Organizing Files into Directories

A disk can hold several hundred or even thousands of files, depending on its size. The more files you have, the more difficult it is to keep track of them. To help you keep track of your files, you can use operating system commands to group your files into directories. Operating system lets you organize the files on your disk into directories. Directories are a way of dividing your files into convenient groups. Just as file folders in a file cabinet contain groups of related documents, directories contain groups of related files, such as the minutes and expense reports you create by using a word-processing program. You assign each directory a unique name so that you can identify it.

A directory may contain any number of files, but it is often more convenient to separate the files into subdirectories. When your directories become too large, you can use OS to create additional directories to further organize your files. A directory within another directory is called a subdirectory. This method of organizing the disk is rather like a tree where the files are the leaves of the tree and the directories are the branches. (The first directory is usually called the "ROOT").

You can have more than one file (leaf) with the same name if the files are in different directories.

The organization of directories, subdirectories, and files is called the directory tree. When you format a disk, OS creates one large directory, called the root directory, on the disk. All other directories you create branch out from the root directory.

You must tell the computer which directory it must use as its current working directory – that is, the directory you wish to work in.

Вариант 5

I. Перепишите следующие предложения; подчеркните в каждом из них глагол- сказуемое и определите его видо-временную форму и залог. Переведите предложения на русский язык. Переведите предложения на русский язык. Обратите внимание на перевод пассивных конструкций.

1. Barbara is measuring some liquid in the measuring-glass.

2. A system of space television has helped to televise programs directly to huge territories.

3. An interesting research is being done in our institute laboratory.

4. The huge automatic unit in the shop is looked after by only a few men.

5. The research into the properties of these metals was done at one of the Moscow institutes.

II. Перепишите следующие предложения; подчеркните Participle I и Participle II и установите функции каждого из них, т.е. укажите является ли оно определением, обстоятельством или частью сказуемого. Переведите предложения на русский

1. The signals were sent by a powerful transmitter.

2. Combining hydrogen with oxygen in the proportion of two atoms of hydrogen and one atom of oxygen we produce water.

3.When heated glass may be easily worked.

4. The solution is boiling.

III. Перепишите следующие предложения; подчеркните в каждом из них модальный глагол или его эквивалент. Переведите предложения на русский язык.

1. The engineer will have to improve the accuracy of this machine-tool.

2. He had to work hard before he was able to submit his paper to a scientific journal.

3. They could visit this new automation shop.

4. They were allowed to replace the old equipment.

VI. Прочитайте перепишите и письменно переведите на русский язык текст.

Multilevel Directories.

When there is more than one user on your computer, or when you are working on several different projects, the number of files in the directory can become large and unwieldy. To deal with this large number of files, you may want to keep your files separate from a coworker's or organize your programs into convenient categories.

In an office, you can separate and organize files that belong to different people or that relate to specific projects by putting them in different file cabinets. For example, you might put your accounting programs in one file cabinet and your letters in another. You can do the same thing with operating system by putting your files into different directories.

Directories let you group your files in convenient categories. These directories, in turn, may contain other directories (referred to as subdirectories). This organized file structure is called a multilevel directory system.

Note: The maximum number of files or directories that the root directory may contain varies, depending on the type of disk. This maximum capacity for a root directory may vary depending upon how the disk is formatted. The number of subdirectories on a disk is not restricted.

The first level in a multilevel directory is the root directory, which is created automatically when you format a disk and start putting files on it. Within root directory, you can create additional directories and subdirectories.

As you create new directories for groups of files, or for other people using the computer, the directory system grows. Moreover, within each new directory you can add new files or create new subdirectories.

Контрольное задание № 3

Й курс 3-й семестр

Чтобы правильно выполнить работу 3, необходимо усвоить следующие разделы курса английского языка по рекомендованному учебнику:

1. Грамматическая функции и значения слов that, one, it.

2. Пассивный залог (the Passive Voice) видо-временных форм Indefinite, Continuous, Perfect.

3. Функции глаголов to be, to have, to do.

4. Простые неличные формы глагола. Инфинитив в функции а) подлежащего, б) составной части сказуемого, в) определения, г) обстоятельства цели.

5. Бессоюзное подчинение в определительных и дополнительных придаточных предложениях.

Используйте образцы выполнения упражнений.

ОБРАЗЕЦ ВЫПОЛНЕНИЯ 1 (К УПР. 1)

Present Perfect Passive

The main question has already                                              Главный вопрос уже обсудили.

been discussed.

Present Indefinite Passive

His scientific work isspoken much about.                     О его научной работе много говорят.

ОБРАЗЕЦ ВЫПОЛНЕНИЯ 2 (К УПР. II)

1. It is necessary to use the latest                  Необходимо использовать в промышленности

means of control in industry.                            новейшие средства контроля.

2. One should agree that that                             Следует согласиться, что этот эксперимент

experiment was of great importance                  имел большое значение для нашего

for our research.                                                  исследования.

3. It is hydrogen that will be the main            Именно водород будет основным источником

source of energy in the car of the                       энергии в автомобиле в будущем.

future.                                                                     

ОБРАЗЕЦ ВЫПОЛНЕНИЯ 3 (К УПР. IV)

1. What is the name of the book                         Как называется книга, которую

you are reading?                                                  ты читаешь?

2. The region we must explore                           Регион, который мы должны исследовать,

possesses great natural resources.                  обладает огромными природными ресурсами.

ОБРАЗЕЦ ВЫПОЛНЕНИЯ 4 (К УПР. V)

1. To operate the complex device                         Управлять этим сложным механизмом

Is rather difficult.                                                 довольно трудно. (подлежащее)

                                                                                             

2. Our aim is to fulfill our work in                       Наша цель сосотоит в том, чтобы

time.                                                          выполнить работу во время. (часть сказуемого)

Вариант 1