Unit 3. Shipyards in Russia.

А.Р. Еферова О.В. Кердяшева

 

 

Английский язык

 

УЧЕБНОЕ ПОСОБИЕ

 

для студентов специальности «Кораблестроение»

 

 

Рекомендовано редакционно-издательским советом Астраханского государственного технического университета в качестве учебного пособия в области кораблестроения для студентов высших учебных заведений, обучающихся по специальности: 180101.65 «Кораблестроение»

 

 

АСТРАХАНЬ 2008

ББК 81.43.21 - 923

УДК 811.111 (075.8)

Е90

У 91

Составители:

А.Р.Еферова, ассистент кафедры «Иностранные языки в инженерно-техническом образовании»

О.В.Кердяшева, ассистент кафедры «Иностранные языки в инженерно-техническом образовании»

 

Рецензенты:

доктор филологических наук, заведующий кафедрой «Лингвистика и межкультурные коммуникации», профессор О.Г. Егорова

заведующей кафедрой «Иностранные языки в инженерно-техническом образовании», кандидат педагогических наук, доцент О.В. Федорова

АГУ, кандидат педагогических наук, доцент М.А. Гаврилова

 

 

Е 90 Еферова А.Р, Кердяшева О.В. Английский язык для кораблестроителей: учеб.пособие/ Астрахан.гос.техн.ун-т. - Астрахань: Изд-во АГТУ, 2008.- 157с.

 

Учебное пособие предназначено для аудиторной и самостоятельной работы студентов II курса морских технологий, энергетики и транспорта «Кораблестроение». Основной целью сборника является овладение навыками чтения текстов профессиональной направленности.

В пособии использованы материалы оригинальной технической литературы по кораблестроению.

Пособие содержит 28 уроков. Каждый урок состоит из текста, упражнений к нему, а также слов и выражений, подлежащих активизации. При составлении текстов и упражнений, авторы уделяли большое внимание повторяемости лексических и грамматических явлений и придерживались принципа постепенного нарастания трудностей.

 

Учебное пособие утверждено на заседании кафедры "ИЯИТО" «28» октября 2008 г., протокол № 2

 

© Астраханский государственный технический университет

CONTENTS

 

UNIT 1. MODERN SHIPBUILDING ……………………………………………………………….6

UNIT 2. SHIP MODEL BASIN……………………………………………………………………..10

UNIT 3. SHIPYARDS IN RUSSIA………………………………………………………………….14

UNIT 4. NAVAL ARCHITECTURE………………………………………………………………..18

UNIT 5. CLASSIFICATION SOCIETY…………………………………………………………….22

UNIT 6. RESPONSE AMPLITUDE OPERATOR………………………………………………….26

UNIT 7. SHIP STABILITY………………………………………………………………………….30

UNIT 8. SHIPYARD…………………………………………………………………………………35

UNIT 9. ANCHOR WINDLASS…………………………………………………………………….39

UNIT 10. CAPSTAN…………………………………………………………………………………43

UNIT 11. WINCH ……………………………………………………………………………………47

UNIT 12. A SHIP ……………………………………………………………………………………51

UNIT 13. RECIPROCATING DIESEL ENGINE …………………………………………………..56

UNIT 14. THE KEEL ……………………………………………………………………………….60

UNIT 15. BALLAST TANK ………………………………………………………………………..64

UNIT 16. CAPTAIN’S BRIDGE ……………………………………………………………………67

UNIT 17. ENGINE ROOM ………………………………………………………………………….71

UNIT 18. CATHEDRALL HULL …………………………………………………………………...75

UNIT 19. BULBOUS BOW …………………………………………………………………………78

UNIT 20. DECK ……………………………………………………………………………………..82

UNIT 21. CONSTRUCTION OF DECKS …………………………………………………………..86

UNIT 22. BOW ………………………………………………………………………………………90

UNIT 23. ANCHOR …………………………………………………………………………………95

UNIT 24. CHINE …………………………………………………………………………………..100

UNIT 25. RUDDER ………………………………………………………………………………..105

UNIT 26. STERN …………………………………………………………………………………..110

UNIT 27. SHIP HULL STRUCTURE ELEMENTS………………………………………………..114

UNIT 28. WATERLINE ……………………………………………………………………………119

VOCABULARY…………………………………………………………………………………….123

 

 

ПРЕДИСЛОВИЕ АВТОРА

 

Настоящее учебное пособие предназначено для студентов факультета морских технологий, энергетики и транспорта, специальности «Кораблестроение», а также для аспирантов и специалистов данного профиля, желающих приобрести навыки устной речи на базе специальной лексики.

Пособие рассчитано на 2 года обучения. Оно ставит перед собой две задачи – развитие и совершенствование навыков чтения и понимания оригинальной литературы по специальности и умение вести несложную беседу на профессиональные темы, т.е. овладение навыками разговорной речи.

В пособии использованы материалы оригинальной технической литературы, которые содержат как общетехническую лексику, так и лексику, и термины, необходимые для понимания и говорения по специальности «Кораблестроение».

Учебное пособие включает себя 28 уроков. Первые 9 уроков раскрывают основные понятия кораблестроения: современное состояние кораблестроения, классификационное общество, устойчивость судна, судоверфь, теория кораблестроения, бассейн для моделирования судов, история кораблестроения и т.д. Следующие 20 уроков охватывают основы кораблестроения. Каждый урок имеет следующую структуру: поурочный словарь, текст, несущий профессиональную информацию, упражнения для самостоятельной или аудиторной работы. Лексические упражнения построены на лексике соответствующих текстов и служат для закрепления запаса слов и его активизации. Цель активного словаря, текстов и упражнений – стимулировать устную и письменную речь. Работа со словарем не только обеспечивает понимание текста, но и помогает поддерживать неослабевающий интерес к чтению и уверенность обучающегося в усвоении текста.

Данное учебное пособие можно порекомендовать студентам для аудиторной и внеаудиторной работы.

 

UNIT 1. MODERN SHIPBUILDING

I. Master the Active vocabulary:

welded steel – сварная сталь

fracture toughness – вязкость разрушения

slipway – стапель

to weld – сваривать

to encompass – охватывать, окружать

to require – требовать

inadequate – несоответствующий требованиям

brittle – ломкий, хрупкий

prefabricated sections – секции, изготовленные заводским способом

superstructure – судовая надстройка

electrical cable – электрический кабель

multi – deck segments – части мульти палубы

to be lifted into place – устанавливать на место

pre – install equipment – предварительно установленное оборудование

II. Read and translate the following text:

Modern ships, since roughly 1940, have been produced almost exclusively of welded steel. Early welded steel ships used steels with inadequate fracture toughness, which resulted in some ships suffering catastrophic brittle fracture structural cracks. Since roughly 1950, specialized steels such as ABS Steels with good properties for ship construction have been used.

Fig. 1.  A ship under construction.

Modern shipbuilding makes considerable use of prefabricated sections; entire multi-deck segments of the hull or superstructure will be built elsewhere in the yard, transported to the building dock or slipway, and then lifted into place. This is known as Block Construction. The most modern shipyards pre-install equipment, pipes, electrical cables, and any other components within the blocks, to minimize the effort needed to assemble or install components deep within the hull once it is welded together.

Shipbuilding (which encompasses the shipyards, the marine equipment manufacturers and a large number of service and knowledge providers) is an important and strategic industry in a number of countries around the world. This importance stems from:

The large number of trade persons required directly by the shipyard and also by the supporting industries such as steel mills, engine manufacturers, etc.

A nation's need to manufacture and repair its own Navy and vessels that support its primary industries.

Historically, the industry has suffered from the absence of global rules and a tendency of (state-supported) over-investment due to the fact that shipyards offer a wide range of technologies, employs a significant number of workers and generates foreign currency income.

III. Answer the following questions:

1. What was the result of using steels with inadequate fracture toughness?

2. When were steels with good properties used?

3. What is shipbuilding?

4. Modern shipbuilding makes considerable use of prefabricated sections, doesn’t it?

5. What steels were used since 1950?

6. What is known as Block Construction?                     

IV. Translate the text “Marine engineers.”

Marine Engineers are the members of a ship's crew that operate and maintain the propulsion and other systems onboard the vessel. Marine Engineering staff also deal with the "Hotel" facilities onboard, notably the sewage, lighting, air conditioning and water systems. They deal with bulk fuel transfers, and require training in firefighting and first aid, as well as in dealing with the ship's boats and other nautical tasks- especially with cargo loading/discharging gear and safety systems, though the specific cargo discharge function remains the responsibility of deck officers and deck workers.

Sometimes, they are involved in the design and construction of these complicated systems. New design is mostly included within the naval architecture or ship design. The field is closely related to mechanical engineering, although the modern engineer requires knowledge (and hands on experience) with electrical, electronic, pneumatic, hydraulic, chemistry, control engineering, naval architecture, process engineering, gas turbines and even nuclear technology on certain military vessels.

V. Translate the following sentences from English into Russian:

1. Shipbuilding is an attractive industry for developing nations.

2. In the 1970s Korea made shipbuilding a strategic industry.

3. The world shipbuilding market suffers from over – capacities, depressed prices, low profit margins, trade distortions and wide – spread subsidization.

4. South Korea is the world’s largest shipbuilding nation in terms of tonnage and numbers of vessels built.

5. Japan used shipbuilding in the 1950s and 1960s to rebuild its industrial structure.

VI. Translate the following sentences from Russian into English:

1. Современные суда, примерно с 1940 г., производятся только из сварной стали.

2. С 1950 г. для кораблестроения используется специальная сталь ABS с хорошими свойствами.

3. Современное кораблестроение широко использует заводские детали: целые части корпуса или надстройку, которые будут построены на судоверфи, транспортированы в строительный док или стапель, а затем доставлены на место.

4. Кораблестроение – важная и стратегически важная промышленность в ряде стран по всему миру.

5. Япония использовала кораблестроение в 1950 г., а в 1960 г. перестроила свою структуру промышленности.

VII. Use the words and word combinations in the sentences of your own:

To be produced from welded steel, to suffer catastrophic brittle fracture cracks, to use for ship construction, to make use of prefabricated sections, to minimize the effort, to be required by a shipyard, to offer a wide range of technologies.

VIII. Retell the text “ Modern shipbuilding.”

 

 

UNIT 2. SHIP MODEL BASIN

I. The words and word combinations to be remembered:

basin – бассейн

a towing tank – буксировочный (опытовый) бассейн

a towing carriage – буксировочная каретка

to be equipped with – оборудоваться чем - либо

propeller thrust – тяга винта

torque – вращающий момент

planar motion mechanism – механизм плоского движения

maneuver – маневр, манипуляция

oblique inflow – наклонный приток

a wave packet – волновой пакет

seakeeping test – мореходный тест

stroboscope – стробоскоп

velocity – скорость, быстрота

to visualize cavitation – видеть кавитацию

II. Read and translate the following text:

Fig.2. US Experimental Model Basin, circa 1900

 

A ship model basin may be defined as a physical basin or tank used to carry out hydrodynamic tests with ship models, for the purpose of designing a new (full sized) ship, or refining the design of a ship to improve the ship's performance at sea.

The hydrodynamic test facilities present at a model basin site include:

· A towing tank: This is a basin, several meters wide and hundreds of meters long, equipped with a towing carriage that runs on two rails on either side. The towing carriage can either tow the model or follow the self-propelled model, and is equipped with computers and devices to register or control, respectively, variables such as speed, propeller thrust and torque, rudder angle etc. The towing tank serves for resistance and propulsion tests with towed and self-propelled ship models to determine how much power the engine will have to provide to achieve the speed laid down in the contract between shipyard and ship owner. The towing tank also serves to determine the maneuvering behavior in model scale. For this, the self-propelled model is exposed to a series of zigzag maneuvers at different rudder angle amplitudes. Additionally, a towing tank can be equipped with a PMM (planar motion mechanism) or a CPMC (computerized planar motion carriage) to measure the hydrodynamic forces and moments on ships or submerged objects under the influence of oblique inflow and enforced motions. The towing tank can also be equipped with a wave generator to carry out seakeeping tests, either by simulating natural (irregular) waves or by exposing the model to a wave packet that yields a set of statistics known as response amplitude operators, that determine the ship's likely real-life sea-going behavior when operating in seas with varying wave amplitudes and frequencies (these parameters being known as sea states).

· A cavitation tunnel to investigate propellers. This is a vertical water circuit with large diameter pipes. At the top, it carries the measuring facilities. A parallel inflow is established. With or without a ship model, the propeller, attached to a dynamometer, is brought into the inflow, and its thrust and torque is measured at different ratios of propeller speed (number of revolutions) to inflow velocity. A stroboscope synchronized with the propeller speed serves to visualize cavitation as if the cavitation bubble would not move. By this, one can observe if the propeller would be damaged by cavitation. To ensure similarity to the full-scale propeller, the pressure is lowered, and the gas content of the water is controlled.

· Workshops: Ship model basins manufacture their ship models from wood or paraffin with a computerized milling machine. Some of them also manufacture their model propellers. Equipping the ship models with all drives and gauges and manufacturing equipment for non-standard model tests are the main tasks of the workshops.

III. Answer the following questions:

1. What is a ship model basin?

2. The towing carriage is equipped with computers and devices to register variables such as speed propeller thrust, isn’t it?

3. What is a towing tank?

4. What does a towing tank serve for?

5. What can a towing tank be equipped with?

6. What is a PMM?

7. What is a CPMC used for?

8. Is a cavitation tunnel a vertical water circuit with large diameter pipes?

9. What is the function of a stroboscope?

10. The propeller is attached to a dynamometer, isn’t it?

IV. Insert the missing word using the text:

1. A towing tank is a …, several meters wide and … of meters long.

2. The towing tank serves for … and … tests to determine how much power the engine will have to provide to achieve the speed laid down in the contract between … and ship owner.

3. A towing tank can be equipped with … … … to measure the hydrodynamic forces under the influence of … inflow and enforced motions.

4. At the top, a cavitation tunnel carries the … …

5. A … synchronized with the propeller speed serves to … cavitation as if the cavitation bubble would not move.

6. Ship model basins manufacture their ship models from … or paraffin with a computerized … …

V. Ask as many questions as possible to the following questions:

1. Resistance and required engine power as well as maneuvering behavior are determined depending on the ice thickness.

2. Ship model basins manufacture their ship models from wood or paraffin with a computerized milling machine.

3.  A ship model basin is also an engineering firm that provides hydrodynamic model tests and numerical calculations to support the design and development of ships and offshore structures.

4. Modern seakeeping test facilities can determine RAO statistics with the aid of appropriate computer hardware and software in a single test.

5. A maneuvering and seakeeping basin is a test facility that is wide enough to investigate arbitrary angles between waves and the ship model.

6. The ship model basins worldwide are organized in the International Towing Tank Conference to standardize their model test procedures.

VI. Translate the text: “Ship grounding”

Ship grounding is a type of marine accident that involves the impact of a ship on the seabed, resulting in damage of the submerged part of her hull and in particularly the bottom structure, potentially leading to water ingress and compromise of the ship's structural integrity and stability. Grounding induces extreme loads onto marine structures and is a marine accident of profound importance due to its impact:

· The environmental impact, especially in the case where large tanker ships are involved.

· The loss of human life.

· Financial consequences to local communities close to the accident.

· The financial consequences to ship-owners, due to ship loss or penalties.

The grounding, depending on the maneuvers of the master before the impact, may result in the ship being stranded. Depending on the nature of the relief of the seabed at the location, i.e. being muddy or rocky, different measures have to be taken to release the ship and carry it to a safe harbor.

VII. Retell the text “Ship model basin.”

 

UNIT 4. NAVAL ARCHITECTURE

 

I. The words and word combinations to be remembered:

to deal with – иметь дело с чем - либо

marine vehicle – морское транспортное средство

naval – морской

complexity – сложность

to evolve – выделять, выявлять

paucity of data – малое количество данных

seakeeping – мореходные качества

to frown – проявлять неодобрение

fixture – крепление, закрепление

substitute – заменять, замещать

to encompass – охватывать, окружать

II. Read and translate the following text:

Naval architecture is an engineering discipline dealing with the design, construction and repair of marine vehicles.

Due to the complexity associated with operating in a marine environment naval architecture is by necessity a co-operative effort between groups of technically skilled individuals that are specialists in particular fields, often co-ordinated by a lead naval architect. This inherent complexity also means that the analytical tools available are much less evolved than those for designing aircraft, cars and even space craft. This is due primarily to the paucity of data on the environment the marine vehicle is required to work in and the complexity of the interaction of waves and wind on a marine structure.

The areas of expertise filled by naval architects are typically:

· Hydrostatics (ex: trim & stability)

· Hydrodynamics (ex: resistance and powering, seakeeping, manoeuvring)

· Arrangements (ex: concept design, volume & access)

· Structures (ex: global strength, seaway responses)

Traditionally, naval architecture has been more craft than science. The suitability of a vessel's shape was judged by looking at a half-model of a vessel or a prototype. Ungainly shapes or abrupt transitions were frowned on as being flawed. This included, rigging, deck arrangements, and even fixtures. Subjective descriptors such as ungainly, full, and fine were used as a substitute for the more precise terms used today. A vessel was, and still is described as having a ‘fair’ shape. The term ‘fair’ is meant to denote not only a smooth transition from fore to aft but also a shape that was ‘right.’ Determining what ‘right’ is in a particular situation in the absence of definitive supporting analysis encompasses the art of naval architecture to this day.

III. Answer the following questions:

1. What is naval architecture?

2. What is the function of a lead naval architect?

3. What are the areas of expertise filled by naval architects?

4. Why has naval architecture been more craft than science?

5. What does the term “fair” mean?

IV. Make sentences of your own, using the following words and word combinations:

Engineering discipline, marine vehicles, technically skilled individuals, due to the paucity of data, hydrodynamics, deck arrangements, the art of naval architecture.

V. Ask as many questions as possible to the following sentences:

1. Modern low cost digital computers and dedicated software have enabled naval architects to more accurately predict the performance of a marine vehicle.

2. A naval architect also has a specialist function in ensuring that a safe, economic and seaworthy design is produced.

3. Naval architects typically work for shipyards, ship owners, design firms and consultancies.

4. The suitability of a vessel’s shape was judged by looking at a half model of a vessel or a prototype.

5. Naval architecture is an engineering discipline dealing with the design, construction and repair of marine vehicles.

VI. Complete the following sentences using the text:

1. Naval architecture is an engineering discipline …

2. Due to the complexity associated with operating …

3. The areas of expertise filled by …

4. The suitability of a vessel’s shape was …

5. Subjective descriptors such as …

6. The term “fair” is meant …

UNIT 7. SHIP STABILITY

I. Words and word combinations to be remembered:

calculation – вычисление

rule – of – a thumb – эмпирический метод

measurement – измерение

equation – уравнение, равенство

computational fluid dynamics – вычисляемая гидродинамика

wind gust – порывы ветра

stability system – система устойчивости

electric actuator – электрический привод

straightforward – движущийся прямо, вперед

buoyancy – плавучесть

finit element analysis – анализ с использованием метода конечных элементов

tedious – громоздкий, трудоемкий

to drain – дренировать, стекать, истощать, фильтровать

flooding – затопление, заводнение

II. Read and translate the following text:

Ship stability is an area of Naval Architecture and ship design that deals with how a ship behaves at sea, both in still water and in waves.

A. Add-on Stability Systems

Add-on Stability Systems are designed to reduce the effects of waves or wind gusts. They do not increase the stability of the vessel in a calm sea. The IMO International Convention on Load Lines does not mention active stability systems as a method of ensuring stability. The hull must be stable without active systems.

B. Active Stability Systems

Many vessels are fitted with active stability systems. Active stability systems are defined by the need to input energy to the system in the form of a pump, hydraulic piston, or electric actuator. These systems include stabilizer fins attached to the side of the vessel, or tanks in which fluid is pumped around to counteract the motion of the vessel.

C. Intact Stability

Intact stability calculations are relatively straightforward and involve taking all the centers of mass of objects on the vessel and the center of buoyancy of the hull. Cargo arrangements and loadings, crane operations, and the design sea states are usually taken into account.

D. Damaged stability

Damaged stability calculations are much more complicated than intact stability. Finite element analysis is often employed because the areas and volumes can quickly become tedious and long to compute using other methods.

The loss of stability from flooding may be due in part to the free surface effect. Water accumulating in the hull usually drains to the bilges, lowering the centre of gravity and actually increasing the metacentric height. This assumes the ship remains completely stationary and upright. However, once the ship is inclined to any degree (a wave strikes it for example), the fluid in the bilge moves to the low side.

III. Answer the following questions:

1. What is ship stability?

2. What did calculations rely on?

3. What system did master shipbuilders of the past do?

4. Were ships often copied from one generation to the next with only minor changes being made?

5. These systems are designed to reduce the effects of waves and wind gusts, aren’t they?

6. What are many vessels fitted with?

7. How are active stability systems defined?

8. What do active stability systems include?

9. What are intact stability calculations?

UNIT 8. SHIPYARD

I. Master the active vocabulary:

shipyard – судоверфь

yacht – яхта

to be associated with – ассоциировать с чем – либо, связывать

maintenance – обслуживание

interchangeably – взаимозаменяемо

to merge – погружать, погружаться

to be fragmented – быть фрагментированным

to be constructed – быть построенным

a tidal river – приливная река

dry dock – сухой док

dust – free warehouse – непыльный склад, хранилище

fabrication – производство

dockyard – судостроительная или судоремонтная верфь

a trade route – торговый маршрут

peninsula – полуостров

UNIT 9. ANCHOR WINDLASS

UNIT 10. CAPSTAN

I. Words and word combinations to be remembered:

a rotating machine – вращательный механизм

on board ship –  борт судна

to be mounted – быть установленным

to apply force –  применять силу

ratchet –  храповик

to hold the tension –  выдерживать напряжение

pneumatically –  пневматически

to insert through holes –  вставлять в отверстия

to turn capstan – поворачивать якорный шпиль

the drum – барабан

to haul upon –  выбирать

iron axle – железный вал

clockwise direction – направление по часовой стрелке

II. Read and translate the following text:

UNIT 11. WINCH

I. Words and word combinations to be remembered:

a winch – лебедка

to wind up – наматывать

to wind out – разматывать

wire cable – стальной трос

a spool – катушка, бабина

tow trucks – эвакуатор

an internal combustion drive – привод внутреннего сгорания

a solenoid brake – соленоидный тормоз

ratchet and pawl device – храповой механизм

halyard – фал

a stripper – стриппер

II. Read and translate the following text:

A winch is a mechanical device that is used to pull in (wind up) or let out (wind out) or otherwise adjust the "tension" of a rope or wire rope (also called "cable" or "wire cable"). In its simplest form it consists of a spool and attached hand crank. In larger forms, winches stand at the heart of machines as diverse as tow trucks, steam shovels and elevators. The spool can also be called the winch drum. More elaborate designs have gear assemblies and can be powered by electric, hydraulic, pneumatic or internal combustion drives. Some may include a solenoid brake and/or a mechanical brake or ratchet and pawl device that prevents it from unwinding unless the pawl is retracted.

Fig.10. Anchor winch

The rope is usually stored on the winch, but a similar machine that does not store the rope is called a capstan. When trimming a line on a sailboat, the crew member turns the winch handle with one hand, while tailing (pulling on the loose tail end) with the other to maintain tension on the turns. Some winches have a "stripper" or cleat to maintain tension. These are known as "self-tailing" winches.

The earliest literary reference to a winch can be found in the account of Herodotus of Halicarnassus on the Persian Wars, where he describes how wooden winches were used to tighten the cables for a pontoon bridge across the Hellespont in 480 B.C.

The largest electric drive winch in the world is placed on the Balder, a construction ship. It is used as a Mooring Line Deployment Winch with a diameter of 10.5 meter.

 

III. Answer the following questions:

1. What is a winch?

2. What does a winch consist of?

3. How can the spool be called?

4. How can elaborate designs be powered?

5. What do some winches include?

6. Can you describe the mechanism of trimming?

7. When can the earliest literary reference of a winch be found?

8. The largest electric drive winch in the world is placed on the Balder, isn’t it?

UNIT 12. A SHIP

I. Master the active vocabulary:

warfare – военные действия с использованием военно-морских сил 

woven fabrics – текстильная ткань

sails – паруса

celestial navigation – астрономическая навигация

magnetic compass – магнитный компас

a pivoting needle – вращающаяся игла

to base on classification – основываться на классификации

to be propelled solely – приводиться в движение самостоятельно

trimaran – тримаран, трехпарусное судно

dinghy – динги (шлюпка)

fiberglass – стекловолокно

an epoch – эпоха

to be associated with – ассоциироваться с

the manufacturer – производитель

competitive boats – лодки для соревнований

 

II. Read and translate the following text:

A ship is a large vessel that floats on water. Ships may be found on lakes, seas, and rivers and they allow for a variety of activities, such as the transport of persons or goods, fishing, entertainment, public safety, and warfare.

Fig. 11. Main parts of ship. 1: Smokestack or Funnel; 2: Stern; 3: Propeller and Rudder; 4: Portside (the right side is known as starboard); 5: Anchor; 6: Bulbous bow; 7: Bow; 8: Deck; 9: Superstructure

The history of boats parallels the human adventure. The first known boats date back to the Neolithic Period, about 10,000 years ago.

The first navigators began to use animal skins or woven fabrics as sails. Affixed to the top of a pole set vertically in a boat, these sails gave early ships great range. This allowed man to explore widely.

Before the introduction of the compass, celestial navigation was the main method for navigation at sea. In China, early versions of the magnetic compass were being developed and used in navigation between 1040 and 1117. The true mariner's compass, using a pivoting needle in a dry box, was invented in Europe no later than 1300.

Ships are difficult to classify, mainly because there are so many criteria to base classification on. A much used classification is based on their propulsion; thus they are categorized into the following two types:

· Sailing ships

· Motor ships

Sailing ships are ships which are propelled solely by means of sails. Motor ships are ships which are propelled by mechanical means to propel itself. Motor ships include ships that propel itself trough the use of both sail and mechanical means. Other classification systems exist that use criteria such as:

· The numbers of hulls, giving categories like monohull, catamaran, and trimaran.

· The shape and size, giving categories like dinghy, keelboat, and icebreaker.

· The building materials used, giving steel, aluminum, wood, fiberglass, and plastic.

· The type of propulsion system used, giving human-propelled, mechanical, and sails.

· The epoch in which the vessel was used, triremes of Ancient Greece, man' o' wars, eighteenth century.

· The geographic origin of the vessel, many vessels are associated with a particular region, such as the pinnace of Northern Europe, the gondolas of Venice, and the junks of China.

· The manufacturer, series, or class.

Another way to categorize ships and boats is based on their use, as described by Paulet and Presles. This system includes military ships, commercial vessels, fishing boats, pleasure craft and competitive boats. In this section, ships are classified using the first four of those categories, and adding a section for lake and river boats, and one for vessels which fall outside these categories.

III. Answer the following questions:

1. What is a ship?

2. When do the first known boats date back?

3. Who began to use animal skins or woven fabrics as sails?

4. What was the main method for navigation at sea, before the introduction of the compass?

5. The true mariner’s compass, using a pivoting needle in a dry box, was invented in Europe no later than 1300, wasn’t it?

6. Are ships difficult to classify? Why?

7. What types are ships categorized into?

8. What are sailing ships?

9. What are motor ships?

10. What criteria do other classification systems use?

  IV. Use the following words and word combinations in sentences of your own:    

  To float on water, for a variety of activities, the human adventure, to date back to, to use woven fabrics, before the introduction of the compass, a pivoting needle in a dry box, to classify, to be based on propulsion, to be categorized into two types, to be propelled solely, by means of sails, to propel itself.

V. Translate the text “A ship through Renaissance.”

Ships and boats have further developed alongside mankind. In major wars, and in day to day life, they have become an integral part of modern commercial and military systems. Fishing boats are used by millions of fishermen throughout the world. Military forces operate highly sophisticated vessels to transport and support forces ashore. Commercial vessels, nearly 35,000 in number, carried 7.4 billion tons of cargo in 2007.

Fig.12. The carrack Santa María of Christopher Columbus

Until the Renaissance, navigational technology remained comparatively primitive. This absence of technology didn't prevent some civilizations from becoming sea powers. Examples include the maritime republics of Genoa and Venice, and the Byzantine navy. The Vikings used their knars to explore North America, trade in the Baltic Sea and plunder many of the coastal regions of Western Europe.

Towards the end of the fourteenth century, ships like the carrack began to develop towers on the bow and stern. These towers decreased the vessel's stability, and in the fifteenth century, caravels became more widely used. The towers were gradually replaced by the forecastle and stern castle, as in the carrack Santa María of Christopher Columbus. This increased freeboard allowed another innovation: the freeing port, and the artillery associated with it.

In the sixteenth century, the use of freeboard and freeing ports become widespread on galleons. The English modified their vessels to maximize their firepower and demonstrated the effectiveness of their doctrine, in 1588, by defeating the Spanish Armada.

At this time, ships were developing in Asia in much the same way as Europe. Japan used defensive naval techniques in the Mongol invasions of Japan in 1281. It is likely that the Mongols of the time took advantage of both European and Asian shipbuilding techniques. In Japan, during the Sengoku era from the fifteenth to seventeenth century, the great struggle for feudal supremacy was fought, in part, by coastal fleets of several hundred boats, including the atakebune.

VI. Complete the following sentences:

1. A ship is a large vessel …

2. The first known boats date back …

3. Affixed to the top of a pole …

4. Before the introduction of the compass …

5. Sailing ships are ships …

6. Motor ships are ships …

7. This system includes …

UNIT 14. THE KEEL

I. Master the active vocabulary:

a hydrodynamic element – гидродинамический элемент

a beam – балка, брус

a bow – нос (судна)

spine of the structure – основа конструкции

cradle – кильблок

longitudinal strength – продольная прочность

stability – стабильность, устойчивость

foil – фольга, пленка

to stabilize the boat – стабилизировать лодку

winch – лебедка

bilge keel – скуловый киль

II. Read and translate the following text:

The word "keel" comes from Anglo-Saxon cēol = "ship" or "keel".

In boats and ships, keel can refer to either of two parts: a structural element, or a hydrodynamic element. These parts overlap.

A structural keel is a large beam around which the hull of a ship is built. The keel runs in the middle of the ship, from the bow to the stern, and serves as the foundation or spine of the structure, providing the major source of structural strength of the hull. The keel is generally the first part of a ship's hull to be constructed, and laying the keel, or placing the keel in the cradle in which the ship will be built, is often a momentous event in a ship's construction--so much so that the event is often marked with a ceremony, and the term lay the keel has entered the language as a phrase meaning the beginning of any significant undertaking.

 

UNIT 15. BALLAST TANK

I. Master the active vocabulary:

a compartment – перегородка

to include smth – включать что – либо

forepeak tank – форпиковая цистерна

center of gravity – центр притяжения

the draft of the vessel – проект судна

to adjust – регулировать, устанавливать

stability – стабильность

to be light weight – иметь легкий вес

to submerge – опускать, погружать в воду

buoyancy – плавучесть

compressed air – сжатый воздух

to dive – нырять

discharged water – отработавшая вода

II. Read and translate the following text:

A ballast tank is a compartment within a boat or ship that holds water. A vessel may have a single ballast tank near its center or multiple ballast tanks typically on either side. A large vessel typically will have several ballast tanks including double bottom tanks, wing tanks as well as forepeak and aft peak tanks. Adding ballast to a vessel lowers its center of gravity, and increases the draft of the vessel. Increase draft may be required for proper propeller immersion.

UNIT 16. CAPTAIN’S BRIDGE

I. Master the active vocabulary:

binnacle – нактоуз

wheel house – рулевая рубка

to maintain command – подчиняться приказу

poop deck – палуба юта

to disperse – распределять

coxswain – рулевой (шлюпки)

to issue commands – отдавать приказы

a magnetic compass – магнитный компас

interchangeable – взаимозаменяемый

to exercise strategic control – выполнять стратегический контроль

machinery – машинное оборудование

II. Read and translate the following text:

 

V. Insert the missing word

1. The bridge of a ship is an … or … from which the ship can be ….

2. Traditionally, in … …, the ship would be commanded from the … ….

3. Commands would be passed from … … on the bridge to stations dispersed throughout the ….

4. … … would be passed to an enclosed … …, where the coxswain or helmsman operated the ship’s wheel.

5. Iron and later steel, ships also required … ….

6. Larger ships particularly …, often had a number of different ….

7. A separate … … could be provided in flagships.

UNIT 17. ENGINE ROOM

I. Master the active vocabulary:

generator – генератор

oil purifier – маслоочиститель

sound proofed – звуконепроницаемый

control system – система контроля

flammable fuel – легковоспламеняющееся топливо

internal combustion engine – двигатель внутреннего сгорания

to speed up – увеличивать скорость

to recirculate – рециркулировать

heat exchanger – теплообменник

general ventilation – общая вентиляция

II. Read and translate the following text:

Fig 19. Location of a ship's engine room.

In a ship, an engine room is where the main engine(s), generators, compressors, pumps, fuel/lubrication oil purifiers and other major machinery are located, sometimes referred to as the "machinery space". On modern ships, a sound-proofed, air-conditioned engine control room (ECR) is situated next to the engine room (ER), for the ship's machinery control systems.

Fig.21. A bilge keel

A bilge keel is often in a "V" shape, welded along the length of the ship at the turn of the bilge. Bilge keels are employed in pairs (one for each side of the ship). A ship may have more than one bilge keel per side, but this is rare. Bilge keels increases hydrodynamic resistance to rolling, making the ship rolls less. Bilge keels are passive stability systems.

VII. Translate the following sentences form Russian into English:

1. Машинное отделение – это отсек, где расположены главный двигатель, генераторы, компрессоры, насосы и другое главное машинное оборудование.

2. На современных судах, рядом с машинным отделением находится звуконепроницаемая, хорошо проветриваемая диспетчерская машинного отделения.

3. Машинное отделение – жаркое, шумное, иногда грязное и потенциально опасное место.

4. Машинное отделение обычно находится на корме.

5. Если машинное отделение оборудовано двигателем внутреннего сгорания или турбинным двигателем, то оно использует средства, обеспечивающие поступление воздуха для работы этих двигателей.

VIII. Retell the text “Engine room.”

 

UNIT 18. CATHEDRALL HULL

I. Master the active vocabulary:

   trimaran – тримаран

to approach – приближаться

resemblance – сходство

bow – нос

rectangular – прямоугольный

beam – бимс, ширина судна

knot – узел

fiberglass – стекловолокно

stability – устойчивость

a deep – vee hull – глубокий V – образный корпус

side skirts – боковые обтекатели

to extend – расширяться

handling characteristics – характеристика управляемости

I I. Read and translate the following text:

A cathedral hull is a hull shape used in modern boats, usually power-driven. It can be thought of as a kind of vestigial trimaran in which the center hull has two smaller side hulls which are so close to the main hull that there is no longer any open space. In fact a cathedral hull is a vee-bottomed boat with side skirts which extend almost as far forward as the main hull. The airspace between the hulls may be very small or nonexistent.

Depending on the proportions of the side skirts and the depth of the main hull, the cathedral hull can approach the handling characteristics of either the Hickman sea sled, or the deep-vee hull.

The term "cathedral hull" refers to the resemblance of a section through an inverted boat to that of a medieval cathedral.

The cathedral hull configuration tends to result in a very broad bow; many such boats are completely rectangular. This provides the maximum cargo or working space for a given length and beam. The hull shape is also very stable compared to a conventional v-shaped bottom, and in either light chop conditions or above 40 knots or so is faster than a flat bottom, for the same weight, length and beam.

Cathedral hulls became popular in the 1960's and 1970's. It was the use of fiberglass which made economical production of this hull-form possible. The undesirable aspects of the cathedral hull are greater weight and cost, pounding in rough water, and a boxy appearance. Their advantages include high water plane area at rest (good initial stability) a dry ride in light chop, and reasonable fuel economy at planning speeds. In exposed waters this hull form has been almost totally replaced by the modified-vee and dee-vee hull-forms. After a period of reduced popularity, they live on in modified form as "deck boats" which are very popular in the inland lakes and rivers, especially in the south and Midwest.

III. Answer the following questions:

1. What does the term “cathedral hull” refer to?

2. What is a cathedral hull?

3. The cathedral hull configuration tends to result in a very broad bow, doesn’t it?

4. When did cathedral hulls become popular?

5. What are the advantages of cathedral hulls?

IV. Read and translate the text: “ ABS Steels ”

ABS Steels are types of structural steel which are standardized by the American Bureau of Shipping for use in shipbuilding.

ABS steels come many grades in ordinary-strength and two levels of higher-strength specifications. All of these steels have been engineered to be optimal long-lived shipbuilding steels. ABS does permit the use of other steels in shipbuilding, but discourages it, and requires more detailed engineering analysis. All ABS steels are standard carbon steels. As with other grades of steel, they have a specific gravity of 7.8.

Ordinary-strength ABS shipbuilding steel comes in a number of grades, A, B, D, E, DS, and CS. On certified steels, the plates are marked with the grade and a preceding "AB/", i.e. AB/A etc.

Yield point for all ordinary-strength ABS steels is specified as 34,000 psi (235 MPa), except for ABS A in thicknesses of greater than 1 inch (25 mm) which has yield strength of 32,000 psi (225 MPa), and cold flange rolled sections, which have yield strength of 30,000 psi (205 MPa). Ultimate tensile strength of ordinary strength alloys is 58,000 - 71,000 psi (400-490 MPa), except for ABS A shapes and bars with 58,000 - 80,000 psi (400-550 MPa), and cold flanged sections with 55,000 - 65,000 psi (380-450 MPa).

The various grades have slightly differing alloy chemical ingredients, and differing fracture toughness. Higher-strength ABS shipbuilding steel comes in six grades of two strengths, AH32, DH32, EH32, AH36, DH36, and EH36. ^[2]

The 32 grades have yield strength of 45,500 psi (315 MPa), and ultimate tensile strength of 68,000 - 85,000 psi (475-590 MPa). The 36 grades have yield strength of 51,000 psi (355 MPa), and ultimate tensile strength of 71,000 - 90,000 psi (495-630 MPa).

V. Complete the following sentences, using the text:

1. A cathedral hull is a hull shape used …

2. In fact a cathedral hull is …

3. Depending on the proportions of the side skirts …

4. The term “cathedral hull” refers to …

5. The hull shape is also very stable …

6. The undesirable aspects of the cathedral hull are …

7. After a period of reduced popularity …

VI. Use the following words and word combinations in sentences of your own:

To be used in modern boats, a kind of vestigial trimaran, to be a vee – bottomed boat, nonexistent, to depend on the proportions of smth, to approach the handling characteristics, to refer to the resemblance of smth, deep – vee hull, to result in a very broad bow, to provide the maximum cargo, to become popular, waterplane area, to be replaced by smth.

VII. Retell the text “Cathedral hull.”

 

UNIT 19. BULBOUS BOW

I. Master the active vocabulary:

bulbous – бульбообразный

waterline – ватерлиния

to modify – варьировать, видоизменять, модифицировать

drag – сопротивление

fuel efficiency – кпд топлива, топливная экономичность (двигателя)

to increase – увеличивать

freighter – грузовой корабль

to excite – вызывать

to flow up – подниматься

pressure distribution – распределение давления

trim – отделка

UNIT 20. DECK

I. Try to remember the following words and word combinations:

permanent – постоянный

compartment – отделение, отсек

to strengthen – усиливать, укреплять

primary deck – главная палуба

weather – tightness – защищенный от погодных условий

compression – давление

to reinforce – упрочнять

bollard – швартовая тумба

sole – подошва, пятка

downward – нисходящий, опускающийся

I I. Read and translate the following text:

A deck is a permanent covering over a compartment or a hull of a ship. On a boat or ship, the primary deck is the horizontal structure which forms the 'roof' for the hull, which both strengthens the hull and serves as the primary working surface. Vessels often have more than one level both within the hull and in the superstructure above the primary deck which are similar to the floors of a multi-story building, and which are also referred to as decks, as are specific compartments and decks built over specific areas of the superstructure.

A. Methods in wood

A traditional wood deck would consist of planks laid fore and aft over beams and along carlins, the seams of which are caulked and payed with tar. A yacht or other fancy boat might then have the deck canvassed, with the fabric laid down in a thick layer of paint or sealant, and additional coats painted over. The wash or apron boards form the joint between the deck planking and that of the topsides, and are caulked similarly.

Modern "constructed decks" are used primarily on fiberglass, composite, and cold-molded hulls. The under structure of beams and carlines is the same as above. The decking itself is usually multiple layers of marine-grade plywood, covered over with layers of fiberglass in a plastic resin such as epoxy or polyester overlapped onto the topsides of the hull.

B. Methods in metal

Generally speaking, the method outlined for "constructed decks" is most similar to metal decks. The deck plating is laid over metal beams and carlins and tacked temporarily in place. The difficulty in metal construction is avoiding distortion of the plate while welding due to the high heat involved in the process. Welds are usually double pass, meaning each seam is welded twice, a time consuming process which may take longer than building the wood deck. But welds result in a waterproof dec