IV. Translate the text “Anchoring gear”

The elements of anchoring gear include the anchor, the cable (also called a rode), the method of attaching the two together, the method of attaching the cable to the ship, charts, and a method of learning the depth of the water.

Charts are vital to good anchoring. Knowing the location of potential dangers, as well as being useful in estimating the effects of weather and tide in the anchorage, is essential in choosing a good place to drop the hook. One can get by without referring to charts, but they are an important tool and a part of good anchoring gear, and a skilled mariner would not choose to anchor without them.

The depth of water is necessary for determining scope, which is the ratio of length of cable to the depth measured from the highest point (usually the anchor roller or bow chock) to the seabed. For example, if the water is 25 ft (8 m) deep, and the anchor roller is 3 ft (1 m) above the water, the scope is the ratio between the amount of cable let out and 28 ft (9 m). For this reason it is important to have a reliable and accurate method of measuring the depth of water.

A cable or rode is the rope, chain, or combination thereof used to connect the anchor to the vessel. Neither rope nor chain is fundamentally superior as a cable or there would not be continued argument over the issue; each has its strengths and its weaknesses.

V. Use the following words and word combinations in the sentences of your own:

To make out of metal, to attach ship to smth, a mooring, to hoist smth aboard, to hire a service, to be carried by a vessel, a related device, a hawspipe, “to hook” into the seabed, to rely on a large rock, to be still in use, to penetrate the bottom, to prevent a vessel from moving, to be permanently sited.

VI. Complete the following sentences using the text:

1. An anchor is an object often made out of …

2. A permanent anchor is often called …

3. A temporary anchor is usually carried by …

4. A sea anchor is a related device …

5. The earliest anchors were probably …

6. A simple anchor using a pair …

7. A modern temporary anchor usually consists of …

8. Permanent anchors are used where the vessel …

VII. Translate the following sentences from Russian into English:

1. Якорь – это устройство, изготавливаемое из металла, используется для прикрепления судна ко дну в определенной точке.

2. Постоянный анкер часто называют мертвым якорем.

3. Плавучий якорь – это устройство, используемое, тогда, когда глубина воды не позволяет использовать мертвый или временный анкер.

4. Первыми якорями были камни, которые использовались с бронзового века.

5. Первый простой якорь состоял из пары деревянных рогов под камнем.

VIII. Retell the text “Anchor.”

UNIT 24. CHINE

I. Read and translate the following text:

A chine in boating refers to a relatively sharp angle in the hull, as compared to the rounded bottoms of most traditional boat hulls. The term hard chine indicates an angle with little rounding, where a soft chine would be more rounded, but still involve the meeting of distinct planes. Chine log construction is a method of building hard chine boat hulls. Hard chines are common in plywood hulls, while soft chines are often found on fiberglass hulls.

Fig. 2 7. S-bottom hull (A), compared to a hard (B) and soft (C) chine hull

The oldest type of engineered boats is dugout canoes, which were built by hollowing out a log. These designs generally had rounded bottoms, which made best use of the round shape of the logs. Traditional planked hulls in most cultures are built by placing wooden planks oriented parallel to the waterflow and attached to bent wooden frames. This also produced a rounded hull, generally with a sharp bottom edge to form the keel. Planked boats were built in this manner for most of history.

The first hulls to start incorporating hard chines were probably shallow draft cargo carrying vessels used on rivers and in canals. The barge and later the scow used a flat bottom and near vertical sides, which provided the maximum cargo carrying capacity (in both space and displacement) available for a given depth of water.

The scow in particular, in the form of the scow schooner, was the first significant example of a hard chine sailing vessel. While the squared off scow hulls were ugly to sailors accustomed to the sleek, rounded hulls of the time, a scow could carry far more cargo, and while a laden scow was slow and difficult to sail, when not heavily laden it would keep up with the traditional schooners sailing to windward. While sailing scows had a poor safety reputation that was due more to their typical cheap construction and tendency to founder in storms. As long as it sailed in the protected inland and coastal waters it was designed to operate in, however, the sailing scow was an efficient and cost effective solution to transporting goods from inland sources to the coast.

II. Master the Active Vocabulary:

angle – угол

bottom – дно, днище

to indicate – показывать, указывать

chine – острая скула (место соединения днища и боковых стенок судна)

plywood hull – фанерный корпус

dugout canoe – узкая лодка, выдолбленная из бревна

a log – бревно

to attach – присоединять

scow – баржа

significant – значительный

windward – наветренный

steamboat – пароход

punt – плоскодонный ялик

hollow out – опустошать

III. Answer the following questions:

1. What does the term hard chine indicate?

2. How is a method of building hard chine boat hulls called?

3. What is the oldest type of engineered boats?

4. How are traditional planked hulls built?

5. Is the scow the first significant example of a hard chine sailing vessel?

6. Can you describe the punt?

IV. Read and translate the text: “Plank hulls”

The limitations of wood plank construction, the desire to maximize cargo volume, and the quest for fast, easy hull building led to a new type of construction method unique to chined hulls. This new method used wooden supports placed along the chines called chine logs to provide strength where the chines joined. Beams are then attached to the chine log to support planks running parallel to the chine, while cross-planked sections such as a typical scow bottom may be attached directly to the chine log. This method of construction originated with the sailing scow and continues to be used today, primarily in home built boats. Use of a chine log provides some structural support, but most chine log hulls are primarily monocoque in nature, with the hull planking itself bearing most of the structural load.

Chine log construction works best for hulls where the sides join a flat bottom at a right angle, but it can be used for other angles as well with an appropriately angled chine log. Builders of small boats such as punts, where the plank thickness is relatively large compared to the size of the hull, can dispense with the chine log and nail intersecting planks directly into one another.

V. Ask as many questions as possible:

1. Chine log construction is a method of building hard chine boat hulls.

2. The oldest type of engineered boats is dugout canoes, which were built by hollowing out a log.

3. Punts are generally used for recreation and are popular with duck hunters for their ability to move about in marshy hunting areas.

4. The scow was the first significant example of a hard chine sailing vessel.

5. A chined hull built out of plywood will often be designed to keep most of the joints between the plywood sheets at the chines, thus making the building process easier.