А.Н. Мороковский, О.П. Воробьева, З.В. Тимошенко

1. official business style; 2. scientific professional style; 3. publicist style; 4. literary coll. Style; 5. familiar coll. Style

David Chrystal. Functional Styles System

1. regional (Canadian; cockney; etc.); 2. social; 3. occupational (religious; scientific; legal; plain (or official); political; news media; etc.); 4. restricted (knit write; cook write; congratulatory msg.; n/p headlines; sportcasting scores; air speak; emergency speak; e-mail; etc.)

V.A.Maltzev (“Essays on English Stylistics”): his teory based on the broad division of lingual material into “formal” and “informal” varieties and adherence to Skrebnev system of functional styles.

6. Classification of Functional Styles of the English Language

1. The Belles - Lettres Functional Style: a) poetry; b) emotive prose; c) drama;

2. Publicistic Functional Style: a) oratory; b) essays; c) articles in newspapers and magazines;

3. The Newspaper Functional Style: a) brief news items; b) advertisements and announcements; c) headlines;

4. The Scientific Prose Style: a) exact sciences; b) humanitarian sciences; c) popular- science prose;

5. The Official Documents Functional Style: a) diplomatic documents; b) business letters; c) military documents; d) legal documents;

7. General characterization and distinguishing phonetic, morphological and lexical features of Literary Colloquial Style, Familiar Colloquial Style, Publicist style, The Style of Official Documents and Scientific Style

Phonetic

1. Literary Colloquial Style: a) standard pronunciation in compliance with the national norm, enunciation, b) phonetic compression of frequently used forms (it’s, don’t), c) omission of unaccented elements due to the quick tempo.

2. Familiar Colloquial Style: a) casual and often pronunciation, use of deviant forms (gonna instead of going to), b) use of reduced and contracted forms (you’re, they’ve), c) omission of unaccented elements due to the quick tempo, d) emphasis on intonation as a powerful semantic and stylistic instrument capable to render subtle nuance of thought and feeling, e) use of onomatopoeic words (hush, yum, yak).

3. Publicist style: a) standard pronunciation, wide use of prosody as a means of conveying the subtle shades of meaning, overtones, emotions, b) phonetic compression.

Morphological

1. Literary Colloquial Style: use of regular morphological features, with interception of evaluative suffixes(deary, doggie).

2. Familiar Colloquial Style: a) useof evaluative suffixes, nonce words formed on morphological and phonetic analogy with other nominal words (baldish, hanky-panky, helter-skelter), b) extensive use of collocations and phrasal verbs instead of neutral and literary equivalents (to turn in instead of to go to bed).

3. Publicist style: a) frequent use of non-finite verb forms, such as gerund, participle, infinitive, b) use of non-perfect verb forms, c) omission of articles, link verbs, auxiliaries, pronouns, especially in headlines and news items.

4. Style of Official Documents: adherence to the norm, sometimes outdated or even archaic (legal documents).

5. Scientific Style: a) terminological word building and word-derivation: neologism formation by affixation and conversion, b) restricted use of finite verb forms, c) use of “the author’s we” instead of I, d) frequent use of impersonal constructions.

8. Lexical features of Colloquial Style, Familiar Colloquial Style, Publicist style, The Style of Official Documents and Scientific Style

Literary Colloquial Style:

1. Wide range of vocabulary strata in accordance with the register of communication and participants’ roles: formal and informal, neutral and bookish, terms and foreign words. 2. stylistically neutral vocabulary. 3. use of socially accepted contracted forms and abbreviations (TV, fridge, CD) 4. use of etiquette language and conversational formulas (nice to see you) 5. extensive use of intensifiers and gap-fillers (absolutely, definitely) 6. use of interjections and exclamations (dear me, well, oh) 7. extensive use of phrasal verbs 8. use of words of indefinite meaning like stuff, thing 9. avoidance of slang, vulgarisms, dialect words, jargon 10. use of phraseological expressions, idioms and figures of speech.

Familiar Colloquial Style

1. combination of neutral, familiar and low colloquial vocabulary, including slang, vulgar and taboo words. 2. extensive use of words of general meaning, specified in meaning by situation (guy, job). 3. abundance of specific colloquial interjections (boy, wow). 4. use of hyperbola, epithets, evaluative vocabulary, dead metaphors and simile. 5. tautological substitution of personal pronounces and names by other nouns (you-baby. Johnny-boy). 6. mixture of curse words and euphemisms (damn, dash, shoot).

Publicist style

1. newspaper clichés and phrases. 2. terminological variety (scientific, sports, political etc.).3. abbreviations and acronyms. 4. numerous proper names, toponyms, names of enterprises, institutions.5. abstract notion words, elevated and bookish words. 6..in headlines (frequent use of pun violated phraseology, vivid stylistic devices). 7. in oratory speech (elevated and bookish words, colloquial words and phrases, frequent use of metaphor, alliteration, allusion, irony etc.).8. use of conventional forms of address and trite phrases.

Style of Official Documents

1. prevalence of stylistically neutral and bookish words. 2. use of terminology. 3. use of proper names and titles. 4. abstraction of persons (use of party instead of the name). 5.officialese vocabulary (clichés, opening and conclusive phrases). 6. conventional and archaic words. 7. foreign words, especially Lain and French. 8. abbreviations, contractions, conventional symbols (M.P.). 9. use of words in their primary meaning. 10. absence of tropes. 11.seldom use of substitute words (it, on, that).

Scientific Style

1. extensive use of bookish words (presume, infer). 2. abundance of scientific terminology and phraseology. 3. use of numerous neologisms. 4. abundance of proper names. 5. restricted use of emotive coloring, interjections, expressive phraseology, phrasal verbs, colloquial vocabulary. 6. seldom use of tropes, such as metaphor, hyperbole, simile etc.

9.Syntactical and compositional Features of Colloquial Style, Familiar Colloquial Style, Publicist style, The Style of Official Documents and Scientific Style

Syntactical

1. Literary Colloquial Style: a) use of simple sentences with a number of participial and infinitive constructions and numerous parentheses, b) use of various types of syntactical compression, simplicity of syntactical connection, c) prevalence of active and finite verb forms, d) use of grammar forms for emphatic purposes (progressive verb forms to express emotions of irritation, anger), e) decomposition and ellipsis of sentence in a dialogue, f) use of special colloquial phrases (that friend of yours).

2. Familiar Colloquial Style: a) use of short simple sentences, b) dialogues are usually of the question-answer type, c) use of echo-questions, parallel constructions, repetitions, d) coordination is used more often than subordination, e) extensive use of ellipsis, f) extensive use of tautology, g) abundance of gap-fillers and parenthetical elements (sure indeed, well).

3. Publicist style: a) frequent use ofrhetorical questions and interrogatives in oratory speech, b) in headlines (use of impersonal sentences, elliptical constructions, interrogative sentences), c) in news items and articles (news items comprise one or two, rarely three, sentences), d) absence of complex coordination with chain of subordinate clauses and a number of conjunctions, e) prepositional phrases are used much ore than synonymous gerundial phrases, f) absence of exclamatory sentences, break-in-the narrative

4. Style of Official Documents: a) use of long sentences with several types of coordination and subordination, b) use of passive and participial constructions, numerous connectives, c) use of objects, attributes and all sorts of modifiers, d) extensive use of detached constructions and parenthesis, e) use of participle I and II, f) a general syntactical mode of combining several pronouncements into one sentence.

5. Scientific Style: a) complete and standard syntactical mode of expression, b) direct word order, c) use of lengthy sentences with subordinate clauses, d) extensive use of participial, gerundial and infinitive complexes, e) extensive use of adverbial and prepositional phrases, f) frequent use of parenthesis introduced by a dash, g) abundance of attributive groups with a descriptive function, h) avoidances of ellipsis, i) frequent use of passive and non-finite verb forms, j) use of impersonal forms and sentences such as mention should be, assuming that.

Compositional

1. Literary Colloquial Style: a) can be used in written and spoken varieties (dialogue, monologue, personal letters, essays, articles), b) prepared types of texts may have thought out and logical composition, to a certain extent determined by conventional forms, c) spontaneous types have a loose structure, relative coherence and uniformity of form and content.

2. Familiar Colloquial Style: a) use of deviant language on all levels, b) strong emotional coloring, c) loose syntactical organization of an utterance, d)frequently little coherence or adherence to the topic, e) no special compositional patterns.

3. Publicist style: a) carefully selected vocabulary, b) variety of topics, c) wide use of quotations, direct speech and represented speech, d) use of parallel constructions, e) in oratory (simplicity of structural expression), f) in headlines (use of devices to arrest attention: pun, puzzle etc), g) in news items (strict arrangement of titles and subtitles), h) careful division on paragraph.

4. Style of Official Documents: a) special compositional design (coded graphical layout, clear-cut subdivision of texts into units of formation), b) conventional composition of treaties, agreements, protocols, c) use of stereotyped, official phraseology, d) accurate use of punctuation, e) generally objective, concrete, unemotional and impersonal style of narration

5. Scientific Style: a) highly formalized text with the prevalence of formulae, tables etc, b) in humanitarian texts: descriptive narration, supplied with argumentation and interpretation, c) logical and consistent narration, sequential presentation of material and facts, d) extensive use of citations, e) extensive use of EM and SD, f) extensive use of conventional set phrases at certain points to emphasize the logical character of the narration, g) use of digressions to debate or support a certain point, h) introduction, chapters, paragraph, conclusion, i) extensive use of double conjunctions like as…as, either…or, both…and, etc, j)compositionally arranged sentence patterns: postulatory (at the beginning), argumentative (in the central part), formulative (in the conclusion)

THEME 8