monastery. (Fedorovych's tombstone in Lviv is inscribed ‘drukovanie zanedbanoe vobnov[yl]’ [renewed neglected printing].) In 1574 Fedorovych, with the help of his son published the second edition of the Apostol, with an autobiographical epilogue, and Azbuka (Alphabet book). Fedorovych was known as the ‘Muscovite printer’ or Iwan Moschus (Ivan the Muscovite) in Lviv, a name used more to identify his place of origin than his nationality. In 1575 Fedorovych, in the service of Prince Konstantin Ostrozky, was placed in charge of the Derman Monastery; in 1577–79 he established the Ostrih Press, where, in 1581, he published the Ostrog Bible and a number of other books. Fedorovych returned to Lviv after a quarrel with Prince Konstantin Ostrozky, but his attempt to reopen his printing shop was unsuccessful. His printery became the property of the Lviv Dormition Brotherhood (later the Stauropegion Institute). The brotherhood used Fedorovych's original designs until the early 19th century. The first monument to Fedorov was opened in Moscow in 1909.

 

 

Letterpress

Letterpress is the oldest printing technology invented by Gutenberg in 1440. His invention is based on three things: cast print types, a hand-casting instrumentto make these types, and a printing pressdesigned for this purpose, which was adapted from the wine presses of the time. For many centuries the platen designof this hand press remained the only design for printing presses and basically only underwent various refinements with the change from the printing principle of the threaded spindle to the toggle lever principle, and of the structural material from wood to metal.

 

Intaglio

Intaglio engraving, as a method of making prints, was invented in Germany by the 1430s, after the woodcut print. Engraving had been used by goldsmiths to decorate metalwork, including armour, musical instruments and religious objects since ancient times, and the niello technique, which involved rubbing an alloy into the lines to give a contrasting colour, also goes back to late antiquity. It has been suggested that goldsmiths began to print impressions of their work to record the design, and that printmaking developed from that.

The golden age of artists engraving was 1450-1550, after which the technique lost ground to etching as a medium for artists, although engravings continued to be produced in huge numbers until after the invention of photography. Today intaglio engraving is largely used for currency, banknotes, passports and occasionally for high-value postage stamps. The appearance of engraving is sometimes mimicked for items such as wedding invitations by producing an embossment around lettering printed by another process (such as lithography or offset) to suggest the edges of an engraving plate.

Lithography

Lithography was invented by Alois Senefelder - Czech - in Bohemia in 1796. In the early days of lithography, a smooth piece of limestone was used (hence the name "lithography"—"lithos" (λιθος) is the ancient Greek word for stone). After the oil-based image was put on the surface gum arabic, a water soluble solution, was then applied, sticking only to the non-oily surface and sealing it. During printing, water adhered to the gum arabic surfaces and avoided the oily parts, while the oily ink used for printing did the opposite.

Chromolithography was the first method for making true multi-color prints. Earlier attempts at polychromed printing relied on hand-coloring. The type of color printing stemmed from the process of lithography, and it includes all types of lithography that are printed in color. It replaced coloring prints by hand, and eventually served as a replica of a real painting. Lithographers sought to find a way to print on flat surfaces with the use of chemicals instead of relief or intaglio printing. Depending on the amount of colors present, a chromolithograph could take months to produce. To make what was once referred to as a “’chromo’”, a lithographer, with a finished painting in front of him, gradually built and corrected the print to look as much as possible like the painting in front of him, sometimes using dozens of layers.The process can be very time consuming and cumbersome contingent upon the skill of the lithographer.

Offset press was invented in 1870s. Offset printingis the major lithographic technology. It is an indirect lithographic technology, in which the ink is first transferred from the printing plate onto a flexible intermediate carrier – the blanket – and then onto the substrate. Offset printing has spread markedly since approximately 1970 and has, to a great extent, ousted the letterpress printing technology which prevailed until that time. The offset printing technology is now the major printing technology.