Use the resulting expressions in the sentences of your own.

5. Fill in the gaps using the words of the essential vocabulary:

1. ………… streamlined the process of communication, and contributed to the development of commerce, law, religion and culture.

2 ……… ……… is the system of printing and typography using movable pieces of metal type, made by casting from matrices struck by letterpunches.

3. Compared to ………… printing, movable type pagesetting was quicker and more durable.

4. An oil-based ink which was more ………. than previously used water-based inks.

5. Engraving had been used by …………. to decorate metalwork, including armour, musical instruments and religious objects since ancient times.

6. ………….. is the oldest printing technology invented by Gutenberg in 1440.

7. Offset printingis the major lithographic technology. It is an indirect lithographic technology, in which the ink is first transferred from the ………. ……. onto a flexible intermediate carrier – the blanket – and then onto the substrate.

8. The modern ……… printing process originated from patents taken out by Samuel Simon in 1907 in England.

 

6. Agree or disagree with the statements:

1. Block printing first came to Christian Europe as a method for printing on cloth, where it was common by 1500.

2. Metal movable type was first invented in Japan during the Goryeo Dynasty (around 1230).

3. Ivan Fedorov (later changed to Fedorovych), was one of the fathers (meaning Belarusian Francysk Skaryna) of Russian and Ukrainian printing.

4. Today intaglio engraving is rarely used for currency, banknotes, passports and occasionally for high-value postage stamps.

5. Xerographic office photocopying was introduced by Xerox in the 1960s, and over the following 20 years it gradually replaced copies made by Verifax, Photostat, carbon paper, mimeograph machines, and other duplicating machines.

6. The inkjet printer, based on a modified xerographic copier, was invented at Xerox in 1969 by researcher Gary Starkweather, who had a fully functional networked printer system working by 1971.

7. The principle of inkjet printing was discovered by Canon engineer Ichiro Endo in August 1977.

8. Digital printing is widely used in personalized printing with the advent of variable data printing(VDP or VI).

7. Match the term with the definition:

1	Printing	a	a printing process, in which the text or image to be reproduced is engraved or etched into the plate.
2	Publishing	b	a printing process where a design is inked through a fine screen, parts of which are covered by a stencil to prevent the ink passing through.
3	Intaglio	c	the plateless printing technology, uses a photoconductor which is charged in darkness with a corona discharge.
4	Letterpress	d	a process for reproducing text and image, typically with ink on paper using a printing press.
5	Lithography	e	technology uses jets of ink droplets driven by digital signals to print the same or variable information directly on paper.
6	Screen printing	f	a process of choosing, arranging, printing and offering for sale to the public a book, magazine, newspaper, etc.
7	Xerography	g	a method of printing in which the ink sticks to greasy areas of treated metal, stone or film and is then transferred to the paper.
8	Inkjet printing	h	a printing process, in which the type is raised from the background plate.

8. Translate from Russian into English:

Люди создавали искусство ещё в 45000-25000гг. до н.э. Камень, то есть сама земля, был первым холстом художника. Первые образцы искусства живописи и цвета создавались на глине и гончарной посуде. В папирусе истоки бумаги. Без него цивилизация была бы другой. Одежда и шкуры животных также сыграли важную роль в истории полиграфии. Во многих частях света именно шкуры животных стали излюбленным холстом древних художников. Сажа и ламповая копоть широко применялись в качестве пигмента при изготовлении краски для печати на дереве в Китае, где искусство рисования красками было известно около 900 лет до н.э. Масло тоже применялось в живописи при изготовлении красок, а затем стало основой печатных процессов. Изобретение бумаги датируется 105 годом н.э. и связано с документом, в котором Цай Лунь доложил об этом китайскому императору. Эта бумага делалась из древесной коры, тряпок, рыболовных сетей. В Европе бумага стала известна в тринадцатом столетии. Большинство историков полагает, что ранние технологии европейского бумажного производства были заимствованы из Азии, хотя не совсем ясно из какой страны – Китая, Персии или Индии.

 

9. Complete the following sentences:

1. Printing is a process ………………………………………………………………….

2. Woodblock printing is a technique…………………………………………………...

3. Movable type is the system of………………………………………………………..

4. Johannes Gutenberg, of the German city of Mainz,  …………………………………

5. Ivan Fedorov (later changed to Fedorovych) was …………………………………...

6. Lithography was invented by ………………………………………………………..

7. The laser printer, based on a modified xerographic copier, was invented …………..

8. 3D (three-dimensional) printing is ………………………………………………….

Grammar reference. Adverbs.

· We use adverbs to give extra information about verbs, adjectives and other adverbs.

· We usually add -ly to an adjective to form an adverb. (definite-definitely; efficient-efficiently)

· We add –ally to adjectives ending in –ic. (dramatic-dramatically)

· Some adverbs are ‘irregular’ and are not formed with –ly. (good-well; fast-fast)

· Some adverbs ending in –ly have different meaning from the adjective. (hard-hardly)

· Some words ending in –ly are adjectives and not adverbs. (friendly; lovely)

Find the adverbs in the text and complete the table according to the rules:

-ly	-ally	‘irregular’	adjective