Судебное дело, судебный процесс

legal case – судебное дело

Случай, прецедент

to follow the case –следовать прецеденту

Судебная практика

under the cases – в соответствии с судебной практикой

Судебный иск

to bring a case – возбудить иск

The Russian expression СУДЕБНЫЙ ПРОЦЕСС has the following equivalents in English:

 

Litigation – судебный процесс, спор, тяжба

civil litigation – судебный процесс по гражданскому делу

local litigation – тяжба в местном суде

litigation expenses – судебные издержки

issue in the litigation – предмет судебного спора

 

Lawsuit – судебный процесс, судебное дело, иск, тяжба, правовой спор, судебный спор, судебное разбирательство

to be cast in lawsuit – проиграть судебный процесс

party to a lawsuit – сторона по делу

to file a lawsuit – подать иск

 

3) suit – судебный процесс, иск, преследование по суду, су­дебное дело, судебная тяжба, судопроизводство

to win / to lose a suit – выиграть / проиграть судебный процесс

to mount a suit – предъявить иск

to press a suit – оказывать давление на ход судебного процесса

to bring a suit – возбудить дело, тяжбу

 

Trial – судебный процесс, судебное разбирательство, слушание дела

open (-court) trial – открытый судебный процесс

to conduct / hold a trial – вести судебный процесс

staged trial – инсценированный судебный процесс

trial by jury – рассмотрение дела с участием присяжных

to bring to trial / to put (up)on trial / to place on trial – предать суду

to face trial – предстать перед судом

to stand trial – отвечать перед судом

civil trial – гражданское судопроизводство

criminal trial – уголовное судопроизводство

preliminary trial– предварительное слушание дела

case for trial/ trial case – дело, подлежащее судебному рассмот­рению

case on trial – дело на стадии судебного рассмотрения

delay in trial – задержка судебного разбирательства, отсрочка судебного

разбирательства

trial docket / trial list – список дел к слушанию

investigation at the trial – судебное следствие

party to a trial – сторона в процессе; участник процесса

 

Cause – судебный процесс, судебное дело, тяжба

legal cause – судебное дело, законное основание

major / minor cause – дело о тяжком / малозначительном право­нарушении

costs in the cause – судебные издержки, издержки в процессе

cause list – список дел к слушанию

side in a cause – сторона по делу

 

Controversy – гражданский судебный процесс, правовой спор,

Судебный спор

legal controversy – правовой спор; судебный спор

to decide a controversy – решить спор

party in controversy – сторона в судебном споре

 

7) process – судебный процесс, процедура, порядок, произ­водство дел, судопроизводство, процессуальные нормы

arrest process — приказ суда об аресте

 

8) proceeding(s) – судебный процесс, рассмотрение дела в суде, судебное разбирательство, судебная процедура, произ­водство по делу, судопроизводство

to take criminal proceeding(s) – возбудить уголовное преследо­вание

civil proceeding(s) – гражданское производство

criminal proceeding(s) – уголовное судопроизводство

forfeiture proceeding(s), – процедура конфискации

 

Language focus

A Notice the construction of the different types of phrase with bind, binding and bound:

 

to be bound TO	+ infinitive
to be bound BY	+ noun
to be binding ON	+ noun
to bind	+ noun

Lower courts are bound to follow House of Lords decisions

Lower courts are bound by House of Lords decisions

House of Lords decisions are binding on lower courts

House of Lords decisions bind lower courts

 

Complete the following sentences correctly using a phrase with bind, bound, or binding. Translate them into Russian.

1 Divisional Courts _____ by Court of Appeal decisions on questions of law.

2 In general the Court of Appeal _____ follow its own decisions.

3 A Court of Appeal decision given per incuriam* _____ on the Court of Appeal in a later case.

4 Court of Appeal decisions _____ the House of Lords.

5 The Court of Appeal _____ decide which of two conflicting decisions of its own it will follow.

6 The Court of Appeal _____ (not) follow a decision of its own if given per incuriam.

7 A divisional court _____ byits own previous decisions.

8 Divisional Court decisions _____ judges of first instance.

9 A decision of an overseas court _____ (not) onan English court.

* per incuriam лат. в результате неосторожности

 

B Complete the sentences using should, ought to, must, or may.

1 An English court _____ to followthe unanimous judgement of the higher Scottish courts.

2 The laws of England and Scotland _____ be uniform

3 _____ the laws of England and Scotland be uniform?

4 It is desirable that interpretations _____ be avoided.

5 The decisions of the Court of Appeal upon questions of law _____ be followed by Divisional Courts and courts of first instance.

6 A decision of the House of Lords, when founded on principle and not on authority, _____ be regarded as applicable to both countries.

7 A decision of an overseas court in a common law country is not of course binding on an English court, but _____ be useful as a guide to the court to which it is cited.

8 English courts _____ be in keeping with United States courts on carriage by sea and carriage by air.

9 It is desirable that the great common law jurisdictions _____ not differ lightly, particularly on so universal a matter as commercial law.

Vocabulary tasks

 

A Match the following English expressions with their Russian equivalents.

	shipping disputes	a	гражданско-правовая задолженность
	wardship and adoption applications	b	дела о наследовании по завещанию, в которых имеет место спор между сторонами
	non-contentious probate	c	дела о наследовании по завещанию, в которых отсутствует спор между сторонами
	intestacy laws	d	заявления об установлении опеки / попечительства, об усыновлении
	contentious probate	e	иски, связанные с защитой права владения имуществом
	actions for the possession of property	f	магистрат или мировой судья – профессионал
	concurrent jurisdiction	g	законодательство, регулирующее наследование при отсутствии завещания (наследование по закону)
	civil debt	h	рассмотреть дело в порядке упрощённого производства
	stipendiary magistrate	i	совпадающая юрисдикция
	to try the case summarily	j	споры, связанные с морской перевозкой грузов

 

B Find in the text above the English equivalents for the following key words and expressions.

 

1 апелляционная юрисдикция

2 иск о возмещении убытков

3 гражданский иск

4 усыновление детей

5 полномочия в отношении назначения наказания

6 магистрат или мировой судья (непрофессионал)

7 направить дело на рассмотрение в суд

8 исполнять судебные функции

9 рассматривать апелляции

10 подать апелляцию

11 рассматривать гражданские споры

12 составить завещание

13 взыскать долг

14 требовать возмещения ущерба

С Consult a legal dictionary and explain the meaning of the following legal terms.

• tort • will

• breach of contract • trust

• libel • bankruptcy

• defamation • intellectual property

• slander • insolvency

• damages • divorce

D Match the following English expressions with their Russian equivalents.

 

	to argue / plead a case	a	возбудить иск, обвинение, судебное дело
	to decide a case	b	выиграть дело, выиграть процесс
	to hear / try a case	c	вынести решение по делу
	to lose a case	d	рассматривать судебное дело
	to win a case	e	оспаривать обвинение, выступать в защиту обвиняемого
	to dismiss a case	f	пересмотреть дело
	to file a case	g	подать иск
	to initiate a case	h	прекратить дело
	to review a case	i	проиграть дело / судебный процесс

 

E The English Court System

 

Every jurisdiction organizes the administration of justice in different ways. In England, the basic division between criminal and civil law is reflected in the court system. Look at the chart below and then complete the description that refers to each court.

 

 

1 Claims of lesser value will start in a County Court. There are 250 of these around the country. They can also deal with divorce and bankruptcy matters.

2 Matters of important legal dispute arising in the Crown Court
may be appealed to the ______.

3 From the Court of Appeal, there can be an appeal to the ______ on fact or law, but usually appeal is only allowed on matters of legal importance.

4 If the case involves a serious crime, it is heard in the ______ (there is only one ______ but it has about 70 centres around the jurisdiction).

5 In less serious criminal cases (which comprise over 90% of criminal cases), the case is sent for trial in one of over 400 ______.

6 More substantial civil claims (over around £25,000) are heard in the ______.

7 The ______ was set up under the Treaty of Rome of 1957, by which the European Community was established. The court can overrule all other courts on matters of Community law.

8 Under the system of appeals in civil cases, it is possible to appeal
from a County Court or the High Court to the ______.

* The judges in the House of Lords are known as Law Lords. They typically sit as a committee to develop and define the law of the land.

 

F The courts

 

Link the courts in the left-hand column with their definitions on the right.

 

	Court		Definition
	small claims court	a	court responsible for settling disputes relating to European Community Law, and also acting as a last Court of Appeal against laws in individual countries
	Court of Appeal	b	court presided over by a coroner
	County Court	c	court which hears appeals from industrial tribunals
	European Court of Human Rights	d	main civil court in England and Wales
	industrial tribunal	e	highest court of appeal in both civil and criminal cases in England and Wales
	magistrates' court	f	court which decides in disputes involving ships
	coroner's court	g	court which hears local civil cases
	Crown Court	h	court which deals with disputes over small amounts of money
	Lands Tribunal	i	civil or criminal court to which a person may go to ask for an award or a sentence to be changed
	Judicial Committee of the Privy Council	j	court considering the rights of citizens of states which are parties to the European Convention for the Protection of Human Rights
	Commercial Court	k	court which can decide in disputes between employers and employees
	rent tribunal	l	court presided over by magistrates
	High Court	m	court which administers the property of people suffering from disability
	European Court of Justice	n	court, formed of a circuit judge and jury, which hears criminal cases
	Court of Protection	o	court which adjudicates in disputes about rent, and can award a fair rent
	Employment Appeal Tribunal	p	appeal court for appeals from courts outside the UK, such as the courts of some Commonwealth countries
	Judicial Committee of the House of Lords	q	court which deals with compensation claims relating to land
	Admiralty Court	r	court in the Queen's Bench division which hears cases relating to business disputes
	Divisions	s	division of the High Court with civil and criminal jurisdiction which is also responsible for judicial review
	Chancery Division	t	division of the High Court with jurisdiction over cases relating to Family Law and the transfer of property or death
	Queen’s Bench Division	u	separate sections of the High Court and Court of Appeal
	Family Division	v	division of the High Court of Justice, presided over by the Lord Chancellor with the jurisdiction concerning the law of property, trusts, land matters, etc.

 

Text D

Courts of England and Wales

Task 1 Understanding the general content of the text.

The text describes judicial organization in England and Wales. Quickly skim the text and give each paragraph (А, В, С, etc.) a suitable heading.

Example: suitable headings for paragraph A are: 'Jurisdiction of the House of Lords' or 'The House of Lords'.

 

Judicial organization

A Superior courts. The highest court is the House of Lords, which exercises the judicial function of Parliament. In theory appeal to the House of Lords is an appeal to the whole House but in practice, particularly since the Appellate Jurisdiction Act, 1876, created a group of salaried life peers, the Lords of Appeal in Ordinary, or 'law lords', there is an established convention dating from 1844 that lay peers do not participate in judicial sittings of the House. Appeals are referred to an Appellate Committee of the House. By that Act an appeal must be heard by at least three of the Lord Chancellor, the Lords of Appeal in Ordinary, and such peers as hold or have held high judicial office. The House has almost entirely appellate jurisdiction only, in civil and criminal cases from the Courts of Appeal in England and in Northern Ireland and in civil cases only from the Court of Session in Scotland.

В The Court of Appeal sits in both civil and criminal divisions. The Civil division hears appeals from the High Court, county courts, the Restrictive Practices court, certain special courts, and certain tribunals, such as the Lands Tribunal. The Criminal division hears appeals by persons convicted on indictment in the Crown Courts.

С The High Court in its civil jurisdiction is divided into three Divisions (Queen's Bench, Chancery, and Family (formerly Probate, Divorce and Admiralty)) to each of which certain kinds of cases are assigned. Divisional courts of each of the divisions, consisting of two or more judges, have limited appellate jurisdiction in certain cases. The main civil jurisdiction is exercised by single judges hearing cases of the kind appropriate to the divisions to which the judges belong.

D The criminal jurisdiction of the High Court is exercised exclusively by the Queen's Bench Division. A divisional court of two or three judges of that Division deals with appeals from a Crown Court and magistrates' courts, and also exercises the supervisory jurisdiction of the court, issuing the prerogative writ of habeas corpus¹ and to ensure that magistrates’ courts and inferior tribunals exercise their power properly, by granting orders of mandamus, prohibition and certiorari².

E The Crown Court, created in 1972, replaces the former assizes and quarter sessions. It exercises criminal jurisdiction and sittings are held regularly at major towns throughout England and Wales. It comprises judges of the Queen's Bench Division of the High Court, circuit judges and Recorders (part-time judges). They sit singly with juries trying persons charged on indictment with crimes. A judge of the Crown Court sits with two to four justices of the peace to hear appeals from magistrates’ courts and proceedings on committal by magistrates to the Crown Court for sentence.

F The Central Criminal Court, known as the Old Bailey, is a sitting of the Crown Court, having criminal jurisdiction only, over indictable offences committed in Greater London or on the high seas. The court consists of ex officio judges and in practice consists of judges of the Queen’s Bench Division, the Recorder of London, the Common Serjeant, and certain additional judges of the Central Criminal Court.

G Inferior courts. County courts have exclusively civil jurisdiction, which is limited in extent and in area, and which is entirely statutory. The judges are persons who also hold office as Circuit judges of the Crown Court.

H Magistrates’ courts consist of a stipendiary magistrate or of from two to seven (usually two or three) lay justices of the peace; a single lay justice has a very limited jurisdiction. Magistrates’ courts have civil jurisdiction in relation to certain debts, licenses, and domestic proceedings. In the exercise of criminal jurisdiction one or more justices may sit as examining magistrates to conduct a preliminary investigation into an indictable offence. A magistrates’ court may try summarily many minor statutory offences and also certain offences if the prosecutor applies for the case to be heard summarily, the court agrees it is a suitable mode of trial and the defendant does not elect jury trial. Cases may be appealed to the Crown Court or defendants remitted for sentence to the Crown Court.

¹ habeas corpusлат. судебный приказ о доставке в суд лица, содержащегося под стражей, для выяснения правомерности содержания его под стражей; writ of habeas corpusбукв. “ты можешь иметь тело (неприкосновенным)”

² certiorariлат. “to be informed” направление обвинительного акта в Высокий суд.

 

Task 2 Completing a diagram.

 

Read the text in more detail and complete the diagram, which shows the hierarchy and jurisdiction of the Courts in England and Wales_. Write the name of each court in the correct box as in the example and indicate which are inferior and superior courts.

 

A Specify which court deals with the following cases:

1 actions for damages

2 actions for the possession of property

3 bankruptcy matters

4 civil disputes involving large sums of money

5 civil proceedings

6 company matters

7 contentious probate

8 criminal cases

9 defamation

10 disputes arising from trade and commerce

11 family matters

12 intellectual property disputes

13 judicial review matters

14 land matters

15 matrimonial matters

16 minor criminal offences

17 minor family matters

18 non-contentious probate

19 partnership matters

20 recovering small debts

21 shipping disputes

22 trusts

B Complete the following sentences with a suitable word from the box.

 

	proper patent ignorance determined sentenced application appellant jurisdiction

 

1 Thecourts with original civil _____ are chiefly the High Court and county courts.

2 _____ of the law is no defence.

3 The designer immediately applied for a _____ for the new model he had created.

4 The court ____ that the defendant was in breach of his obligations.

5 The _____ remedy for breach of contract is often an order of specific performance.

6 The judge _____ the murderer to life imprisonment.

7 Theparty who appeals is the _____.

8 His _____ for the post of senior legal adviser was not accepted.

Over to you

Use your completed diagram to describe the organization of the courts and judiciary in England and Wales. Include the following points:

• Courts of civil and criminal jurisdiction

• The hierarchy of courts

• The role and jurisdiction of each court