Глагол to be в Indefinite Active

Прочтите предложения, употребив нужную форму прилагательного по смыслу

 

1. Which is (large) city in your country?

2. John is (short) than William.

3. Henry is (tall) of all.

4. This summer is (hot) than last summer.

5. December 22 is (short) day of the year.

6. This is (beautiful) house in the city.

7. He is (good) student in the group.

9. Mathematics is {difficult) for him than physics.

10. The Volga is one of the (long) rivers in the world.

11. January is (cold) than March.

12. Agatha Christie is one of (famous) English writers.

13. There were (many) students at the lecture today than yesterday.

14. The Assembly Hall is (large) room in the Institute.

15. Yesterday our team played football very badly. I think it was their (bad) match.

16. Their house in the country is (little) comfortable than their flat in the town.

Дайте полные ответы на следующие вопросы.

 

1. Who is the youngest in your family?

2. Who is the oldest in your family?

3. Is your father older than your mother?

4. Are you as young as your friend?

5. Which is the most difficult subject for you?

6. Which is the easiest subject for you?

7. Is mathematics more difficult for you than English?

8. Is English easier for you than physics?

9. Is chemistry as difficult for you as physics?

10. Which is the most interesting subject for you?

11. Which is the longest day of the year?

12. Which is the shortest month of the year?

13. Is Washington bigger than New York?

14. Which is the largest city in the world?

15. Which is the highest mountain peak in the world?

16. Who is the most famous Russian singer now?

17. Is it warmer today than it was yesterday?

18. Do you have more or less free time now than you had last year?

Найдите в каждом ряду прилагательное в сравнительной степени.

1. father, foreigner, faster	8. larger, mother, dinner
2. receiver, summer, richer	9. letter, last, less
3. better, brother, farmer	10. their, longer, her
4. word, worse, worker	11. smaller, worker, paper
5. colder, corner, car	12. floor, answer, more
6. door, daughter, darker	13. older, poor, brother
7. water, teacher, higher	14. sister, shorter, summer

Ознакомьтесь с союзами сравнения и их значениями, б) Переведите предложения и словосочетания на русский язык.

 

as... as-так же (такой же)... как

not as... as, not so... as - не так (не такой)... как the... the-чем...,тем than – чем

 

1. It was not so warm as it is today.

2.1 do not get up so early on Sunday as on weekdays.

3. Lesson One is not so difficult as Lesson Three.

4. She does not work at her English as much as she did last year.

5. Chemistry is not so interesting to him as mathematics.

6. As black as coal (уголь).

7. As heavy as lead (свинец).

8. As light as a feather (перо).

9. As wet as a fish.

10. He knows English better than you.

11. This book is more interesting than yours.

12. English is easier than Russian.

13. This flat is less comfortable than ours.

14. The more we study, the more we know. The more we know, the more we forget. The more we forget, the less we know. The less we know, the less w e forget. The less we forget, the more we know. So why study?

ВРЕМЕНА ГРУППЫ INDEFINITE ACTIVE

 

Глаголы в формах Indefinite относят действие к настоящему, прошедшему или будущему времени, не уточняя, как оно проте­кает во времени. Времена Indefinite Active образуются от инфини­тива.

 

Present Indefinite

Формы глагола в Present Indefinite совпадают с инфинитивом без частицы to. Лишь в 3-м лице единственного числа добавляет­ся суффикс - s.

Это время употребляется для выражения действия, происхо­дящего обычно, регулярно, или для обозначения вневременных фактов и явлений:

 

I getup at seven every day except Sunday.	Я встаю в семь утра каждый день, кроме воскресенья.
The sun risesin the east and setsin the west.	Солнце всходит на востоке и заходит на западе.

Past Indefinite

Стандартные глаголы образуют формы в Past Indefinite путем прибавления к инфинитиву (без частицы to) суффикса -ed (-d) для всех лиц единственного и множественного числа. Например: to ask (спрашивать) — asked; to translate (переводить) – translated.

Нестандартные глаголы образуют формы в Past Indefinite раз­личными способами. Например:

 

to goходить — went	to takeбрать — took
to writeписать — wrote	to comeприходить — came
to giveдавать — gave

Past Indefinite употребляется

а) для выражения ряда последовательных действий в прош­лом:

Не stood up, cameup to the win­dow and sawan endless stream of cars running along the street.

Он встал, подошел к окну и увидел бесконечный поток машин, едущих по улице.

 

б) когда действие соотносится с обстоятельственными слова­ми, точно обозначающими прошедшее время (к ним относятся наречия ago тому назад, yesterday вчера, last month/week/year в про­шлом месяце/на прошлой неделе/в прошлом году и т.п.):

My friends cameto see me on Sat­urday.	Мои друзья приходили ко мне в субботу.
We didn't gethome until midnight.	Мы добрались домой только в полночь.

 

в) когда интересуются временем совершения действия в про­шлом, т.е. в вопросительном предложении, начинающемся с when, what time:

When didyou see her last?	Когда вы видели ее в послед­ний раз?
What time didyou arrivehome?	Когда вы добрались домой?

Future Indefinite

Формы глагола в Future Indefinite образуются при помощи вспомогательного глагола will и инфинитива глагола без частицы to. Например:

They will goto the country tomor­row.

Завтра они поедут за город.

С 1-м лицом единственного и множественного числа в бри­танском варианте английского языка часто употребляется также глагол shall. В разговорной речи используется форма -'ll:

He'll makehis report next week.	Он сделает доклад на следую­щей неделе.
I shall betwenty-one next year.	В будущем году мне будет 21 год.

 

Таблица времен группы Indefinite Active

Структура специальных вопросов

 

1. В специальных вопросах, относящихся к любому члену предложения (кроме подлежащего и его определения) и начина­ющихся с вопросительного слова, вспомогательный глагол стоит перед подлежащим, а основной глагол в форме инфинитива без частицы to сохраняет свое место после подлежащего.

 

Вопроси-тельные слова	Вспомога­тельный глагол	Подлежащее и определе-ние к нему	Смысловой глагол в форме инфинитива	Другие члены предложения
What Where When	do did will	you   he your sister	do go return	in the evening? yesterday? home?

 

2. В вопросах, относящихся к подлежащему или его опреде­лению, само вопросительное слово является подлежащим или определением подлежащего, поэтому полностью сохраняется по­рядок слов утвердительного предложения:

Who knows his address?

Who will help you with this work?

Whose father worked as a doctor?

Ответы на вопросы

1. Ответ на общий вопрос обычно бывает кратким:

Doyou knowGerman?	Yes, I do. No, I don't.
Didhe study German at school?	Yes, he did. No, he didn't.
Willthey cometomorrow?	Yes, they will.No, they won't.

2. Специальный вопрос требует полного, развернутого ответа:

What language did you study at school? -I studied English. Where does your mother work? - She is a school teacher. What will they do after work? - They will go home.

 

3. Специальный вопрос к подлежащему, как правило, требует краткого ответа:

Who will help them? -I will.

Who saw her yesterday? - We did.

Who translates articles from English journals? -I do.

Укажите номера предложений, в которых сказуемое выражено формой глагола: а) в прошедшем времени, б) в настоящем времени, в) в будущем времени.

 

1. My friend entered the Medical Institute last year.

2. All students take exams in winter.

3. Do you receive letters from your friends?

4. He was good at mathematics, but he failed in physics.

5. The students of our group attend all the lectures.

6. Some students failed their entrance exams.

7. The lecture will last two hours.

8. Shall we go to the disco in the evening?

Перефразируйте следующие предложения в единственном числе, изменив соответ­ственно форму сказуемого.

 

ОБРАЗЕЦ: My sisters work at the factory. My sister works at the factory.

 

1. My friends work in summer.

2. These girls go to the theatre in the evening.

3. These apples are very green.

4. My friends do not like fish.

5. His brothers work hard all day long.

6. They get new books from the library every week.

7. They have breakfast at eight o'clock.

8. The postman brings letters three times a day.

9. They want to buy some toys, because their sons have a birthday tomorrow.

Отнесите события, о которых идет речь, сначала к будущему, затем к прошлому, используя соответствующие формы глаголов. Предварительно повторите формы не­правильных глаголов come, go, have, read, take, begin, leave, swim, tell, know.

 

1. I come to the Institute at 9.

2. He goes to the Institute by Metro.

3. We have dinner at 3.

4. They read newspapers in the morning.

5. My friend takes books from the library.

6. I know many English words.

7. The lectures begin at 8.30.

8. The plane leaves Minsk for Moscow at 11.05.

9. I play tennis in summer.

10. The boy tells us everything.

11. He swims well.

12. He helps me in my work.

13. The students repeat new words before the lesson.

14. She does her homework in the evening.

15. The little boy skates well.

16. We listen to the radio in the morning.

 

Выражение долженствования

Долженствование может быть выражено:

 

1) глаголом must + инфинитив без частицы to в настоящем времени во всех лицах:

I must leave at once. Я должен уехать немедленно.

 

2) to have + инфинитив с частицей to в настоящем, прошедшем и будущем времени.

To have to выражает долженствование, вытекающее из внешних условий, и часто переводится на русский язык глаголом приходится, пришлось и т.д.:

 

I hadto work hard to pass my examination.

Я должен был (мне пришлось) много работать, чтобы сдать экзамен.

 

3) to be + инфинитив с частицей to в настоящем и прошедшем времени.

То be to означает долженствование, вытекающее из предварительной договооенности или плана:

 

We wereto inspect the new samples. 4) shouldвыражает моральный You shouldgo and see him tomorrow.

Мы должны были тщательно осмотреть новые образцы. долг или совет: Вы должны (вам следует) навестить его завтра.

СЕМЕСТР 2

 

ВРЕМЕНА ГРУППЫ CONTINUOUS ACTIVE И PASSIVE

 

Глаголы в формах Continuous употребляются, когда требуется подчеркнуть, что действие продолжается, продолжалось или бу­дет продолжаться в то время, о котором идет речь, т.е. когда нуж­но выразить действие в процессе его совершения.

Present Continuous (Active и Passive) употребляется для выраже­ния длительного действия, совершаемого в момент речи. Эти формы образуются следующим образом:

 

Active	Passive
to be в настоящем времени (am, is, aге) + Participle I смыслового глагола	to be в настоящем времени (am, is, are) + being + Participle П смыслового глагола

 

Глаголы в формах Present Continuous (Active и Passive) перево­дятся на русский язык глаголами несовершенного вида, иногда с добавлением слова сейчас:

They are translatingthe new article. (Active)	Они переводят эту новую статью сейчас.
The article is being translated.(Passive)	Эта статья сейчас переводится. (Эту статью переводят.)

Примечание. Глаголы в формах Present Continuous Passive переводятся на русcкий язык формами глагола только несовершенного вида с окончанием -ся или не­определенно-личным предложением.

Past Continuous (Active и Passive) употребляется для выражения действия, которое продолжало совершаться в определенный мо­мент или отрезок времени в прошлом, обозначаемом либо точным указанием момента или отрезка времени, либо другим дей­ствием, выраженным глаголом в Past Indefinite. Эти формы образуются следующим образом:

 

Active	Passive
to be в прошедшем времени (was, were) + Participle I смыслового глагола.	to be в прошедшем времени (was, were)+ being + Participle Псмыслового глагола.

 

We were working in the lab from 5 till 7 o'clock. (Active)	Мы работали в лаборатории с 5 до 7 часов.
He was translatingthe article when I came. (Active)	Он переводил статью, когда я пришел.
The article was being translated when I came. (Passive)	Статья переводилась, когда я пришел.

 

Future Continuous (Active) употребляется для выражения дей­ствия, которое будет совершаться в определенный момент или отрезок времени в будущем. Образуется из сочетания вспомога­тельного глагола to be в будущем времени (shall be, will be) + Participle I смыслового глагола.

 

shall be readingthe book all day long tomorrow.

Я буду читать эту книгу завтра целый день.

Примечание. Пассивная форма в Future Continuous не употребляется.

Таблица времен группы Continuous Active

 

 

 

а) Проанализируйте способы образований времен группы Continuous активного и пассивного залога, б) Затем прочтите текст и проанализируйте случаи использова­ния времен группы Continuous.

Two Busy People

The captain of the ship was looking for the ship's boy for half an hour but could not find him. At last he looked into the hold (трюм) and called out, "Who is below?" "It's me, Billy, sir," answered the ship's boy. "What are you doing there, Billy?" "I am doing... nothing, sir." "Is Tom there?" "Yes, sir, here I am." "What are you doing there?" "I am helping Billy, sir."

ЧИСЛИТЕЛЬНОЕ (THE NUMERAL)

 

Количественные	Порядковые
1 — one 2-two 3 - three 4 - four 5 -five 6-six 7 - seven 8-eight 9-nine 10-ten 11 - eleven 12-twelve 13-thirteen 20-twenty 21 -twenty-one 100 - one (a) hundred	the first the second the third the fourth the fifth the sixth the seventh the eighth the ninth the tenth the eleventh the twelfth the thirteenth the twentieth the twenty-first the hundredth

101 - one hundred and one (books) 1001 - one thousand and one (books)

1200 - one thousand two hundred (books) = twelve hundred (books) 2,045,328 books - two million forty-five thousand three hundred and twenty-eight books

 

Хронологические даты

 

in 1900 - in nineteen hundred	- в 1900 году
in 1905 - in nineteen five	— в 1905 году
in 1964 - in nineteen sixty-four	— в 1964 году
on the 15th of January, 2008 - on - 15 января 2008 года the fifteenth of January, two thousand and eight
on January 15, 1998 - on January - 15 января 1998 года fifteenth, nineteen ninety-eight

An Active Generation

SON: Mummy, do you remember that old vase that has been handed down from generation to generation in our family?

MOTHER: Yes, dear, what about it?

SON: Well, it has been broken by this generation.

The Job Interview

Boris had a job interview a few days ago at the Insurance (страховая) Company. The interview lasted almost an hour and Boris had to answer a lot of questions.

First the interviewer asked Boris where he had gone to school and if he had had any special training. She also asked him where he had worked. Boris answered that he had graduated from a specialized English school and a financial college and had worked at the bank. Boris also mentioned that his English was good. He answered all the questions well and he hoped he would get a job at the company.

 

Проанализируйте приведенные примеры в правой и левой колонках.

 

1.Не saysthat he knowsyour	He said that he knewyour friend.
2. She thinksmat you passedyour examination in physics.	She thoughtthat you hadpassed your examination in physics.
3. They knowyou will graduatefrom the Institute next year.	They knewyou would graduatefrom the Institute the next year.
4. The teacher asksif you can writeEnglish.	The teacher askedif you could writeEnglish.
5. She wantsto know whether you completedyour work yesterday.	She wanted to know whether you had completedyour work the day before.
6. She says she has seen thatat magazine in our library.	She saidshe had seen that magazine in our library.
7. We knowthat the young writer is workingon a novel.	We knewthat the young writer was workingon a novel.

 

Переведите предложения.

1. I did not know that my friend's son had failed in chemistry.

2. They thought I could drive a car.

3. The boy said he had scarcely enough money to return home.

4.I knew he was experimenting for hours.

5. They said that they had chosen their course and nothing could turn them from it.

6. We considered that she had already obtained her Master's degree in mathematics.

7. The student said that he could not translate the article without a dictionary.

8. I did not think that she would be refused a better room for her research.

9 He asks if he may keep this book as long as he needs it.

10. They told the child that the weather was fine and he could have a walk for two hours.

11. He asked how normal temperature was maintained in the underground.

12. He asked whether in the early days the trains had been driven by locomotives which burnt coal.

13. He said that entirely automatic driving would be developed.

 

НЕОПРЕДЕЛЕННЫЕ МЕСТОИМЕНИЯ SOME, ANY И ОТРИЦАТЕЛЬНОЕ МЕСТОИМЕНИЕ N0

 

Значение неопределенных местоимений и перевод их на русский язык зависят от того, в каком предложении они употребляются — в утвердительном, вопросительном или отрицательном.

 

1. Местоимение some.

a) some - некоторые, несколько употребляется в утвердительных предложениях:

 

We'll discuss someproblems at the conference.

На конференции мы обсудим некоторые вопросы.

 

б) если some стоит перед неисчисляемым существительным, заменяя артикль, оно на русский язык не переводится:

Let's have some tea. Давайте выпьем чаю.

 

 

в) если some стоит перед числительным, оно имеет значение приблизительно:

 

there were some 20 people in the room.

В комнате было около 20 человек.

 

2. Местоимение any.

 

а) если any стоит перед исчисляемым существительным в единственном числе в утвердительном предложении, оно имеет значение всякий, любой:

 

You can get this newspaper at anybook-stand.

Вы можете купить эту газету в любом киоске.

 

б) если any стоит перед существительным в вопросительном предложении, оно имеет значение какой-либо:

 

Is there anynews from him?

От него есть какие-либо известия?

 

в) в отрицательных предложениях any имеет значение никакой:

Не was not asked any questions. Ему не было задано никаких вопросов.

г) если any стоит перед неисчисляемым существительным, то на русский язык оно не переводится:

 

There isn't any water in the well. В колодце нет воды.

 

3. Местоимения no и none.

а) перед существительным в единственном и множественном числе no имеет значение никакой, нет:

There is noinformation on this question.

По этому вопросу нет никакой информации.

 

б) none употребляется взамен уже упоминавшегося существи­тельного:

 

Are there any books on this problem in your library? - No, there are none.

В вашей библиотеке есть книги no этому вопросу? —Нет.

 

Производные слова от местоимений some, any, по, every

 

Местоимения some, any, no, every со словами thing (вещь), body (субъект), one (некто), where (где, куда) образуют сложные место­имения.

 

Таблица производных слов от some, any, no, every

 

а) Проанализируйте правила употребления неопределенных местоимений, приве­денные в таблице, и ознакомьтесь с производными неопределенных местоимений, данными ниже, б) Затем прочтите и переведите текст.

 

Местоимение	some	any	nо
Утвердительное предложение	+	+	-
Вопросительное предложение	-	+	-
Отрицательное предложение	-	+	+

somebody anybody nobody

someone anyone no one

something anything nothing

In the Train

Talkative passenger (to a lady who is in the same compartment):

"Have you any family, Madam?"

"Yes, Sir, one son."

"Does he smoke?"

"No, Sir, he never touches a cigarette."

"That's wonderful. Tobacco is poison. Does he belong to any club?"

"He never goes to any."

"Then I congratulate you. Does he come home late at night?"

"Never. He always goes to bed directly after dinner."

"He is a model young man, Madam. How old is he?"

"Four months today."

Переведите следующие предложения, обращая внимание на неопределенные место­имения и их производные.

 

1. Something important took place there.

2. Nobody failed in this examination yesterday.

3.I wasn't shown any interesting photographs.

4. Have you got any questions?

5. Can anybody show me the way to the station?

6. He didn't try to do anything.

7. The commission has found nothing wrong.

8. They made no changes in the working plan.

9. Nothing interesting happened while I was away.

10. No traffic was allowed along the street because of the accident.

11. He could think of nothing really interesting.

12. Some new safety rules were considered by the committee.

13.I couldn't understand anything from his letter.

14. The old man didn't get any education.

Дайте полные ответы на следующие вопросы.

 

1. Is there anything to the right of you?

2. Is there anything to the left of you?

3. Do you have any English books at home?

4. Will you go anywhere tomorrow evening?

5. Can you see anything through the window?

6. Will you bring any English newspaper tomorrow?

7. Do you know any French words?

8. Is there any picture in your room?

9. Are you expecting anybody to come to your place?

10. Did anybody advise you to enter this Institute?

11. Is there anything in the right corner of the room?

12. Is there anybody behind you?

Условные предложения

I. If you leave before ten, you'll catch the train.

 

II. a) If you washed your hair with my shampoo, it would look much better.

b) If I hadn't been ill, I would have gone a week ago.

 

SAILOR; My father and grandfather had all died at sea.

FARMER: Then, if I were you, I would never go to sea.

SAILOR: And where did your father and grandfather die?

FARMER Why, in their beds, of course.

SAILOR; In their beds? If I were you, I would never go to bed.

 

 

Запомните три типа условных предложений
I If the weather is fine, we shall play outside. If you ring me up, I shall tell you something.	Если погода будет хоро­шая, мы будем играть на открытом воздухе. Если ты мне позво­нишь, я тебе кое-что расскажу.
II If the weather were fine, we should play out­side. If you rang me up, I should tell you something.	Если бы погода была хорошая (сегодня; зав­тра), мы бы играли на открытом воздухе. Если бы ты мне позвонил (сегодня, завтра), я бы тебе кое-что рассказал.
III If the weather had been fine, we should have played outside. If you had rung me up, I should have told you something.	Если бы погода была хорошая (вчера), мы бы играли на открытом воздухе. Если бы ты мне позво­нил (вчера), я бы тебе кое-что рассказал.

 

29. Переведите следующие предложения на русский язык, обращая внимание на услов­ные придаточные предложения.

1. If I come home early, I'll be able to write my report today.

2. If he were at the Institute now, he would help us to translate the article.

3. If you had come to the meeting yesterday, you would have met with a well-known English writer.

4. You will get good results if you apply this method of calculation.

5. If he had taken a taxi, he would have come on time.

6. If the speed of the body were 16 km per second, it would leave the solar system.

7. If it had not been so cold, I would have gone to the country.

8. If the air were composed only of nitrogen, burrning would be impossible.

9. If you press the button, the device will start working.

10. The design would have been ready by the end of the year if they had supplied us with all the necessary equipment.

 

30. Раскройте скобки, употребляя гла­голы в требующейся форме.

1. If it (to snow), the children will play snow­balls.

2. If I (not to know) English, I should not be able to enjoy Byron's poetry.

3. I (not to do) it if you did not ask me.

4. If men (to have) no weap­ons, would wars be possible?

5. You will never fin­ish your work if you (to waste) your time like that.

6. If I (to have) his telephone number, I should easily settle this matter with him.

7. If I (to have) this rare book, I should gladly lend it to you.

8. The dish would have been much more tasty if she (to be) a better cook.

9. He never (to phone) you if I hadn't reminded him to do that.

10. Your brother (to become) much stronger if he took cold baths regularly.

 

31. Проанализируйте следующие предложения и скажите, какие значения они выражают (возможные действия в будущем, нереальные действия в настоящем и будущем).

 

А.

1. If you find the exact meaning of this word, you will understand the sentence.

2. If he works hard at his English, he will pass his exam well.

3. If I get a good dictionary, I shall translate this text.

4. If you go to a library, you will find there all the books you need.

5. If we receive the documents tomorrow, we shall start loading the lorries on Monday.

6. If the student observes the rules, he will not make mistakes.

7. If you help me, I shall repair the engine in an hour.

8. If they receive all the necessary equipment, they will be able to carry out their experiment.

9. If we drive at such a speed all the time, we shall arrive at the village before night.

10. If they change some details, they will be able to improve the design.

 

Б.

1. If you traveled by plane, you'd come in time for the conference.

2. If I took a taxi I would catch the last train.

3. If the builders hadn't worked overtime, the canal wouldn't have been opened in time.

4. If the satellite's speed were less than required, it would drop and enter the atmosphere.

5. If the students had been more careful, they wouldn't have broken the new apparatus.

6. If thе driver had been more careful, the accident would not have happened.

7. If I were you, I wouldn't worry about it.

8. If you knew the design of the motor, you would be able to operate it properly.

 

32. Измените следующие предложения по образцу, приведенному ниже, и переведите их на русский язык.

 

ОБРАЗЕЦ: a) If I were in your place, I would do this work myself.

Were I in your place, I would do this work myself.

 

b) If he had known the subject better, he wouldn't have failed in his exam.

Had he known the subject better, he wouldn't have failed in his exam.

 

1. If it were necessary to increase the speed of this particular engine, it could be achieved by using a special device.

2. If the road had been better, we would have been here in due time.

3. If the engineer had been informed of the results before, he would have allowed you to repeat the test.

4. If we had used new methods, we would have saved a lot of time.

5. If the oil supply had stopped even for a moment, serious damage might have resulted.

6. If the mechanic were there, he would repair the equipment.

7. If the air within the cylinder were motionless, only a small proportion of the fuel would find enough oxygen.

8. If the books on that subject were available in our library, I would be able to make a good report.

 

 

33. Изучите значения слова hand. Затем переведите предложения, обращая вни­мание на различные значения этого слова.

 

Многозначность слов

hand n 1) рука; 2) работник, исполнитель; 3) pl команда кораб­ля; 4) почерк; 5) стрелка (часовая); 6) участие в чем-л.

v передавать, вручать

 

1. Where can I wash my hands?

2. Will you hand me that pencil?

3. You can see his hand in this experiment.

4. He worked several years as a farm hand.

5. Do you have a hand in this project?

6. The hour hand of my watch is broken.

7. The letter was written in a strange hand.

8. He handed me a telegram.

 

34. Переведите данные предложения без словаря, обращая внимание на выделенные слова.

1. a) I never have any trouble getting the car started.

b) There is some trouble with the central heating system.

c) Cars with engine troubles of this sort are easily repaired at every service station.

d) Stoppage of fuel supply caused serious trouble in the engine.

 

2. a) The bombers were quickly converted for use by passengers by fitting extra seats and windows.

b) Have you got an extra ticket?

c) On Sundays they run an extra train.

d) People who work and study get extra leave during examination time.

 

3. a) After World War II, bigger and faster airliners appeared.

b) If you can get a ticket for the fast train, you 'll get there in the morning.

c) Which of you runs faster?

d) The plane is of the fastest means transport.

 

4. a) Helicopters gain in needing very little space for taking-off and landing.

b) You can gain by watching how she works.

c) The plane rapidly gained height.

35. Переведите следующие предложения на русский язык, обращая внимание на союзы условных придаточных предложений if, unless, provided.

 

1. If they needed the equipment urgently, we could transport it by plane.

2. The accident would not have happened, if they had been more careful.

3. If I were in his place, I would refuse to stop the experiment.

4. If the goods are shipped in April, they will arrive before the expedition starts.

5. The sputnik will keep to its orbit provided it travels at the uniform speed of 8 kilometres per second.

6. It would have been impossible to send up sputniks unless the laws governing the motion of planets had been studied.

7. If I were you I would first test the car.

8. You'll fail in English unless you work harder.

 

 

36. Ознакомьтесь с различными случаями употребления многозначных глаголов и изу­чите примеры. Затем переведите предложения, обращая внимание на глаголы shall, will, should, would.

 

Многозначность глаголов shall, will should, would
shall	1) предложение услуг, идей Shall we go out this evening? Shall I carry your bags for you? 2) (со2-м или 3-м л.) обещание, угроза You shall have the goods by next week He shall regret it. 3) (с 1-м л.) будущее время (в британском варианте языка) I shall be twenty tomorrow.
will	1) будущее время She will be twenty tomorrow. 2) просьба, приглашение (в вопросе) Will you open the door, please? Will you sit down? 3) обещание I will do it, I promise. 4) строгое приказание You'll do as I tell you.
should	1) долг, обязанность We should be polite to each other. 2) совет You should better go now, or you'll be late.
would	1) просьба, приглашение Would you like to come to dinner? Would you give me your phone number? 2) сослагательное наклонение (выражение пожела­ний) It would be nice to stay here longer. 3) будущее в прошедшем He said he would be here on time. 4) регулярное действие в прошлом Не would sit for hours, doing nothing.

 

1. I shall take my examination in June.

2. They shall do what the chief tells them.

3. This new car will be tested tomorrow.

4. Shall I go on reading?

5. You should do it by all means.

6. They know that I should fly to London.

7. I said I would not change my plans.

8. She said she would be at the Institute.

9. He would sit for hours on the shore looking at the water.

10. You should work harder if you want to pass your exam.

11. You will have to take measures to prevent spring waters from penetrating the foundation.

12. You should acquire certain skills before beginning the work you are so interested in.

13. Shall I help you?

14. He shall do it, I’ll make him do it.

15. Won’t you stay for dinner?

16. I will write as soon as I arrive in London.

17. It would be useful to have juice instead of coffee, but I like it so much.

18. Would you join us tomorrow? It would be so nice.

 

Глагол to be в Indefinite Active

Present	Past	Future
am (I)	was (ед. ч.)	shall be (1-е л.)
is (he, she, it)		will be
are (we, you, they)	were (мн. ч.)

1. Victor is free in the evening. 2. John is in America. 3. I am very busy. 4. She is at the lecture. 5. The child is 10 years old. 6. This work is interesting.

7. The expedition is in Africa. 8. The new film is long. 9. My mother is at home. 10. The workers are at the factory. 11. The children are at school. 12. The students are at the Institute.

Дайте краткие ответы на вопросы, следуя образцу.

ОБРАЗЕЦ: Is Kovalev present at the lesson? Yes, he is. No, he is not.

 

 

1. Is Tverskaya Street long?

2. Was it cold last winter?

3. Are your friend's sisters beautiful?

4. Is it hot today?

5. Is it Sunday today?

6. Is the clock on the wall?

7. Are you twenty years old?

8. Will you be at home in the evening?

9. Are the trees green now?

 

11. Will your mother be at home at five o'clock?

12. Were you free yesterday?

13. Is his answer good?

14. Will you be in town on Sunday?

15. Is mathematics difficult for you?

16. Are your summer plans interesting?

17. Is your institute large?

 

Глагол to have в Indefinite Active

Проанализируйте формы глагола to have, приведенные в таблице, б) Затем от­несите события, о которых идет речь ниже, сначала к будущему, затем к прошло­му, используя Past и Future Indefinite глагола to have.

 

Present	Past	Future
have (got)		shall have
	had
has (got)		will have

 

1. They have a big house in the country.

2. My friend has many interesting books,

3. His mother has a nice garden.

4. She has a good map of London.

5. We have a good dog.

6. I have a beautiful picture.

7. These students have five examinations.

8. His parents have a comfortable flat.

9. John had good work.

10. These pupils have four lessons every day.

 

 

ОБОРОТ THERE + TO BE

 

Оборот there + to be имеет значение есть, находится, имеется, существует. Глагол to be ставится в личной форме (is, are, was, were, will be) и согласуется с последующим именем существи­тельным. Перевод таких предложений надо начинать с обстоя­тельства места или со сказуемого, если обстоятельство отсутству­ет.

 

Present	Past	Future
there is (ед.ч.)	there was (ед.ч.)
		there will be
there are(мн.ч.)	there were(мн.ч.)

 

В вопросительном предложении глагол в личной форме ста­вится на первое место перед there:

Is therea school in your street?	На вашей улице есть школа?
Ответ:
Yes, there is.	Да, есть.
No, there is not.	Нет.

 

В полном отрицательном предложении после оборота there + to be ставится отрицательное местоимение no:

There will be nolecture on physics tomorrow.

Завтра лекции по физике не будет.

 

Перед many, much и числительными ставится not вместо no:

There aren't many interesting articles in this magazine.

В этом журнале мало интересных статей.

Проанализируйте формы оборота there is/are, затем прочтите и переведите текст.

My name is Natasha. I am Russian. Now I study English in London. There are six students in my class. I have friends among them. My friend Nicole is French. She is 20 years old. She is from France. She has a big family in Paris. George is Greek. He is from Greece. He is 18 years old. His parents are rich. They have a bank. George thinks he will be a banker too. I like my new life. I visited many places. I was in Oxford and Cambridge. My friends and I were in Scotland. We had a very good time. There were many interesting things to see there.

 

Отнесите факты, о которых идет речь, сначала к будущему, затем к прошлому, используя соответствующие формы глагола to be.

1. There are twelve students in our group.

2. There is a beautiful garden near the house.

3. There is a big blackboard in the classroom.

4. There is a letter for him on the table.

5. There are two lifts in the house.

6. There are 300 pages in the book.

7. There is a new stadium in the town.

8. There is a table in the middle of the room.

9. There is a hospital in the village.

10. Are there many sentences in this exercise?

11. Is there much work to do at home?

12. There are no pictures in the book.

13. There is no theatre in the town.

14. There are no maps on the walls of the classroom.

 

Перефразируйте, используя соответствующие формы глагола to have.

 

ОБРАЗЕЦ: There are no books in his bag. He has no books in his bag.

1. There is no TV-set in his room.

2. There are no mistakes in his dictation.

3. There is no garden near his house.

4. There are no pictures in her room.

5. There are no French books in her library.

6. There is no English newspaper on her table.

7. There is no coffee in my cup.

8. There is no telephone in my flat.

9. There are no maps on the walls of our classroom.

10. There is no sugar in Peter's tea.

 

Степени сравнения прилагательных

 

	Положительная	Сравнительная	Превосходная
I	long	longer	(the) longest
	easy	easier	(the) easiest
II	interesting	more interesting	(the) most interesting
III	good	better	(the) best
	bad	worse	(the) worst
	much, many	more	(the) most
	little	less	(the) least

 

a) Wise people said:

"We have two ears and only one tongue in order that we may hear more and speak less. " (Diogenes)

"Few sons are like their father, many are worse,

Few, indeed, are better than the father." (Homer)

b) The Taylor family lived in Newport for many years, but last year they moved to Liverpool. They like their new city. It is much nicer and more interesting than Newport. In Liverpool the streets are cleaner. The parks are safer. The bus system is more reliable, and the schools are better. But the Taylors think that the people in Newport were nicer, more polite and more hospitable than the people in Liverpool.

Измените данные словосочетания, используя сравнительную и превосходную сте­пени прилагательных.

a short story	an old book	a good friend
a large garden	late news	much snow
a beautiful flower	a comfortable flat	bad weather
a big table	an easy question	little time
a high building	clean water	many cars
a difficult exercise	thin ice	few mistakes
a new dress	a thick dictionary