The British Parliament and the Electoral System

1. Britain’s Parliament, sometimes known as the ‘mother of Parliament’, has exerted a strong influence on the development of democratic political institutions overseas. The British Parliament consists of the House of Lords and the House of Commons and the Queen as its head.

2. The House of Commons plays the major role in law making. It consists of Member of Parliament (called MPs for short), each of whom represents an area in England, Scotland, Wales or Northern Ireland. MPs are elected either at a general election, or at a by election following the death or retirement of an MP.

3. Parliamentary elections must be held every five years, but the Prime Minister can decide on the exact date within those five years. The minimum voting age is 18, and the voting is taken by secret ballot. The election campaign lasts about three weeks. The election is decided on a simple majority - the candidate with most votes wins. An MP who wins by a small number of votes may have more votes against him (that is, for the other candidates) than for him. Many people think that it is unfair because the wishes of those who voted for the unsuccessful candidates are not represented at all.

4. The British parliamentary system depends on political parties. The political parties choose candidates in elections. The party, which wins the majority of seats, forms the Government and its leader usually becomes Prime Minister. The Prime Minister chooses about 20 MPs from his party to become the Cabinet of Ministers. Each minister is responsible for a particular area of the government. The second largest party becomes the official opposition with its own leader and ‘Shadow cabinet’. Leader of the opposition is a recognized post in the House of Commons.

 

 

Вариант № 8

Задание 1. Вставьте где необходимо    much /      many и переведите предложения.

1. Thank you very…

2. My friend didn't make... mistakes.

3. How... money have you got?

4. There isn't... milk in the bottle.

5. I haven't got... time, but I'll try to help you.

6. Have your parents been to... countries?

7. There weren't... people in the street.

8. Has your son made... friends in France?

9. Dan doesn't spend... money on his clothes.

10. You watch TV too....

11. Was there... traffic in sight?

12. Did you take... photos in Spain?

13. Try to do as... as possible.

14. Do you get... letters every week?

15. My wife didn't speak... at the party.

16.1 enjoyed the concert very....

17. Sue took as... books as she could carry herself.

Задание 2. Замените выделенные части предложения инфинитивными оборотами.

1. King Lear decided to have a hundred knights who would serve him after he had divided up his kingdom.

2. He was so stupid that he did not see the joke.

3. He hopes that he will know everything bytomorrow.

4. Here are some more facts which will prove that your theory is correct.

 

Задание 3. Переведите на английский язык, употребляя устойчивые

словосочетания с инфинитивом.

1. Статья оставляет желать лучшего.

2. На этих детей было приятно смотреть.

3. Мягко выражаясь, он был не точен.

4. Сказать по правде, она не заметила твою ошибку.

5. Все были согласны, не говоря уже обо мне.

 

Задание 4. Переведите на русский язык, обращая внимание на герундий.

1. Let’s go boating.

2. He talked without stopping.

3. I like seeing a good film.

4. Some people can walk all day long without feeling tired.

5. Living in little stuffy rooms means breathing poisonous air.

 

Задание 5. Раскройте скобки, напишите каждое предложение три раза, образуя условные предложения I, II и III типов.

1. If I (not to be) present at the lesson, I (not to understand) this difficult rule.

2. If you (not to miss) the train, you (to arrive) in time.

3. You (to know) English literature well if you (to read) much.

4. If you (to let) me know, I (go) there immediately.

5. The student (to get) excellent marks if he (to prepare) for the lessons.

Задание 6. Прочитайте и письменно переведите текст.

 

The House of Commons

1. The House of Commons is made up of 650 elected members, known as Members of Parliament (MPs). The House of Commons is presided over by the Speaker, a member acceptable to the whole House. MPs sit on two sides of the hall, one side for the governing party and other for the opposition. The first two rows of seats are occupied by the leading members of both parties (called ‘front-benchers’), the back benches belong to the rank-and-file MPs (‘back-benchers’). Each session of the House of Commons lasts for 160-175 days. Parliament has intervals during its work. MPs are paid for their parliamentary work and have to attend the sittings. MPs have to catch the Speaker’s eye when they want to speak, then they rise from where they have been sitting to address the House and must do so without either reading a prepared speech or consulting notes.

2. Although there is some space given to other than government proposals, the lion’s share of parliamentary time is taken by the party in power. A proposed law, a bill has to go through three stages in order to become an Act of Parliament. These are called readings. The first reading is a formality and is simply the publication of the proposal. The second reading involves debate on the principles of the bill, its examination by a parliamentary committee, and the third reading is a report stage when the work of the committee is reported on to the House. This is usually the most important stage in the process. The third reading is often a formality too; if six members table a motion, then there has to be a debate on the third reading. If the majority of MPs still vote for the bill, it is sent to the House of Lords for discussion. When the Lords agree, the bill is taken to the Queen for Royal assent. All bills must pass through both houses before being sent for signature by the Queen when they become Acts of Parliament and The Law of the Land.

 

Вариант № 9

 

Задание 1. Заполните пропуски и переведите предложения.

1. - Hello, I... Kate Kern. And what... your name?

2. - Hi, my name... Ann Brown. I... glad to meet you.

3. - Where... you live, Ann?

4. -I... from Leeds. And where... you from?

5. -I... from London.... there a sports centre in Leeds?

6. - Yes, there... three big sports centers in my town.

7. - What... your favorite sport?

8. -I like swimming. And what about you?...you like swimming?

9.-No, I... But my best friend.... And I like tennis.

10. -...you... any hobbies?...you like reading?

11.-Yes, I....

12. — What... your favorite books?

13. -I like detective stories. Do you?

14. — No, I.......you... any brothers or sisters?

15. — No, I... an only child.

16. - And I... a brother.

17.-How old...he?

18. - He... 4. He... go to school. I help him much.

19. - You... a happy girl.

Задание 2. Замените выделенные части предложения инфинитивными оборотами.

1. Here is something which will warm you up.

2. She has got so fat that she cannot wear this dress now.

3. It is certain that it will rain if you don’t take your umbrella.

4. He was very proud that he had helped his elder brother.

 

Задание 3. Переведите на английский язык, употребляя устойчивые словосочетания с инфинитивом.

1. Мягко выражаясь, Он не смог поднять этот вес.

2. Ей было трудно угодить.

3. На вашу квартиру приятно смотреть.

4. По меньше мере, студенты перевели текст на русский язык.

5. Начнем с того, что эта книга очень дорогая.

 

Задание 4. Переведите на русский язык, обращая внимание на герундий.

  It looks like raining.

1. My watch wants repairing.

2. Thank you for coming.

3. I had no hope of getting an answer before the end of the month.

4. I had the pleasure of dancing with her the whole evening.

 

Задание 5. Раскройте скобки, напишите каждое предложение три раза, образуя условные предложения I, II и III типов.

1. If it (to rain), we (to stay) at home.

2. His mother (not to scold) you if he (not to get) a “two”.

3. If she (not to help) me, I (to be) in a very difficult situation.

4. If you (to speak) English more often, you (to improve) your language skills.

5. If he (to live) in St. Petersburg, he (to go) to the Hermitage.

 

Задание 6. Прочитайте и письменно переведите текст.

The House of Lords

1. The upper House of Parliament is the House of Lords. The House of Lords has more than 1,000 members, although only about 250 take an active part in the work of the House. This House consists of those lords who sit by right of inheritance and those men and women who have been given life peerage which end with the life of their possessors. Members of this Upper House are not elected. They sit there because of their rank. The chairman of the House of Lords is the Lord Chancellor and he sits on a special seat called the Woolsack.

2. The members of the House of Lords debate a bill after it has been passed by the House of Commons. Changes may be recommended, and agreement between the two Houses is reached by negotiations. The Lords’ main power consists of being able to delay non-financial bills for a period of a year, but they can also introduce certain types of bill. The House of Lords is the only non-elected second chamber in the parliaments of the world, and some people in Britain would like to abolish it.

3. The division of Parliament into two Houses goes back over some 700 years when a feudal assembly assisted the King. In modern times, real political power rests with the elected House although members of the House of Lords may occupy important cabinet posts.

4. Parliament and the monarch have different roles in the government of the country, and they only meet together on symbolic occasions such as the coronation of a new monarch or the opening of Parliament. In realty, the House of Commons is the only one of the three which has true power. Although a bill must be supported by all three bodies, the House of Lords only has limited powers, and the monarch has not refused to sigh one since the modern political system began over 200 years ago.

 

          Вариант № 10

 

Задание 1. Вставьте где необходимо   предлоги и переведите предложения.

1. He arrived... Great Britain half a month ago.

2. He lives... Chicago,

3. - Where is my English exercise-book?

- I don't know. Try to find it... your books... your shelf.

4. Let's go... the cinema.

5. My sister isn't... home, she is... school.               

6. Don't you know that Carlson lived…a small house... the roof?

7 - Is it far... here... the market?

- No, it's not The market is opposite... that house.    

8. - Why can't you find the newspaper? It's... front... you... the window-sill!

9. My friend lives…Petrovka Street.

10. We'll wait for you... the station.

11 I’ve never been … Paris.

12. When does your train arrive... the station?

13. Go... Gower Street till you see the Bloomsbury Theatre... your right

14. Pour some water... the kettle, please.

15. We spent two lovely weeks... the Mediterranean Sea.

16 Turn left... the first traffic lights.

Задание 2. Замените выделенные части предложения инфинитивными оборотами.

1. Here is a new brush which you will clean your teeth with.

2. The accident was so terrible that I don’t want to talk about it.

3. Don’t promise that you will do it, if you are not sure that you can.

4. He was happy that he was praised by everybody.

 

Задание 3. Переведите на английский язык, употребляя устойчивые словосочетания с инфинитивом.

1. Короче говоря, ты не помог своему другу.

2. Начнем с того, что ваш перевод неверен.

3. С твоим другом трудно иметь дело.

4. Сказать по правде, вы сделали большую ошибку.

5. Мягко выражаясь, он не хочет вас видеть.

 

Задание 4. Переведите на русский язык, обращая внимание на герундий.

1. Have you finished writing?

2. Taking a cold shower in the morning is very useful.

3. I like skiing, but my sister prefer skating.

4. She likes sitting in the sun.

5. Seeing a good film is a pleasure.

 

Задание 5. Раскройте скобки, напишите каждое предложение три раза, образуя условные предложения I, II и III типов.

1. If he (to work) hard, he (to achieve) great progress.

2. If I (to know) English, I (to enjoy) Byron’s poetry.

3. My father (to have) more free time if he (not to read) so many newspapers.

4. If you (not to be) busy, you (to come) to our party.

5. I (to translate) the text if you (to give) me your dictionary for a couple of days.

 

Задание 6. Прочитайте и письменно переведите текст.

Newspapers

1. In Britain there are 11 national daily newspapers and most people read one of them every day. Daily newspapers are published on every day of the week except Sunday. Sunday newspapers are larger than daily newspapers. All the Sunday newspapers are national. Most national newspapers in Britain express a political opinion, most of them right-wing, and people choose the newspaper that they read according to their political beliefs.

2. Fleet Street in London used to be the home of most national daily and Sunday newspapers and that is why people often say ‘Fleet Street’ to mean ‘the press’ every now.

3. British newspapers can be divided into two groups: quality and popular. Quality newspapers are more serious and cover home and foreign news while popular newspapers like shocking, personal stories. These two groups of papers can be distinguished easily because the quality newspapers are twice the size of the popular newspapers.

4. The quality daily papers are ‘The Times’, ‘The Guardian’, ‘The Daily Telegraph’, and the ‘Financial Times’. The ‘Times’, founded in 1785, is considered to be the most authoritative newspaper voice in the country and is said to be the paper of the Establishment. The ‘Guardian’ appeals to well-educated readers interested in intellectual and social affairs. The ‘Daily Telegraph’ is bought by educated upper middle and middle class readers. The ‘Financial Times’, printed on pink papers, is read by businessmen.

5. The ‘popular’ press consists of the ‘Daily Mail’, the ‘Daily Express’, the ‘Daily Star’ and the ‘Sun’. In all newspapers there is a desperate fight to maintain or improve their circulations but it is worst among the ‘popular’ papers whose main weapons are sex, scandal and sport.

6. Apart from London-based papers, there are many local newspapers. Most of them are evening papers (there is only one London evening paper) and many appear weekly.

 

Задания для контрольной работы №3 (для третьего курса)

Вариант 1.

1. Переведите текст. Ответьте на вопросы. Задайте все возможные вопросы к выделенному предложению.

2. Выпишите и переведите все встречающиеся в тексте термины.

3. Поставьте третий абзац текста в прошедшее время.

 

Aluminums and its alloys.

Next to oxygen, aluminium is the most abundant element in nature: about 7.45 per cent of the earth's crust consists of aluminum.

Aluminum is extracted from rock with a high alumina lonteut. The most important sources are bauxite, kaolin, lepheline and alunite.

Bauxite is the principal source of aluminum. The less silica in a bauxite the higher its quality as an aluminum оre. Kaolin clays are very abundant in nature but the extraction of aluminum from these ores presents difficulties due to the considerable amount of silica present.

The most important properties of aluminum are its low specific gravity (2.7), high electrical and thermal conductivities, high ductility, and corrosion resistance in various media.

Pure aluminum has only few applications, it is used for the manufacture of electrical wire, chemical apparatus, household utensils and for citrating other metals.

Aluminum alloys are more widely used in industry, brought aluminum alloys have a high mechanical strength which in some cases approaches the strength of steel. Wrought aluminum alloys are further classified as I) non-heat-treatable and (2) heat-treatable alloys. Brought aluminum alloys also include complex alloys of aluminum with copper, nickel, iron, silicon and other alloying elements. Complex wrought aluminum alloys of the duralumin (Dural) type and certain others have found most extensive application in many industries.

1.What elements are the most abundant in nature?

2. What are the most important sources of aluminum?

3. What are the most important properties of aluminum?

4. Is pure aluminum widely used?

5. Do wrought aluminum alloys have a high mechanical strength?

6. How are wrought aluminum alloys further classified?

7. What complex alloys do wrought aluminum alloys also include?

8. What aluminum alloys have found most extensive application in many industries?

9. How are various grades of duralumin identified?

 

Вариант 2.

1. Переведите текст. Ответьте на вопросы. Задайте все возможные вопросы к выделенному предложению.

2. Выпишите и переведите все встречающиеся в тексте термины.

3. Поставьте второй абзац текста в прошедшее время.

 

COPPER AND ITS ALLOYS

Copper is a valuable metal. Its wide application in many fields of engineering is due to its exceptionally high electrical and thermal conductivity, low oxidisability, good ductility and to the fact that it is the basis of the important industrial alloys, brass and bronze.

The raw materials for the production of copper are sulphide or oxide copper ores. Most of the copper is smelted from sulphide ores (about 80 per cent) while oxide ores account for only 15 to 20 per cent. Sulphide ores are more wide-spread in nature due to the higher affinity of copper for sulphur than for oxygen.

Before smelting, the copper concentrate and rich copper sulphide ores are subjected to an oxidising roasting process at 600—900° C thereby part of the sulphur is removed in the form of a gas. Various grades of copper are used for engineering purposes. It must be noted that even a minute amount of impurities sharply alters the properties of pure copper. The mechanical strength of pure copper is not high and depends upon the degree of deformation (reduction in working). Pure copper is used chiefly for electrical engi­neering products such as cables, bus bars and wire.

The copper alloys are more widely employed. The alloying of copper-with other elements increases the strength of the metal in some cases and improves the anticorrosive and antifriction properties in others. Copper alloys comprise two main groups — brasses and bronzes. Alloys of copper and zinc are called brasses. The addition of appreciable amount of tin, nickel, manganese, aluminum and other elements to copper-zinc alloys imparts higher hardness, strength and other desirable qualities. Complex copper-zinc alloys comprising three, four or more components are special brasses.

Alloys of copper with a number of elements including tin, aluminum, silicon, manganese, iron and beryllium are called bronzes. Tin bronzes are divided into two groups: wrought bronzes, containing up to 6% Sn, and casting bronzes, containing over 6% Sn. Special bronzes are copper-base alloys in which the principal admixtures are Al, Ni, Mn, Si, Fe, Be and others. Special bronzes are fully equivalent substitutes for the more expensive tin bronzes and, therefore, have great economical value. These bronzes are designated on the same principle as brasses. The designation begins with the Russian letters Bp (the first two letters of the Russian for bronze) which are followed by letters indicating the main elements and numbers showing the average percentage of these ele­ments.

1. What are the raw materials for the production of copper?

2. Why must all copper ores be concentrated by flotation?

3. What purpose is pure copper chiefly used for?

4. What properties does the alloying of copper with other elements increase?

5. What main groups do copper alloys comprise?    |

6.What alloys of copper are called bronzes?
7. Into what groups are bronzes divided?

8. Why are aluminum bronzes frequently used in foundry practice?

 

 

Вариант 3.

1. Переведите текст. Ответьте на вопросы. Задайте все возможные вопросы к выделенному предложению.

2. Выпишите и переведите все встречающиеся в тексте термины.

3. Поставьте пятый абзац текста в будущее время.