К теме № 15: Перевод эмфатических конструкций

1. Translate the sentences with Emphatic Constructions into Russian:

1. The problem does exist, whatever you think about it.

2. Not only does the government support the needy population, but it also subsidizers all the agricultural sector.

3. Related to the market reforms are the issues of privatizations and entrepreneurship.

4. Nor should there be distortions in social policies of the local governments.

5. Included in the report are the latest figures submitted by the statistic board.

6. Whoever the author of this project may have been he should have coordinated his actions with the executive bodies.

7. This option is not improbable in the present situation.

8. It was not until mid-90ies that some progress was observed.

9. It is these factors that drew our special attention.

10. No sooner the committee started operating than the first positive results could be seen.

11. It was L. Balcerowicz who introduced a ‘shock therapy” economic policy in Poland in the early 90-ies.

12. As early as in 1953 the first tractor “Belarus” was assembled in Minsk.

13. Strange as it may seem, they were reluctant to learn from native speakers of English.

14. The economic growth reached as much as 5 percent last year against 1.1 percent two years ago.

15. Never was there a greater surplus of the U.S. budget than in 1999.

16. No two international problems are alike.

17. No food at all is better than unwholesome food.

18. The article is by a not unknown military correspondent.

19. No matter where you go, you can't escape from youгself.

20. Whatever I say, I seem to say the wrong thing.

21. Few mistakes, if any, might be said to have arisen from the ap­plication of this theory.

22. When a hearing is finished, the committee decides what re­port, if any, it will make to the House on the measure.

23. He spoke firmly though pleasantly.

24. He drove quickly yet safely.

25. Whatever on earth caused the accident, nobody knows.

2. Give Russian equivalents of the sentences:

1. Although most of the detailed history consists of a series of blanks, we do have a time scale that seems sensible. 2. It was first thought that the air flow did not affect the measurements. But later it was found that it did cause errors. 3. There is ample proof that aesthetics and engineering can and do influence each other. 4. The alpha particles do not pass through the aluminium. The beta rays which do pass through the aluminium do not ionize gas as profusely as do the alpha particles. 5. This does not, mean that chance has no role in the inventing process. Chance does act. 6. For a long time scientists did not believe the validity of the geographical data of the ancient authors. However, the archaeologists did find a number of ancient cities with the help of these data. 7. The fact that the incoming solar radiation drops off more rapidly towards the winter pole than the outgoing terrestrial radiation does mean that there is an excess in radiational heating in summer and a deficit near the winter pole.

 

3. Remember a few word groups which can be regarded as reduced adverbial clauses:

if any — если хоть сколько нибудь… (чего-нибудь);

if anything (anybody) — если хоть что-нибудь (кто-нибудь);

if anywhere — если хоть где-нибудь...

if at all — если данное действие происходит вообще...

if ever — если хоть когда-нибудь...

if not — если это не так...

if so — если это так...

few, if any, little – практически ничего (дословно “мало, если вообще хоть сколько-нибудь”).

 

4. Identify the structures and give Russian equivalents of the sentence:

1. The 2nd industrial revolution, as contrasted to the 1st one, aims at liberating the human mind. 2. If properly treated, these raw materials can provide us with all necessary substances. 3. Once started, the process is difficult to stop. 4. Unless otherwise stated, the pressure is atmospheric. 5. When faced with true discovery, we are not likely to respond this way. 6. When at last the patient is allowed to sleep he will probably wake after some twelve hours and show little, if any, ill-effect. 7. The accuracy of the millivoltmeter, while inferior to that of other instruments, is satisfactory for a great many industrial applications. 8. The answer, according to Ryle, is a definite «yes». If so, then the steady-state theory must be either modified or else abandoned. 9. All materials, whether solid, liquid, or gaseous, normally expand when heated and contract when cooled, ignoring special cases like that of water below 4° C. 10. Gas molecules are a form of matter and possess mass, so, if in motion, they must have a definite kinetic energy.

 

 

Overall Revision

 

1. Grammar in proverbs. Identify the structures according to all the Patterns studied, translate them into Russian and suggest Russian sayings of similar meaning:

1. To know everything is to know nothing. 2. It is never too late to learn. 3. Talk of the devil and he is sure to appear. 4. It is no use crying over spilt milk. 5. If you want a thing well done, do it yourself. 6. The evils we bring on ourselves are hardest to bear. 7. Wait for the cat to jump. 8. When angry, count a hundred. 9. It's not the gay coat that makes the gentleman. 10. A blind man would be glad to see. 11. A fault confessed is half redressed. 12. A hard nut to crack. 13. It is a good horse that never stumbles.

2. Identify the structures according to all the Patterns studied and give Russian equivalents of the sentences:

1. The most likely way the climate could be influenced by either natural or artificial means seems to be through a trigger mechanism, that ultimately changes the radiation balance. 2. A way must be found to deal with the eutrophication problem because even in the short run it can have damaging effects, affecting as it does, the supply of potable water, the cycles of aquatic life and consequently man's food supply. 3. Solid particles are injected into the lower atmosphere from a number of sources, with the combustion of fossil fuels making a major contribution. 4. In this context it is being argued with increasing force that medical care is a right and not a privilege and that one class of medical care should be available to everyone. 5. All life on the earth is of course ultimately powered by the sun, and accordingly it is strongly affected by variations of the incoming solar radiation over the globe. 6. This constituted an evolutionary advance quite unlike any other known to have occurred. 7. Whenever free oxygen is available, it is energetically advantageous for an organism to use it to oxidize organic compounds rather than to use the oxygen bound in nitrate salts. 8. The final circulation pattern is determined by the interaction of the two systems, each system influencing the other in a complicated cycle of events. 9. Because of the large number of variables involved it is difficult to predict what, the world would look like without the denitrification reaction, but it would certainly not be the world we know. 10. The bulldozer and the miracle drugs may be chosen as symbols of Western man's simplistic faith that he has become the master of his destiny. Only gradually and painfully is he learning that he cannot go on working against nature if he is to survive. 11. In general, local and regional environmental problems, such as the thermal pollution of lakes and waterways, and the direct health effects of pollution on man were not considered. Nor did the study examine in any detail the problems of radioactive waste disposal... But the study does not stop there. It goes on to suggest what man can do about the problems he does understand and how he can acquire essential information about those he doesn't. 12. It is animals and plants which lived in or near water whose remains are most likely to be preserved, for one of the necessary conditions of preservation is quick burial, and it is only in the seas and rivers and sometimes lakes, where mud and slit has been continuously deposited, that bodies and the like can be rapidly covered over and preserved. 13. Primary tropical forests are supposed to have been little, if at all, affected by man and are believed to have existed much as they are now from a very remote period. 14. If the best a skilled reader can do is to see three or four letters per second, and if he had to see every letter in order to read it he would be able to read about one word every 1.75 seconds on the average. 15. As the income levels in these countries rise, so will their demand for a diet of animal products. 16. I have never experienced that marvelous sensation, nor have I ever heard of its happening to others. 17. Not only can I not accept it, but I can hardly understand how a scientist like Nicolle could have conceived of such an idea. 18. To the scientist the value of any particular launching is the success of the experiment concluded, not just the distance reached from the earth. Nor is he concerned with putting men in the vehicle, for the instruments can be made to operate automatically and to send back their readings to earth as coded radio signals. 19. The method of successive approximation which is due to Picard furnished a mode of attack quite unlike any the student has used hitherto in solving differential equations. 20. It is inexcusable that we should fail to predict responses of nature consequent upon our own actions. 21. The moon, satellite of the earth, has already been visited and found to be totally hostile to man. The surface of Venus is too hot for us, and Mars offers little, if any, hope. The other planets are out of the question. Man, indeed, is earthbound and we must learn to accept this inescapable circumstance however great our expectations. 22. If we had to stop producing CO₂, no coal, oil or gas could be burned, and all modern societies would come to a halt. The only possible alternative is nuclear energy, whose by-products may cause serious environmental effects. Also, we don't have electric motor vehicles to be propelled by electricity from nuclear energy. 23. Although by the year 2000 we expect global: thermal power output to be six times the present level, we do not expect it to affect global climate. Over cities it does already create «heat islands» and as these grow larger, they may have regional climatic effects and they should be studied. 24. We naively seem to assume that by willing the means we attain the goals. If someone, in a fire station got the idea that silencing the alarm-clock would be a good way of handling fires, we would classify him as a mental case. Yet this is the way we act as a human family in facing malnutrition.

3. Give Russian equivalents of the following (use explanations as a guide):

1. In this particular field they are far ahead of other researches, having made a much earlier start (far ahead — well in advance).

2. This particular matter can be registered far outside the terrestrial atmosphere (far outside — beyond the limits of).

3. So far we have made little progress here (so far — to this point or extent).

4. This tendency is certainly to the benefit of science of the world (to the benefit (of) — for the good of, in the interest of).

5. It was not so easy to get at the root of the trouble (to find out what was the real cause) (at the root — at the source or origin).

6. You must complete the preliminary experiment in time to be able to continue the work (in time — not late, early enough).

7. You will learn how to do it in time (in time — sooner or later; after the passing of an indefinite period of time).

8. It was rather easy to fit the pieces together but it was difficult to keep the entire system in running order (in running order — in good working condition).

 

4. Make up English-Russian pairs of the word groups equivalents in meaning:

1. At any rate; 2. at great expense; 3. at least; 4. at once; 5. as soon as; 6. at the edge of; 7. by no means; 8. from now; 9. in full; 10. in general; 11. in the long run; 12. let alone; 13. not (no)... at all; 14. of necessity; 15. of one's own; 16. on the one hand... on the other hand; 17. some day; 18. that long.

1. В конечном счете (в далеком будущем); 2. в любом случае; 3. вообще; 4. как только; 5. когда-нибудь; 6. на грани; 7. никоим образом; 8. оставляя в стороне; 9. отныне, с данного момента; 10. полностью; 11. по меньшей мере; 12. по необходимости; 13. с большими затратами; 14. собственный; 15. совсем не; 16. с одной стороны … с другой стороны; 17. сразу; 18. так долго.

5. Give Russian equivalents of the N'... N"... N groups and of the hyphenated word groups:

A. 1. A science student; a physics department (of an university); a computer project. 2. In the text to follow people who were involved in the development of the first computer, are referred to as «a computer group» or «computer people», and those who supported the idea of an accelerator, are mentioned as “accelerator enthusiasts”.

B. Short-range and long-range forecasts; a problem of a longterm nature; an unexpected break-through into a new field; a selfevident statement.

 

6. Give Russian equivalents of the following word groups:

1. to have room for (Earth has room for everything); 2. to give an opportunity (He was given an opportunity to continue his research); 3. to have an opportunity; 4. to throw away an opportunity (Once you have an opportunity, don't throw it away); 5. to take place (The process does not take place at such low temperatures); 6. to take into consideration (To solve the problem one must take into consideration all major factors involved); 7. to make an effort (He made no effort to rebuild the laboratory); 8. to make forecasts (It is very risky to make long-range forecasts); 9. to make smth. certain (All these factors make rapid progress in this field practically certain); 10. to present the case for (Two physicists will speak and present the respective cases for their fields of research); 11. to keep in touch (It is good for physics to keep in close touch with biology); 12. to come into being (New branches of science are coming into being); 13. to come to one's mind (An idea came to his mind of building quite a different machine); 14. to do research (He is doing research in the field of polymers); 15. to be of two minds (I don't know what to do, I am of two minds about it); 16. to be in a position (The Academy of Sciences is in a position to influence the distribution of funds); 17. to be at home (He knows the subject very well, he is quite at home in many fields); 18. to be in the forefront (Molecular biology is in the forefront of the search for knowledge).

7. From the list below choose the English equivalents of the italicized Russian phrases:

A. 1. Прежде всего нам следует обсудить этот вопрос. 2. В конце концов, это неплохой выход. 3. Во всяком случае, ваши основные положения правильны. 4. Во многом такой подход вполне оправдан. 5. Отчасти вы правы.

anyway, after all, in some respects, first of all, in many ways.

B. Данная проблема будет рассматриваться в целом, хотя некоторые ее аспекты надо обсудить подробно. В частности, необходимо оценить, в какой-то степени, фактор времени.

in detail, to some extent, as a whole, in particular.

C. Более того существует много других возможностей для решения этой проблемы помимо только что упомянутой.

moreover, apart from.

D. До сих пор такой подход только усложнял решение этой проблемы, которая в настоящее время требует поиска новых путей.

so far, at present.

E. Если взглянуть на проблему широко, то можно выделить три основных положения, которые, по мнению автора, представляются спорными. Однако, по-моему это слишком категорическое утверждение. В научном плане может быть и неплохо, что наши возможности ограниченны.

scientifically speaking, to my mind, in the author's opinion, broadly speaking.

 

 

 

ЧАСТЬ III

 

ДОПОЛНИТЕЛЬНЫЙ МАТЕРИАЛ

READING PRACTICE

Text 1. 1) Read the text to yourself and be ready for a comprehension check up:

Recently much attention has been given to the study of this phenomenon. In this paper new experimental observations are presented and discussed. The data have been obtained assuming a new model of the mechanism involved, which was suggested in an earlier study by the author. The measurements have been carried out with a conventional apparatus slightly modified by the author. All possible sources of error are taken into account and consideration is given to the advantages and shortcomings of the present approach. The results are analyzed and the analysis is followed by a comparison of the data obtained with those available in literature. It is hoped that the disagreement may be accounted for by an improved experimental technique of the present investigation.

2) Check up for comprehension:

1. Is it an abstract, a summary or a conclusion? 2. What was the author's theoretical contribution? 3. Did anybody else study the phenomenon? (Find two sentences to support your answer). 4. Do the author's results agree with those reported in literature? 5. How does he account for that? 6. How does the author increase the accuracy of his results?

 

Text 2. 1) Read the text to yourself and be ready for a comprehension check-up: